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r(erformance) 1830 2625 y(measures) p 2195 2625 a(\(e.g.,) p 2413 2625 a(an) p 2536 2625 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 2842 2625 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 3111 2625 a(dela) n(y) p 3336 2625 a(and) p 3506 2625 a(an) p 3630 2625 a(a) n(v) n(erage) 1830 2715 y(pac) n(k) n(et) p 2097 2715 a(loss) p 2260 2715 a(probabilit) n(y\)) p 2723 2715 a(are) p 2868 2715 a(apparen) n(tly) p 3289 2715 a(insu\016cien) n(t.) p 3757 2715 a(The) 1830 2804 y(main) p 2035 2804 a(sub) p 2165 2804 a(ject) p 2321 2804 a(of) p 2412 2804 a(this) p 2571 2804 a(pap) r(er) p 2802 2804 a(is,) p 2906 2804 a(therefore,) p 3276 2804 a(to) p 3374 2804 a(in) n(v) n(estigate) p 3785 2804 a(the) 1830 2894 y(e\013ects) p 2094 2894 a(of) p 2200 2894 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 2727 2894 a(of) p 2834 2894 a(the) p 2989 2894 a(net) n(w) n(ork) p 3317 2894 a(tra\016c) p 3569 2894 a(on) p 3696 2894 a(users') 1830 2984 y(QoS.) p 2032 2984 a(In) p 2135 2984 a(our) p 2282 2984 a(sim) n(ulation) p 2685 2984 a(setting,) p 2980 2984 a(w) n(e) p 3101 2984 a(consider) p 3424 2984 a(a) p 3493 2984 a(TCP-based) 1830 3073 y(net) n(w) n(ork) p 2150 3073 a(and) p 2315 3073 a(a) p 2389 3073 a(\014le) p 2526 3073 a(transfer) p 2838 3073 a(service) p 3112 3073 a(as) p 3218 3073 a(its) p 3338 3073 a(t) n(ypical) p 3614 3073 a(applica-) 1830 3163 y(tion.) p 2041 3163 a(As) p 2166 3163 a(QoS) p 2349 3163 a(measures,) p 2731 3163 a(w) n(e) p 2856 3163 a(use) p 3002 3163 a(e\013ectiv) n(e) p 3325 3163 a(throughput) p 3766 3163 a(and) 1830 3253 y(dela) n(y) p 2047 3253 a(v) p 2086 3253 a(ariation) p 2395 3253 a(of) p 2490 3253 a(a) p 2559 3253 a(\014le) p 2693 3253 a(transfer.) 1913 3370 y(Based) p 2155 3370 a(on) p 2268 3370 a(the) p 2409 3370 a(ab) r(o) n(v) n(e) p 2642 3370 a(discussion,) p 3052 3370 a(w) n(e) p 3172 3370 a(in) n(v) n(estigate) p 3583 3370 a(e\013ects) p 3833 3370 a(of) 1830 3460 y(the) p 1976 3460 a(TCP) p 2184 3460 a(mec) n(hanism) p 2614 3460 a(as) p 2719 3460 a(the) p 2865 3460 a(upp) r(er-la) n(y) n(er) p 3307 3460 a(proto) r(col) p 3636 3460 a(on) p 3754 3460 a(self-) 1830 3549 y(similarit) n(y) p 2204 3549 a(of) p 2303 3549 a(the) p 2451 3549 a(net) n(w) n(ork) p 2771 3549 a(tra\016c) p 3016 3549 a(observ) n(ed) p 3363 3549 a(in) p 3464 3549 a(the) p 3611 3549 a(net) n(w) n(ork) 1830 3639 y(through) p 2148 3639 a(sim) n(ulation) p 2555 3639 a(exp) r(erimen) n(ts.) p 3063 3639 a(Namely) p 3333 3639 a(,) p 3388 3639 a(w) n(e) p 3514 3639 a(in) n(v) n(estigate) 1830 3729 y(\(1\)) p 1956 3729 a(wh) n(y) p 2123 3729 a(the) p 2259 3729 a(net) n(w) n(ork) p 2567 3729 a(tra\016c) p 2799 3729 a(exhibits) p 3103 3729 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 3585 3729 a(,) p 3629 3729 a(\(2\)) p 3755 3729 a(ho) n(w) 1830 3818 