%!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Creator: dvips(k) p1.7a Copyright 2005 ASCII Corp.(www-ptex@ascii.co.jp) %%+ based on dvips(k) 5.95a Copyright 2005 Radical Eye Software (www.radicaleye.com) %%Title: paper.dvi %%CreationDate: Sat Apr 19 06:55:41 2008 %%Pages: 8 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman CMSY10 Times-BoldItalic Times-Bold %%+ Times-Italic Helvetica Helvetica-Oblique CMSY7 Courier %%DocumentPaperSizes: Letter %%EndComments %DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com) %DVIPSCommandLine: dvips paper.dvi %DVIPSParameters: dpi=600 %DVIPSSource: TeX output 2008.04.19:0655 %%BeginProcSet: tex.pro 0 0 %! /TeXDict 300 dict def TeXDict begin/N{def}def/B{bind def}N/S{exch}N/X{S N}B/A{dup}B/TR{translate}N/isls false N/vsize 11 72 mul N/hsize 8.5 72 mul N/landplus90{false}def/@rigin{isls{[0 landplus90{1 -1}{-1 1}ifelse 0 0 0]concat}if 72 Resolution div 72 VResolution div neg scale isls{ landplus90{VResolution 72 div vsize mul 0 exch}{Resolution -72 div hsize mul 0}ifelse TR}if Resolution VResolution vsize -72 div 1 add mul TR[ matrix currentmatrix{A A round sub abs 0.00001 lt{round}if}forall round exch round exch]setmatrix}N/@landscape{/isls true N}B/@manualfeed{ statusdict/manualfeed true put}B/@copies{/#copies X}B/FMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0] N/FBB[0 0 0 0]N/nn 0 N/IEn 0 N/ctr 0 N/df-tail{/nn 8 dict N nn begin /FontType 3 N/FontMatrix fntrx N/FontBBox FBB N string/base X array /BitMaps X/BuildChar{CharBuilder}N/Encoding IEn N end A{/foo setfont}2 array copy cvx N load 0 nn put/ctr 0 N[}B/sf 0 N/df{/sf 1 N/fntrx FMat N df-tail}B/dfs{div/sf X/fntrx[sf 0 0 sf neg 0 0]N df-tail}B/E{pop nn A definefont setfont}B/Cw{Cd A length 5 sub get}B/Ch{Cd A length 4 sub get }B/Cx{128 Cd A length 3 sub get sub}B/Cy{Cd A length 2 sub get 127 sub} B/Cdx{Cd A length 1 sub get}B/Ci{Cd A type/stringtype ne{ctr get/ctr ctr 1 add N}if}B/CharBuilder{save 3 1 roll S A/base get 2 index get S /BitMaps get S get/Cd X pop/ctr 0 N Cdx 0 Cx Cy Ch sub Cx Cw add Cy setcachedevice Cw Ch true[1 0 0 -1 -.1 Cx sub Cy .1 sub]{Ci}imagemask restore}B/D{/cc X A type/stringtype ne{]}if nn/base get cc ctr put nn /BitMaps get S ctr S sf 1 ne{A A length 1 sub A 2 index S get sf div put }if put/ctr ctr 1 add N}B/I{cc 1 add D}B/bop{userdict/bop-hook known{ bop-hook}if/SI save N @rigin 0 0 moveto/V matrix currentmatrix A 1 get A mul exch 0 get A mul add .99 lt{/QV}{/RV}ifelse load def pop pop}N/eop{ SI restore userdict/eop-hook known{eop-hook}if showpage}N/@start{ userdict/start-hook known{start-hook}if pop/VResolution X/Resolution X 1000 div/DVImag X/IEn 256 array N 2 string 0 1 255{IEn S A 360 add 36 4 index cvrs cvn put}for pop 65781.76 div/vsize X 65781.76 div/hsize X}N /dir 0 def/dyy{/dir 0 def}B/dyt{/dir 1 def}B/dty{/dir 2 def}B/dtt{/dir 3 def}B/p{dir 2 eq{-90 rotate show 90 rotate}{dir 3 eq{-90 rotate show 90 rotate}{show}ifelse}ifelse}N/RMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0]N/BDot 260 string N/Rx 0 N/Ry 0 N/V{}B/RV/v{/Ry X/Rx X V}B statusdict begin/product where{pop false[(Display)(NeXT)(LaserWriter 16/600)]{A length product length le{A length product exch 0 exch getinterval eq{pop true exit}if}{pop}ifelse} forall}{false}ifelse end{{gsave TR -.1 .1 TR 1 1 scale Rx Ry false RMat{ BDot}imagemask grestore}}{{gsave TR -.1 .1 TR Rx Ry scale 1 1 false RMat {BDot}imagemask grestore}}ifelse B/QV{gsave newpath transform round exch round exch itransform moveto Rx 0 rlineto 0 Ry neg rlineto Rx neg 0 rlineto fill grestore}B/a{moveto}B/delta 0 N/tail{A/delta X 0 rmoveto}B /M{S p delta add tail}B/b{S p tail}B/c{-4 M}B/d{-3 M}B/e{-2 M}B/f{-1 M} B/g{0 M}B/h{1 M}B/i{2 M}B/j{3 M}B/k{4 M}B/w{0 rmoveto}B/l{p -4 w}B/m{p -3 w}B/n{p -2 w}B/o{p -1 w}B/q{p 1 w}B/r{p 2 w}B/s{p 3 w}B/t{p 4 w}B/x{ 0 S rmoveto}B/y{3 2 roll p a}B/bos{/SS save N}B/eos{SS restore}B end %%EndProcSet %%BeginProcSet: 8r.enc 0 0 % File 8r.enc TeX Base 1 Encoding Revision 2.0 2002-10-30 % % @@psencodingfile@{ % author = "S. 