y(the) p 1974 3818 a(upp) r(er-la) n(y) n(er) p 2415 3818 a(proto) r(col) p 2742 3818 a(a\013ects) p 3000 3818 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 3516 3818 a(of) p 3613 3818 a(the) p 3757 3818 a(net-) 1830 3908 y(w) n(ork) p 2034 3908 a(tra\016c,) p 2298 3908 a(and) p 2461 3908 a(\(3\)) p 2596 3908 a(ho) n(w) p 2769 3908 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 3286 3908 a(of) p 3381 3908 a(the) p 3525 3908 a(tra\016c) p 3766 3908 a(and) 1830 3998 y(the) p 1965 3998 a(upp) r(er-la) n(y) n(er) p 2396 3998 a(proto) r(col) p 2713 3998 a(a\013ect) p 2929 3998 a(users') p 3153 3998 a(QoS.) p 3348 3998 a(As) p 3462 3998 a(a) p 3524 3998 a(sim) n(ulation) 1830 4087 y(mo) r(del,) p 2098 4087 a(w) n(e) p 2217 4087 a(use) p 2358 4087 a(a) p 2425 4087 a(serv) n(er-clien) n(t) p 2887 4087 a(net) n(w) n(ork) p 3200 4087 a(mo) r(del) p 3445 4087 a(that) p 3622 4087 a(consists) 1830 4177 y(of) p 1926 4177 a(t) n(w) n(o) p 2085 4177 a(serv) n(ers) p 2360 4177 a(and) p 2523 4177 a(32) p 2636 4177 a(clien) n(ts) p 2894 4177 a(con) n(tending) p 3318 4177 a(for) p 3446 4177 a(a) p 3517 4177 a(single) p 3750 4177 a(b) r(ot-) 1830 4267 y(tlenec) n(k) p 2112 4267 a(link.) p 2311 4267 a(Eac) n(h) p 2518 4267 a(clien) n(t) p 2743 4267 a(requests) p 3065 4267 a(a) p 3135 4267 a(\014le) p 3270 4267 a(transfer) p 3578 4267 a(from) p 3775 4267 a(one) 1830 4356 y(of) p 1932 4356 a(t) n(w) n(o) p 2095 4356 a(serv) n(ers) p 2376 4356 a(using) p 2600 4356 a(the) p 2750 4356 a(TCP) p 2962 4356 a(mec) n(hanism.) p 3442 4356 a(By) p 3579 4356 a(c) n(hanging) 1830 4446 y(c) n(haracteristics) p 2374 4446 a(of) p 2469 4446 a(the) p 2613 4446 a(source) p 2868 4446 a(tra\016c) p 3108 4446 a(\(i.e.,) p 3298 4446 a(\014le) p 3432 4446 a(size) p 3590 4446 a(distribu-) 1830 4536 y(tion\),) p 2054 4536 a(w) n(e) p 2174 4536 a(ev) p 2250 4536 a(aluate) p 2497 4536 a(its) p 2611 4536 a(e\013ect) p 2828 4536 a(on) p 2941 4536 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 3454 4536 a(of) p 3547 4536 a(the) p 3688 4536 a(tra\016c) 1830 4625 y(observ) n(ed) p 2174 4625 a(at) p 2278 4625 a(the) p 2423 4625 a(b) r(ottlenec) n(k) p 2828 4625 a(link.) p 3031 4625 a(W) p 3109 4625 a(e) p 3176 4625 a(then) p 3367 4625 a(c) n(hange) p 3643 4625 a(v) p 3682 4625 a(arious) 1830 4715 y(system) p 2102 4715 a(parameters) p 2528 4715 a(suc) n(h) p 2711 4715 a(as) p 2810 4715 a(o\013ered) p 3076 4715 a(tra\016c) p 3313 4715 a(load,) p 3513 4715 a(bandwidth) 1830 4805 y(of) p 1916 4805 a(the) p 2050 4805 a(b) r(ottlenec) n(k) p 2446 4805 a(link,) p 2625 4805 a(and) p 2778 4805 a(a) p 2839 4805 a(bu\013er) p 3068 4805 a(size) p 3217 4805 a(of) p 3303 4805 a(the) p 3438 4805 a(switc) n(h,) p 3710 4805 a(to) p 3803 4805 a(in-) 1830 4894 y(v) n(estigate) p 2168 4894 a(relations) p 2496 4894 a(b) r(et) n(w) n(een) p 2808 4894 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 3315 4894 a(of) p 3401 4894 a(the) p 3535 4894 a(tra\016c) p 3766 4894 a(and) 1830 4984 y(those) p 2052 4984 a(system) p 2332 4984 a(parameters.) p 2808 4984 a(F) p 2855 4984 a(or) p 2961 4984 a(this) p 3128 4984 a(purp) r(ose,) p 3469 4984 a(w) n(e) p 3595 4984 a(compare) 1830 5074 y(sim) n(ulation) p 2233 5074 a(results) p 2497 5074 a(with) p 2685 5074 a(and) p 2846 5074 a(without) p 3155 5074 a(the) p 3297 5074 a(TCP) p 3501 5074 a(mec) n(hanism) 1830 5163 y(as) p 1933 5163 a(in) p 2030 5163 a([6],) p 2158 5163 a([7],) p 2297 5163 a(and) p 2460 5163 a(sho) n(w) p 2666 5163 a(e\013ects) p 2919 5163 a(of) p 3014 5163 a(upp) r(er-la) n(y) n(er) p 3453 5163 a(proto) r(cols) p 3812 5163 a(on) 1830 5253 y(self-similarit) n(y) p 2345 5253 a(clearly) p 2577 5253 a(.) 1913 5371 y(This) p 2112 5371 a(pap) r(er) p 2354 5371 a(is) p 2446 5371 a(organized) p 2829 5371 a(as) p 2940 5371 a(follo) n(ws.) p 3271 5371 a(In) p 3384 5371 a(Section) p 3684 5371 a(I) r(I,) p 3805 5371 a(w) n(e) 1830 5460 y(giv) n(e) p 2003 5460 a(a) p 2075 5460 a(brief) p 2270 5460 a(de\014nition) p 2642 5460 a(of) p 2739 5460 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 3257 5460 a(and) p 3421 5460 a(three) p 3637 5460 a(estima-) 1830 5550 y(tion) p 2011 5550 a(metho) r(ds) p 2356 5550 a(of) p 2460 5550 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 2986 5550 a(from) p 3192 5550 a(measured) p 3572 5550 a(data.) p 3824 5550 a(In) p eop %%Page: 2 2 2 1 bop Fq -360 -67 a(Section) p -61 -67 a(I) r(I) r(I,) p 93 -67 a(w) n(e) p 224 -67 a(describ) r(e) p 554 -67 a(our) p 710 -67 a(sim) n(ulation) p 1123 -67 a(mo) r(del) p 1378 -67 a(in) p 1484 -67 a(detail.) -360 23 y(In) p -246 23 a(Section) p 54 23 a(IV,) p 207 23 a(w) n(e) p 339 23 a(in) n(v) n(estigate) p 762 23 a(e\013ects) p 1024 23 a(of) p 1129 23 a(the) p 1282 23 a(TCP) p 1496 23 a(mec) n(h-) -360 112 y(anism) p -115 112 a(on) p 6 112 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 526 112 a(of) p 625 112 a(the) p 773 112 a(net) n(w) n(ork) p 1094 112 a(tra\016c) p 1340 112 a(and) p 1506 112 a(users') -360 202 y(QoS) p -181 202 a(through) p 132 202 a(v) p 171 202 a(arious) p 416 202 a(sim) n(ulation) p 819 202 a(results.) p 1115 202 a(Finally) p 1363 202 a(,) p 1413 202 a(w) n(e) p 1534 202 a(sum-) -360 292 y(marize) p -92 292 a(this) p 70 292 a(pap) r(er) p 303 292 a(with) p 492 292 a(a) p 561 292 a(few) p 711 292 a(remarks) p 1028 292 a(in) p 1125 292 a(Section) p 1415 292 a(V.) p Fm 280 527 a(I) r(I.) p 423 527 a(Self-Similarity) p Fq -277 702 a(In) p -173 702 a(this) p -11 702 a(section,) p 289 702 a(w) n(e) p 412 702 a(brie\015y) p 668 702 a(presen) n(t) p 957 702 a(the) p 1100 702 a(de\014nition) p 1470 702 a(of) p 1564 702 a(self-) -360 792 y(similarit) n(y) p -24 792 a(,) p 36 792 a(and) p 205 792 a(in) n(tro) r(duce) p 582 792 a(three) p 802 792 