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All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMSY7) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.035 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMSY7 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 15 /bullet put readonly def /FontBBox{-15 -951 1252 782}readonly def currentdict end currentfile eexec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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMSY10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY10 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:20:57 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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(Language\))e([12].) 2000 3701 y(In) 48 b(an)g(address)g(operation)f(e) o(xpression,)f(a)j(user)f(can)g(specify)g(a) 2000 3800 y(set) 39 b(operator)d(\(e.g.,)p Fb 38 w(UNION)p Fi 38 w(\(union)g(of)i(set\),)p Fb 39 w(INTERSECT)p Fi 37 w(\(set) 2000 3900 y(intersection\),) 19 b(or)p Fb 20 w(MINUS)p Fi 20 w(\(dif)n(ference)f(set\)\))i(as)h(an)g(operator)m(,)d(and)i(an) 2000 4000 y(identi\002er)j(of)h(an)g(entity/group)e(as)i(its)i(operand.) 21 b(Figure)j(2)g(illustrates) 2000 4099 y(an) 36 b(e)o(xample)g(of)g(an)h (address)f(operation)f(e)o(xpression.)g(A)i(user)g(can) 2000 4199 y(deli)n(v)o(er) 25 b(information)f(to)j(set)g(union)e(of)i(the)f (group)p Fb 25 w(A)p Fi 27 w(and)g(the)g(group)p Fb 2000 4298 a(B)p Fi 29 w(while)i(e)o(xcluding)e(the)j(entity)p Fb 28 w(e)p Fi 29 w(with)p Black Black Fb 2099 4459 a(A) 50 b(UNION)f(B)h(MINUS)e(e)p Fi 2083 4615 a(In) 28 b(an)g(address)g (operation)f(e)o(xpression,)f(a)j(user)f(can)g(also)h(specify) 2000 4714 y(a)h(conditional)e(e)o(xpression)g(using)h(a)h(conditional)e (operator)p Fb 28 w(WHERE)p Fi 2000 4814 a(for) 42 b(restricting)f (information)f(reachability)h(to)i(a)g(subset)g(of)f(enti-) 2000 4914 y(ties/groups.)c(F)o(or)h(instance,)g(if)h(entity') -5 b(s) 39 b(age)h(is)g(re)o(gistered)e(as)i(its) 2000 5013 y(attrib)n(ute)k(information,)d(a)k(user)f(can)f(send)h(information)e (only)h(to) 2000 5113 y(people) 27 b(of)h(older)g(than)g(20)g(with)p Black Black Fb 2149 5274 a(A) 50 b(UNION)f(B)g(MINUS)g(e)h(WHERE)f(age) g(>=)g(20)p Fi 2000 5429 a(where)p Fb 28 w(age)p Fi 28 w(is) 30 b(the)e(attrib)n(ute)g(information)e(of)i(an)h(entity) -5 b(.)p Black Black dyy eop end %%Page: 4 4 TeXDict begin 4 3 bop Black Black Black Black Black -192 917 a @beginspecial 28 @llx 621 @lly 394 @urx 807 @ury 2519 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/entity.eps %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 %%BoundingBox: 28 621 394 807 %%Title: entity %%CreationDate: Fri Jun 29 07:51:52 2007 %%Creator: Tgif-4.1.45-QPL written 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/TGMAX { exch dup 3 1 roll exch dup 3 1 roll gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def /TGMIN { exch dup 3 1 roll exch dup 3 1 roll lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def /TGSW { stringwidth pop } def /bd { bind def } bind def /GS { gsave } bd /GR { grestore } bd /NP { newpath } bd /CP { closepath } bd /CHP { charpath } bd /CT { curveto } bd /L { lineto } bd /RL { rlineto } bd /M { moveto } bd /RM { rmoveto } bd /S { stroke } bd /F { fill } bd /TR { translate } bd /RO { rotate } bd /SC { scale } bd /MU { mul } bd /DI { div } bd /DU { dup } bd /NE { neg } bd /AD { add } bd /SU { sub } bd /PO { pop } bd /EX { exch } bd /CO { concat } bd /CL { clip } bd /EC { eoclip } bd /EF { eofill } bd /IM { image } bd /IMM { imagemask } bd /ARY { array } bd /SG { setgray } bd /RG { setrgbcolor } bd /SD { setdash } bd /W { setlinewidth } bd /SM { setmiterlimit } bd /SLC { setlinecap } bd /SLJ { setlinejoin } bd /SH { show } bd /FF { findfont } bd /MS { makefont setfont } bd /AR { arcto 4 {pop} repeat } bd 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L 556 322 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 1 W 557 317 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [20 0 0 -20 0 0] MS ( = 200) SH GR GR GR tgifsavedpage restore end showpage %%Trailer %MatchingCreationDate: Fri Jun 29 07:51:52 2007 %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica-Oblique %%+ Helvetica %%EOF %%EndDocument @endspecial Fi -192 1199 a(Fig.) 29 b(3:)f(An)k(entity/group)d(can)i (be)h(\003e)o(xibly)e(and)i(dynamically)d(cre-) 62 1299 y(ated,) 22 b(changed)f(and)h(deleted)g(according)e(to)j(user') -5 b(s) 23 b(purposes)p Black Black Black Black -192 2526 a @beginspecial 31 @llx 582 @lly 367 @urx 751 @ury 2519 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/search.eps %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 %%BoundingBox: 31 582 367 751 %%Title: search %%CreationDate: Fri Jun 29 06:51:23 2007 %%Creator: Tgif-4.1.45-QPL written by William Chia-Wei Cheng (bill.cheng@acm.org) %%ProducedBy: (unknown) %%Pages: 1 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%EndComments %%BeginProlog /tgifdict 55 dict def tgifdict begin /tgifellipsedict 6 dict def tgifellipsedict /mtrx matrix put /TGEL % tgifellipse { tgifellipsedict begin /yrad exch def /xrad exch def /y exch def /x exch def /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def x y translate xrad yrad scale 0 0 1 0 360 arc savematrix setmatrix end } def /tgifarrowtipdict 8 dict def tgifarrowtipdict /mtrx matrix put /TGAT % tgifarrowtip { tgifarrowtipdict begin /dy exch def /dx exch def /h exch def /w exch def /y exch def /x exch def /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def x y translate dy dx atan rotate 0 0 moveto w neg h lineto w neg h neg lineto savematrix setmatrix end } def /TGMAX { exch dup 3 1 roll exch dup 3 1 roll gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def /TGMIN { exch dup 3 1 roll exch dup 3 1 roll lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def /TGSW { stringwidth pop } def /bd { bind def } bind def /GS { gsave } bd /GR { grestore } bd /NP { newpath } bd /CP { closepath } bd /CHP { charpath } bd /CT { curveto } bd /L { lineto } bd /RL { rlineto } bd /M { moveto } bd /RM { rmoveto } bd /S { stroke } bd /F { fill } bd /TR { translate } bd /RO { rotate } bd /SC { scale } bd /MU { mul } bd /DI { div } bd /DU { dup } bd /NE { neg } bd /AD { add } bd /SU { sub } bd /PO { pop } bd /EX { exch } bd /CO { concat } bd /CL { clip } bd /EC { eoclip } bd /EF { eofill } bd /IM { image } bd /IMM { imagemask } bd /ARY { array } bd /SG { setgray } bd /RG { setrgbcolor } bd /SD { setdash } bd /W { setlinewidth } bd /SM { setmiterlimit } bd /SLC { setlinecap } bd /SLJ { setlinejoin } bd /SH { show } bd /FF { findfont } bd /MS { makefont setfont } bd /AR { arcto 4 {pop} repeat } bd /CURP { currentpoint } bd /FLAT { flattenpath strokepath clip newpath } bd /TGSM { tgiforigctm setmatrix } def /TGRM { savematrix setmatrix } def end %%EndProlog %%Page: 1 1 %%PageBoundingBox: 31 582 367 751 tgifdict begin /tgifsavedpage save def 1 SM 1 W 0 SG 72 0 MU 72 11.602 MU TR 72 128 DI 100.000 MU 100 DI DU NE SC GS /tgiforigctm matrix currentmatrix def % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 479 247 15 15 TGEL 5 W S GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 481 261 M 491 286 L 581 286 L 651 286 L TGSM 1 W S GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 491 286 M 491 316 L 651 316 L TGSM 1 W S GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 491 316 M 491 346 L 651 346 L TGSM 1 W S GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 506 276 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [18 0 0 -18 0 0] MS (attribute) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 506 306 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [18 0 0 -18 0 0] MS (attribute1) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 506 336 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [18 0 0 -18 0 0] MS (attribute2 ) SH GR GR % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 75 273 15 15 TGEL 5 W S GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 77 287 M 87 312 L 177 312 L 247 312 L TGSM 1 W S GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 87 312 M 87 342 L 247 