a(metho) r(ds) p 1145 792 a(to) p 1254 792 a(estimate) p 1595 792 a(the) -360 881 y(in) n(tensit) n(y) p -11 881 a(of) p 94 881 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 619 881 a(from) p 825 881 a(observ) n(ed) p 1177 881 a(data.) p 1428 881 a(See,) p 1611 881 a(for) -360 971 y(example,) p -12 971 a([8],) p 116 971 a([9]) p 231 971 a(for) p 358 971 a(more) p 566 971 a(detail.) p Fl -360 1197 a(A.) p -230 1197 a(De\014nition) p Fq -277 1344 a(Let) p Fi -123 1344 a(X) p Fq -15 1344 a(b) r(e) p 104 1344 a(a) p 178 1344 a(sto) r(c) n(hastic) p 567 1344 a(pro) r(cess) p 862 1344 a(on) p 982 1344 a(a) p 1057 1344 a(discrete-time,) p 1581 1344 a(i.e.,) p Fi -360 1442 a(X) p Fq -242 1442 a(=) p Fh -136 1442 a(f) p Fi(X) p Fg -25 1454 a(t) p Fq 46 1442 a(:) p Fi 112 1442 a(t) p Fq 184 1442 a(=) p 291 1442 a(0) p Fi(;) p Fq 370 1442 a(1) p Fi(;) p Fq 449 1442 a(2) p Fi(;) p 528 1442 a(:) p 565 1442 a(:) p 602 1442 a(:) p Fh 623 1442 a(g) p Fq(.) p 759 1442 a(Let) p Fi 919 1442 a(X) p Ff 995 1412 a(\() p Fg(m) p Ff(\)) p Fq 1149 1442 a(b) r(e) p 1273 1442 a(a) p 1354 1442 a(sto) r(c) n(hastic) -360 1532 y(pro) r(cess) p -71 1532 a(generated) p 307 1532 a(from) p Fi 502 1532 a(X) p Fq 605 1532 a(b) n(y) p 719 1532 a(aggregating) p Fi 1166 1532 a(m) p Fq 1266 1532 a(ev) n(en) n(ts) p 1518 1532 a(of) p Fi 1612 1532 a(X) p Fq 1688 1532 a(,) -360 1643 y(i.e.,) p Fi -203 1643 a(X) p Ff -127 1613 a(\() p Fg(m) p Ff(\)) p Fq 10 1643 a(=) p Fh 98 1643 a(f) p Fi(X) p Ff 216 1600 a(\() p Fg(m) p Ff(\)) p Fg 209 1653 a(n) p Fq 353 1643 a(:) p Fi 399 1643 a(n) p Fq 472 1643 a(=) p 559 1643 a(0) p Fi(;) p Fq 638 1643 a(1) p Fi(;) p Fq 717 1643 a(2) p Fi 773 1643 a(:) p 810 1643 a(:) p 847 1643 a(:) p Fh 868 1643 a(g) p Fq(,) p 961 1643 a(where) p Fi 117 1896 a(X) 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a([8],) p 1558 3474 a([11],) -360 3563 y([12].) p -164 3563 a(Ho) n(w) n(ev) n(er,) p 197 3563 a(there) p 412 3563 a(is) p 497 3563 a(no) p 615 3563 a(generic) p 899 3563 a(and) p 1063 3563 a(statistically) p 1511 3563 a(rigor-) -360 3653 y(ous) p -218 3653 a(one.) p -35 3653 a(W) p 43 3653 a(e) p 102 3653 a(therefore) p 444 3653 a(use) p 582 3653 a(three) p 788 3653 a(metho) r(ds) p 1117 3653 a(to) p 1213 3653 a(determine) p 1595 3653 a(the) -360 3743 y(v) p -321 3743 a(alue) p -139 3743 a(of) p -37 3743 a(the) p 113 3743 a(Hurst) p 353 3743 a(parameter) p 757 3743 a(in) p 861 3743 a(Section) p 1159 3743 a(IV:) p 1308 3743 a(a) p 1385 3743 a(v) p 1424 3743 a(ariance-) -360 3832 y(time) p -171 3832 a(plot,) p 23 3832 a(an) p 138 3832 a(R/S) p 315 3832 a(plot,) p 508 3832 a(and) p 670 3832 a(a) p 739 3832 a(Whittle's) p 1101 3832 a(estimator.) -277 3937 y(In) p -171 3937 a(the) p -26 3937 a(v) p 13 3937 a(ariance-time) p 491 3937 a(plot,) p 688 3937 a(an) p 806 3937 a(aggregated) p 1228 3937 a(pro) r(cess) p Fi 1520 3937 a(X) p