342 L TGSM 1 W S GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 87 342 M 87 372 L 247 372 L TGSM 1 W S GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 102 302 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [18 0 0 -18 0 0] MS (attribute ) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 102 332 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [18 0 0 -18 0 0] MS (attribute1 ) SH GR GR % 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Fi(.)f(Also,)h(a)g(group) 2000 3826 y(corresponds) 18 b(to)j(a)p Fd 21 w(multicast)g(gr)l(oup)p Fi(,)f(and)g(its)i (identi\002er)e(corresponds) 2000 3926 y(to) 28 b(a)p Fd 29 w(multicast)h(IP)f(addr)m(ess)p Fi(.)p Fd 2083 4029 a(Addr)m(ess)i(Oper)o(ation:)p Fi 42 w(In)f(our)h(group-oriented)c (communication,) 2000 4128 y(a) 41 b(user)f(can)g(\003e)o(xibly)f(and)h (dynamically)e(combine)h(groups)g(using) 2000 4228 y(the) 30 b(address)g(operation.)f(Since)h(a)h(user)g(can)f(specify)g(v)n(arious) f(com-) 2000 4328 y(binations) 35 b(of)i(entities)g(using)f(the)g (address)h(operation)d(e)o(xpression,) 2000 4427 y(our)j (group-oriented)d(communication)h(realizes)j(v)n(arious)f(types)h(of) 2000 4527 y(communications) 26 b(among)h(entities.) 2083 4629 y(On) 37 b(the)h(contrary) -5 b(,) 35 b(in)j(the)f(con)m(v)o (entional)d(IP-based)j(netw)o(ork,)f(a) 2000 4728 y(user)e(can)g (specify)f(only)g(a)i(single)f(identi\002er)f(\(i.e.,)h(IP)g(address\)) g(as) 2000 4828 y(a)d(destination)e(address.)h(W)m(ith)h(the)g(source)f (routing)f(of)h(IP)h(protocol) 2000 4928 y(options) 37 b(or)h(XCAST)h([13],)f(multiple)f(destination)h(addresses)g(can) 2000 5027 y(be)j(speci\002ed)f(if)h(all)g(routers)f(along)g(the)h(path)f (supports)g(such)h(an) 2000 5127 y(e)o(xtension.) 27 b(Ho)n(we)n(v)o(er)m(,)f(their)i(usages)h(are)f(quite)g(limited.)p Fd 2083 5230 a(Entity/Gr)l(oup) 61 b(Cr)m(eation/Chang)o(e/Deletion:)p Fi 73 w(In)g(our)h(group-) 2000 5329 y(oriented) 47 b(communication,)f (a)j(user)f(can)h(freely)f(create,)g(change) 2000 5429 y(and) 30 b(delete)g(entities.)h(Such)f(a)i(dynamic)d(entity/group)f (operation)h(is)p Black Black dyy eop end %%Page: 5 5 TeXDict begin 5 4 bop Black Black Fi -192 -50 a(realized) 33 b(by)h(separation)e(of)i(entity') -5 b(s) 34 b(identi\002er)f(from)g (its)i(physical) -192 49 y(address.) -109 149 y(On) 21 b(the)g(contrary) -5 b(,) 18 b(in)j(the)g(con)m(v)o(entional)c (IP-based)j(netw)o(ork,)g(since) -192 249 y(entity) 29 b(\(i.e.,)f(netw)o(ork)g(interf)o(ace\))g(is)i(statically)g(mapped)d (to)j(entity') -5 b(s) -192 348 y(identi\002er) 29 b(\(i.e.,)g(IP)h (address\),)e(dynamic)g(entity/group)f(operation)h(is) -192 448 y(impossible.) -109 547 y(In) 47 b(our)g(group-oriented)d (communication,)g(access) 49 b(to)f(an)f(en-) -192 647 y(tity/group) 23 b(identi\002er)i(can)g(be)h(freely)e(controlled)g(by)h (a)h(user) -5 b(.) 25 b(Hence,) -192 747 y(by)e(selecti)n(v)o(ely)g (disclosing)g(identi\002er)g(of)h(an)g(entity/group,)c(commu-) -192 846 y(nication) 35 b(from)g(an)h(une)o(xpected)d(third)i(person)g(can)h (be)f(pre)n(v)o(ented,) -192 946 y(and) 28 b(security)g(can)g(be)h (impro)o(v)o(ed.) -109 1046 y(In) 22 b(our)f(group-oriented)d (communication,)h(a)j(user)g(can)g(also)h(freely) -192 1145 y(create,)f(change)g(and)g(delete)h(groups.)e(In)i(the)g(con)m(v)o (entional)d(IP-based) -192 1245 y(netw)o(ork,)j(a)h(multicast)g(group)e (can)i(be)g(freely)f(created,)g(changed)f(and) -192 1344 y(deleted)j(using)g(the)h(IGMP)g(protocol.)e(Ho)n(we)n(v)o(er)m(,)f (for)i(realizing)g(such) -192 1444 y(a)g(dynamic)e(group)g(management,) f(all)j(routers)f(along)g(the)h(path)f(must) -192 1544 y(be)e(IGMP-a)o(w)o(are.)f(Note)h(that)g(se)n(v)o(eral)g(security)f (issues)j(of)d(the)i(IGMP) -192 1643 y(protocol)h(such)h(as)i(its)g (vulnerability)c(to)j(attacks)g(ha)n(v)o(e)f(been)g(pointed) -192 1743 y(out)j([14].)p Fd -109 1843 a(Entity/Gr)l(oup)h(F)l(indability:)p Fi 43 w(In)g(our)h(group-oriented)c(communi-) -192 1942 y(cation,) 39 b(an)h(entity)g(can)g(be)g(searched)f(from)g(its)i (identi\002er)e(and/or) -192 2042 y(attrib)n(ute) 32 b(information.)e(F)o(or)i(instance,)g(if)h(entity') -5 b(s) 33 b(name,)e(address,) -192 2141 y(age) 44 b(and)g(se)o(x)h(are)f (re)o(gistered)g(as)h(its)h(attrib)n(ute)e(information,)e(an) -192 2241 y(entity)e(can)h(be)f(searched)f(from)h(its)h(attrib)n(ute)g (information.)c(W)m(ith) -192 2341 y(such)c(a)g(mechanism,)e(adv)n (anced)g(netw)o(ork)g(services)i(can)g(be)f(easily) -192 2440 y(de)n(v)o(eloped,)e(and)i(v)n(arious)g(social)h(acti)n(vities)g (can)f(be)h(easily)g(shifted) -192 2540 y(into) 28 b(a)h(netw)o(ork.) -109 2640 y(On) 37 b(the)g(contrary) -5 b(,) 34 b(IP)j(pro)o(vides)e(v) o(ery)h(limited)h(mechanism)e(for) -192 2739 y(searching) 21 b(the)g(identi\002er)h(of)f(an)h(entity)f(\(i.e.,)h(IP)g(address\).)e (Although) -192 2839 y(hostname-to-address) 29 b(and)j (address-to-hostname)d(resolutions)j(are) -192 2938 y(possible) 23 b(with)h(the)f(DNS,)h(its)g(usage)f(is)h(quite)f(limited.)g(Ev)o(en)g (though) -192 3038 y(the) 34 b(attrib)n(ute)g(informaion)e(can)j(be)f (re)o(gistered)f(to)i(the)f(DNS)h(using) -192 3138 y(SR) -7 b(V) 20 b(RR)h(\(resource)c(records\))h([15],)g(it)i(is)g(not)e (suitable)h(for)g(managing) -192 3237 y(dynamic) 27 b(attrib)n(ute)h (informaion.) -109 3337 y(In) 53 b(our)f(group-oriented)d (communication,)h(a)j(group)e(can)i(be) -192 3437 y(searched) 34 b(from)g(its)i(identi\002er)e(and/or)f(attrib)n(ute)i(information.)d(F) o(or) -192 3536 y(instance,) 46 b(if)h(group') -5 b(s) 45 b(name,)g(location)h(and)f(purpose)g(in)i(a)g(real) -192 3636 y(society) 27 b(are)g(re)o(gistered)e(as)j(its)g(attrib)n(ute)f (information,)d(a)k(group)d(can) -192 3735 y(be)j(searched)g(from)f (its)j(identi\002er)e(and/or)f(attrib)n(ute)h(information.) -109 3835 y(On) 34 b(the)h(contrary) -5 b(,) 32 b(IP)j(pro)o(vides)d(no)i (mechanism)f(for)h(searching) -192 3935 y(identi\002er) 28 b(of)g(group)f(\(i.e.,)h(multicast)g(address\).) -109 4034 y(A) 37 b(multicast)g(address)f(is)i(just)f(an)f(IP)h(address.)f (Hence,)g(as)i(dis-) -192 4134 y(cussed) 28 b(abo)o(v)o(e,)f(attrib)n (ute)h(information)f(of)h(a)h(group)e(\(i.e.,)h(multicast) -192 4234 y(group\)) 18 b(cannot)h(be)h(re)o(gistered,)e(so)i(that)g(a)h (group)d(cannot)h(be)h(searched) -192 4333 y(from) 27 b(its)j(attrib)n(ute)e(information.)p Fd -109 4433 a(Security:)p Fi 38 w(In)d(our)f(group-oriented)d(communication,)h(secure)i(and) -192 4532 y(reliable)d(communication)e(among)i(entities/groups)f(can)i(be)g (realized.) -109 4632 y(On) 30 b(the)g(contrary) -5 b(,) 28 b(IP)j(is)g(a)f(communication)e(protocol)g(primarily) -192 4732 y(designed) 43 b(for)g(unreliable)f(data)i(deli)n(v)o(ery) -5 b(.) 41 b(Although)h(there)i(e)o(xist) -192 4831 y(se)n(v)o(eral) 26 b(security)g(e)o(xtensions)f(such)i(as)g(IPsec)g(and)f(SSL/TLS,)h (those) -192 4931 y(are)j(not)g(part)f(of)h(the)g(IP)h(protocol)d (itself.)i(Also,)h(since)f(an)g(entity)g(in) -192 5031 y(the)i(con)m(v)o(entional)e(IP-based)h(netw)o(ork)g(corresponds)g(to)h (a)h(netw)o(ork) -192 5130 y(interf)o(ace,) 50 b(a)h(user)f(cannot)g (kno)n(w)g(whether)f(the)i(corresponding) -192 5230 y(entity/group) 28 b(is)j(acti)n(v)o(e)f(or)g(not.)g(Just)h(limited)f(status)h(of)f(a)h (netw)o(ork) -192 5329 y(interf)o(ace)d(can)g(be)g(kno)n(wn)f(using)h (ICMP)h(messages.) -109 5429 y(As)k(addressed)e(abo)o(v)o(e,)g(our)g (group-oriented)d(communication)i(is)p Black Black 2000 -50 a(a) 25 b(no)o(v)o(el)e(communication)f(paradigm)h(for)h(solving)g (se)n(v)o(eral)g(issues)i(of) 2000 49 y(the)c(con)m(v)o(entional)d(IP)j (protocol.)e(Ho)n(we)n(v)o(er)m(,)g(such)h(adv)n(antages)g(of)g(our) 2000 149 y(group-oriented) 26 b(communication)h(are)j(deri)n(v)o(ed)e (from)h(its)j(adv)n(anced) 2000 249 y(features.) 25 b(Hence,)g(it)i(is) f(quite)g(important)e(to)i(address)g(its)h(feasibility;) 2000 348 y(i.e.,) 42 b(whether)g(a)h(netw)o(ork)e(architecture)g(for)h(our)g (group-oriented) 2000 448 y(communication) 25 b(can)k(be)f(realized.) 2083 556 y(In) 47 b(the)g(follo)n(wing)f(section,)h(we)g(therefore)f (discuss)i(ho)n(w)e(the) 2000 656 y(netw)o(ork) 40 b(architecture)h (for)g(our)g(group-oriented)c(communication) 2000 755 y(should) 27 b(be)i(designed.) 2691 984 y(I)t(I)t(I)t(.) 45 b(D)p Fe 4 w(E)t(S)t(I)t(G)t(N)p Fi 24 w(G)p Fe 4 w(O)r(A)t(L)t(S)p Fi 2083 1161 a(In) 54 b(this)h(section,)g(we)g(discuss)g(se)n(v)o(eral) f(design)g(goals)h(of)f(a) 2000 1261 y(netw)o(ork) 36 b(architecture)g(for)h(our)g(group-oriented)d(communication.) 2000 1361 y(Generally) -5 b(,) 45 b(design)i(goals)g(are)h(classi\002ed)g (into)f(tw)o(o)h(cate)o(gories:) 2000 1460 y(performance-related) 25 b(\(e.g.,)j(transmission)h(speed)g(and)f(ef)n(\002cienc)o(y\),) 2000 1560 y(and)g(functionality-related)d(\(e.g.,)i(\003e)o(xibility)h(and)g (security\).) 2083 1668 y(Although) 35 b(performance-related)d(design)k (goals)g(are)g(important,) 2000 1768 y(most) 24 b(of)g(those)g(goals)g (can)g(be)h(ful\002lled)e(with)i(progress)e(of)h(hardw)o(are) 2000 1867 y(and) 34 b(softw)o(are)g(technologies.)e(In)i(this)h(paper)m(,)e (we)i(therefore)d(focus) 2000 1967 y(on) 23 b(functionality-related)d (design)j(goals)h(of)f(a)i(netw)o(ork)d(architecture) 2000 2066 y(for) 28 b(our)f(group-oriented)e(communication.)p Fd 2000 2295 a(Supporting)h(Dynamic)i(Entity/Gr)l(oup)p Fi 2083 2451 a(F)o(or) 38 b(mapping)e(services)i(and)g(or)o (ganizations)d(in)k(a)f(real)h(society) 2000 2551 y(to) 30 b(a)h(netw)o(ork,)e(it)j(is)f(necessary)f(for)g(a)h(user)f(to)h(be)f (able)h(to)f(\003e)o(xibly) 2000 2650 y(and) 35 b(dynamically)f (operate)g(an)i(entity/group.)d(Namely) -5 b(,) 34 b(it)i(is)h(nec-) 2000 2750 y(essary) 30 b(for)g(a)h(user)f(to)g(be)h(able)f(to)g (dynamically)f(create)h(and)g(delete) 2000 2850 y(entities/groups,) 24 b(and)h(to)h(be)f(able)h(to)g(dynamically)d(update)i(attrib)n(ute) 2000 2949 y(information)h(of)i(an)h(entity/group.) 2083 3057 y(It) 20 b(is)g(also)g(desirable)f(for)g(a)i(user)e(to)h(be)g(able)f (to)h(dynamically)e(create) 2000 3157 y(and) 26 b(change)f(the)h (identi\002er)g(of)g(an)g(entity/group,)e(and)h(to)i(be)f(able)g(to) 2000 3257 y(create) 35 b(aliases)i(to)f(the)f(identi\002er)h(of)f(an)h (entity/group.)d(Moreo)o(v)o(er)m(,) 2000 3356 y(a) 39 b(user)f(should)g(be)g(able)g(to)h(dynamically)d(control)i(access)h(to) f(the) 2000 3456 y(identi\002er) 28 b(of)g(an)g(entity/group.)p Fd 2000 3685 a(Supporting)e(Addr)m(ess)i(Oper)o(ation)f(Expr)m(ession)p Fi 2083 3840 a(F)o(or) 39 b(realizing)f(v)n(arious)g(social)h(acti)n (vities)h(on)e(a)i(netw)o(ork,)e(it)i(is) 2000 3940 y(necessary) 31 b(to)h(realize)g(not)g(only)f(one-to-one)f(communication,)e(b)n(ut) 2000 4040 y(also)h(one-to-man)o(y)d(and)j(man)o(y-to-man)o(y)d (communications.)g(In)j(our) 2000 4139 y(group-oriented) 15 b(communication,)h(these)j(types)f(of)h(communications) 2000 4239 y(are) 28 b(realized)g(using)g(address)g(operation.) 2083 4347 y(Thus,)d(for)g(realizing)g(se)n(v)o(eral)g(types)g(of)h (communications)d(among) 2000 4447 y(v)n(arious) 31 b(combinations)g (of)h(entities/groups,)f(it)j(is)f(necessary)f(for)g(a) 2000 4546 y(user)e(to)g(be)f(able)h(to)g(specify)f(an)h(address)g(operation) e(e)o(xpression)g(as) 2000 4646 y(a)h(source)e(or)i(destination)e (address.)p Fd 2000 4875 a(Realization)g(of)i(Entity/Gr)l(oup)e(F)l (indability)p Fi 2083 5031 a(It) 20 b(is)i(important)c(for)i(a)g(user)h (to)f(be)g(able)g(to)h(quickly)e(and)g(easily)i(\002nd) 2000 5130 y(the)g(desired)f(entity/group)f(\(i.e.,)i(\002ndability\).)e(F)o (or)i(realizing)f(reliable) 2000 5230 y(communication)f(with)k(a)g (suitable)g(entity/group,)c(it) 24 b(is)f(necessary)f(for) 2000 5329 y(a) 30 b(user)g(to)f(be)h(able)g(to)g(dynamically)d(search)j(an)f (entity/group)f(from) 2000 5429 y(its)h(identi\002ers)f(and/or)g (attrib)n(ute)g(information.)p Black Black dyy eop end %%Page: 6 6 TeXDict begin 6 5 bop Black Black Fd -192 -50 a(Realization) 27 b(of)i(Security)p Fi -109 76 a(Users') 21 b(requirements)d(on)i(a)h (netw)o(ork)f(ha)n(v)o(e)g(been)f(specialized)h(and) -192 176 y(concern) 27 b(on)h(safety)g(has)h(been)f(increasing.)f(Hence,)h (it)h(is)g(necessary) -192 276 y(for) 23 b(user)g(to)h(be)f(able)h(to)f (safely)h(e)o(xchange)d(con\002dential)h(information) -192 375 y(with) 45 b(others.)f(Thus,)g(realization)g(of)h(security)f(is)i (essential)f(to)g(a) -192 475 y(netw)o(ork) 25 b(architecture)g(for)g (realizing)h(our)f(group-oriented)d(commu-) -192 574 y(nication,) -109 674 y(F)o(or) 32 b(communicating)d(only)i(with)h (reliable)f(entities,)i(it)f(is)h(neces-) -192 774 y(sary)k(that)g(all) h(users)f(need)g(to)g(be)g(authenticated)e(and)i(that)g(access) -192 874 y(to) 26 b(those)g(entities)g(are)g(dynamically)e(controlled.)f(In) j(addition,)e(f)o(alsi-) -192 973 y(\002cation) 32 b(of)h (communication)d(contents)i(must)h(be)g(pre)n(v)o(ented,)d(or)i(at) -192 1073 y(least) 21 b(f)o(alsi\002cation)g(of)f(communication)e(contents)i (must)h(be)g(detected.) -192 1172 y(Also,) 31 b(for)g(a)n(v)n(oiding)f (interference)f(from)h(a)i(third)e(party) -5 b(,) 30 b(both)g(e)o(xis-) -192 1272 y(tence) 36 b(and)f(contents)h(of)f (communication)f(among)g(entities/groups) -192 1372 y(can) 28 b(be)h(concealed.) -109 1472 y(F)o(or) 35 b(realizing)e(reliable)i (communication,)d(it)j(is)h(desirable)e(for)g(a) -192 1571 y(user)e(to)h(be)f(able)g(to)g(instantly)g(kno)n(w)g(whether)f (the)h(corresponding) -192 1671 y(entity/group)d(is)j(acti)n(v)o(e)f (in)g(realtime.)g(F)o(or)f(realizing)h(reliable)g(com-) -192 1770 y(munication,)e(records)h(of)h(communications)d(should)i(be)h (concretely) -192 1870 y(stored) 25 b(and)g(preserv)o(ed)e(for)i (realizing)f(communication)e(traceability) -5 b(.) -192 1970 y(F)o(or) 34 b(securely)f(communicating)e(among)h (entities/groups,)g(commu-) -192 2069 y(nication) 46 b(contents)g(should)h(be)g(inspected)f(so)h(that)g(viruses)g(and) -192 2169 y(malicious) 28 b(mails)h(are)f(eliminated.) 85 2327 y(I)t(V) -7 b(.) 45 b(D)p Fe 4 w(E)t(S)t(I)t(G)t(N)t(I)t(N)t(G)p Fi 26 w(N)p Fe 4 w(E)t(T)t(W)s(O)t(R)t(K)p Fi 25 w(A)p Fe 4 w(R)t(C)t(H)t(I)t(T)t(E)t(C)t(T)t(U)t(R)t(E)p Fi -109 2454 a(In) 28 b(this)g(section,)f(we)i(design)e(a)h(netw)o(ork)f (architecture)f(satisfying) -192 2554 y(the)j(design)e(goals)i (discussed)f(in)h(Section)f(II.)p Fd -192 2712 a(A.) 41 b(Assumptions)p Fi -109 2838 a(In) 27 b(this)h(paper)m(,)e(we)i(assume) g(that)p Fd 27 w(the)g(cor)m(e)f(network)h(is)g(mana)o(g)o(ed) -192 2938 y(by)c(a)g(network)h(service)f(pr)l(o)o(vider)p Fi 25 w(and)p Fd 23 w(compatibility)f(with)i(IP)f(is)h(not) -192 3038 y(mandatory)p Fi(.)i(First,)i(v)n(alidity)e(of)i(these)f (assumptions)g(is)h(discussed.) -109 3137 y(In) 24 b(this)g(paper)m(,)f (our)g(netw)o(ork)g(architecture)g(is)i(designed)d(based)i(on) -192 3237 y(the) 40 b(PPVPN)i(\(Pro)o(vider)c(Pro)o(visioned)h(V) -5 b(irtual) 40 b(Pri)n(v)n(ate)g(Netw)o(ork\)) -192 3337 y(frame)n(w)o(ork) 28 b([16].)h(In)g(the)i(PPVPN)g(frame)n(w)o(ork,)c (the)j(core)g(netw)o(ork) -192 3436 y(is)e(managed)e(by)g(a)i(service)f (pro)o(vider)m(,)d(so)k(that)f(it)h(becomes)e(possible) -192 3536 y(to) 21 b(realize)g(secure)g(VPN)g(services.)g(F)o(or)g (realizing)f(a)i(secure)e(netw)o(ork,) -192 3636 y(the)k(essential)h (part)f(is)h(controlling)d(the)i(chain)g(of)g(trustw)o(orthiness.)f(If) -192 3735 y(the)g(core)f(netw)o(ork)f(is)j(managed)d(by)h(a)h(service)g (pro)o(vider)m(,)c(it) 24 b(becomes) -192 3835 y(possible) 35 b(to)g(b)n(uild)g(the)h(secure)e(core)h(netw)o(ork,)f(so)i(that)f(the)g (chain) -192 3934 y(of) 29 b(trustw)o(orthiness)f(can)h(be)h (tightened.)d(Moreo)o(v)o(er)m(,)f(since)k(netw)o(ork) -192 4034 y(de)n(vices)i(in)h(the)g(core)f(netw)o(ork)g(are)h(under)e (control)h(of)g(the)h(service) -192 4134 y(pro)o(vider)m(,) 21 b(tw)o(o)j(important)e(functionalities)g(\227)i(netw)o(ork)f (traceability) -192 4233 y(and) 28 b(e)o(xclusion)f(of)h(malicious)g (users)h(\227)g(can)f(be)h(realized.) -109 4333 y(Our)k(group-oriented) c(communication)i(is)j(quite)f(dif)n(ferent)f(from) -192 4433 y(the) 26 b(con)m(v)o(entional)d(IP-based)i(netw)o(ork.)f(As)j (discussed)e(in)h(Section)g(I,) -192 4532 y(it) 31 b(is)h(not)e(tri)n (vial)g(for)g(the)g(netw)o(ork)g(architecture)f(of)h(a)h(group-based) -192 4632 y(communication) 16 b(to)k(ha)n(v)o(e)f(compatibility)f(with) 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b(Cir)m(cuit) 29 b(Switc)o(hing)e(vs.)i(P) -7 b(ac)n(k)o(et) 29 b(Switc)o(hing)p Fi 2083 346 a(W) -7 b(e) 41 b(discuss)g(the)f(design)f(of)h(a)g(netw)o(ork)f(architecture)g (for)g(our) 2000 446 y(group-oriented) 20 b(communication)h(from)h(a)j (vie)n(wpoint)d(of)i(a)g(commu-) 2000 546 y(nication)j(model.) 2083 647 y(The) 21 b(netw)o(ork)f(architecture)g(for)h(group-oriented)c (communication) 2000 746 y(should) 35 b(be)i(a)g(type)f(of)g(pack)o(et) g(switching)g(netw)o(orks.)g(One)g(of)g(the) 2000 846 y(notable)g(features)g(of)g(our)g(group-oriented)d(communication)h(is)j (its) 2000 945 y(address) 45 b(operation)e(e)o(xpression,)g(which)i (enables)g(for)g(a)g(user)g(to) 2000 1045 y(\003e)o(xibly) 36 b(and)g(dynamically)f(specify)i(the)g(sources/destination)e(ad-) 2000 1145 y(dress.) 29 b(Netw)o(ork)f(architecture)f(supporting)g(such)i (dynamic)e(address) 2000 1244 y(operation) 36 b(e)o(xpression)h(well)i (matches)f(not)f(static)j(circuit)e(switch-) 2000 1344 y(ing)e(b)n(ut)h(dynamic)e(pack)o(et)h(switching.)f(Con)m(v)o(ersely) -5 b(,) 34 b(dynamics)i(of) 2000 1444 y(address)g(operation)f(e)o (xpression)f(is)k(dif)n(\002cult)e(to)h(be)f(realized)g(on)g(a) 2000 1543 y(circuit)c(switching)g(netw)o(ork.)f(Also,)i(circuit)f(switching) g(is)i(stateful,) 2000 1643 y(so) 21 b(that)g(with)g(a)g(circuit)f (switching)g(netw)o(ork,)g(it)h(is)h(dif)n(\002cult)e(to)h(realize) 2000 1742 y(scalability) 27 b(in)g(terms)g(of)g(the)g(number)e(of)h (entities/groups.)g(Namely) -5 b(,) 2000 1842 y(for) 44 b(realizing)g(scalability)h(\(e.g.,)f(creation/change/deletion)c(of) 45 b(a) 2000 1942 y(lar)o(ge) 30 b(number)f(of)i(entities/groups\),)d(a)k (pack)o(et)e(switching)h(netw)o(ork) 2000 2041 y(is)e(adv)n(antageous)d (to)j(a)g(circuit)f(switching)g(netw)o(ork.)p Fd 2000 2208 a(C.) 41 b(Cor)m(e) 29 b(Networking)g(T) -8 b(ec)o(hnolo)o(gy)p Fi 2083 2338 a(So,) 24 b(what)g(is)g(the)g(k)o(e)o(y)g(netw)o(orking)e (technology)f(for)i(realizing)g(our) 2000 2438 y(design) 35 b(goals)h(for)g(group-oriented)c(communication)i(on)h(a)i(pack)o(et) 2000 2538 y(switching) 28 b(netw)o(ork?) 2083 2639 y(Recall) 35 b(that)f(the)g(essence)h(of)f(an)o(y)f(types)h(of)g(communication)e(is) 2000 2738 y(transmitting)c(information.)e(Our)j(k)o(e)o(y)g(\002nding)f (is)i(that)f(most)g(design) 2000 2838 y(goals)i(discussed)h(in)f (Section)h(III)f(can)g(be)h(classi\002ed)g(into)g(tw)o(o)f(cat-) 2000 2938 y(e)o(gories:)p Fd 26 w(information)c(delivery)p Fi 27 w(\(i.e.,)g(ho)n(w)g(to)h(deli)n(v)o(er)e(information) 2000 3037 y(to) 33 b(its)h(destination\))e(and)p Fd 33 w(information)g (non-delivery)p Fi 31 w(\(i.e.,)h(ho)n(w)f(to) 2000 3137 y(restrict)c(spreading)f(of)h(information\).) 2083 3238 y(This) 41 b(\002nding)e(results)i(in)g(a)g(simple)g(idea:)p Fd 41 w(most)g(design)f(goals) 2000 3337 y(for) 50 b(our)f(gr)l (oup-oriented)e(communication)g(can)i(be)g(ful\002lled,)g(if) 2000 3437 y(r)m(eac)o(hability) 41 b(of)h(information)f(is)j(appr)l (opriately)d(contr)l(olled.)p Fi 41 w(F)o(or) 2000 3537 y(instance,) 22 b(by)g(appropriately)e(controlling)g(reachability)h (from)h(a)h(third) 2000 3636 y(party) -5 b(,) 26 b(access)j(from)e (malicious)h(users)g(is)h(prohibited,)d(leading)h(high) 2000 3736 y(security) -5 b(.) 30 b(Also,)i(by)f(appropriately)e(controlling) g(reachability)i(from) 2000 3835 y(an) 49 b(entity) -5 b(,) 48 b(authentication/authorization)c(of) 49 b(an)g(entity)g(can)g (be) 2000 3935 y(realized.) 33 b(By)i(controlling)e(reachability)g(of)h (information)e(within)i(a) 2000 4035 y(group)g(of)j(entities,)f(secure) g(group)f(communication)e(within)k(those) 2000 4134 y(closed)h(groups)f (can)h(be)g(realized.)g(By)h(appropriately)d(controlling) 2000 4234 y(reachability) 43 b(to)i(entity') -5 b(s) 45 b(identi\002er)m(,)f (access)h(control)e(to)i(entity') -5 b(s) 2000 4334 y(identi\002er) 28 b(can)g(be)g(realized.)p Fd 2000 4500 a(D.) 41 b(Layer)m(ed) 28 b(Network)h(Ar)m(c)o(hitectur)m(e)p Fi 2083 4631 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