Ff 1596 3907 a(\() p Fg(m) p Ff(\)) p Fq -360 4027 a(de\014ned) p -67 4027 a(b) n(y) p 56 4027 a(Eq.) p 214 4027 a(\(1\)) p 355 4027 a(is) p 446 4027 a(\014rst) p 624 4027 a(computed) p 1014 4027 a(from) p 1218 4027 a(the) p 1368 4027 a(measured) -360 4129 y(pro) r(cess) p Fi -69 4129 a(X) p Fq 7 4129 a(.) p 70 4129 a(If) p Fi 155 4129 a(X) p Ff 231 4099 a(\() p Fg(m) p Ff(\)) p Fq 374 4129 a(has) p 523 4129 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 1005 4129 a(,) p 1056 4129 a(it) p 1141 4129 a(satis\014es) p 1448 4129 a(the) p 1592 4129 a(fol-) -360 4219 y(lo) n(wing) p -99 4219 a(prop) r(ert) n(y) p 240 4219 a([8],) p 367 4219 a([12],) p 536 4219 a([13]:) 163 4413 y(V) p 218 4413 a(ar[) p Fi(X) p Ff 392 4379 a(\() p Fg(m) p Ff(\)) p Fq 506 4413 a(]) p Fh 552 4413 a(\031) p Fi 640 4413 a(a) p Fh 702 4413 a(\001) p Fi 744 4413 a(m) p Ff 817 4379 a(2) p Fg(H) p Fd 908 4379 a(\000) p Ff(2) p Fi 998 4413 a(;) p Fq -360 4603 a(where) p Fi -110 4603 a(a) p Fq -29 4603 a(is) p 65 4603 a(a) p 144 4603 a(constan) n(t.) p 540 4603 a(Therefore,) p 952 4603 a(when) p Fi 1179 4603 a(X) p Ff 1255 4572 a(\() p Fg(m) p Ff(\)) p Fq 1406 4603 a(has) p 1564 4603 a(self-) -360 4701 y(similarit) n(y) p -24 4701 a(,) p 22 4701 a(a) p 87 4701 a(slop) r(e) p 293 4701 a(of) p 383 4701 a(log\(V) p 577 4701 a(ar[) p Fi(X) p Ff 751 4671 a(\() p Fg(m) p Ff(\)) p Fq 865 4701 a(]\)) p 943 4701 a(as) p 1041 4701 a(a) p 1105 4701 a(function) p 1426 4701 a(of) p 1516 4701 a(log) p Fi 1637 4701 a(m) p Fq -360 4790 a(con) n(v) n(erges) p 12 4790 a(to) p 113 4790 a(\(2) p Fi(H) p Fh 281 4790 a(\000) p Fq 364 4790 a(2\)) p 466 4790 a(for) p 593 4790 a(a) p 662 4790 a(su\016cien) n(tly) p 1078 4790 a(large) p Fi 1281 4790 a(m) p Fq(.) -277 4882 y(In) p -181 4882 a(the) p -47 4882 a(R/S) p 122 4882 a(plot,) p 309 4882 a(the) p 443 4882 a(follo) n(wing) p 786 4882 a(equation) p 1116 4882 a(is) p 1192 4882 a(\014rst) p 1355 4882 a(computed) -360 4972 y(from) p -164 4972 a(the) p -21 4972 a(measured) p 349 4972 a(pro) r(cess) p Fi 638 4972 a(X) p Fq 714 4972 a(:) p Fi -338 5145 a(R) p Fq -274 5145 a(\() p Fi(n) p Fq(\)) p -338 5182 179 4 v Fi -334 5258 a(S) p Fq -278 5258 a(\() p Fi(n) p Fq(\)) -127 5201 y(=) -29 5145 y(max) o(\(0) p Fi(;) p 236 5145 a(W) p Ff 314 5157 a(1) p Fi 352 5145 a(;) p 389 5145 a(:) p 426 5145 a(:) p 463 5145 a(:) p 499 5145 a(;) p 536 5145 a(W) p Fg 614 5157 a(n) p Fq 660 5145 a(\)) p Fh 711 5145 a(\000) p Fq 794 5145 a(min\(0) p Fi(;) p 1043 5145 a(W) p Ff 1121 5157 a(1) p Fi 1158 5145 a(;) p 1195 5145 a(:) p 1232 5145 a(:) p 1269 5145 a(:) p 1306 5145 a(;) p 1343 5145 a(W) p Fg 1421 5157 a(n) p Fq 1466 5145 a(\)) p -29 5182 1528 4 v Fi 650 5258 a(S) p Fq 706 5258 a(\() p Fi(n) p Fq(\)) p Fi 1509 5201 a(;) p Fq -360 5448 a(where) p Fi -121 5448 a(W) p Fg -43 5460 a(l) p Fq 6 5448 a(=) p 93 5448 a(\() p Fi(X) p Ff 194 5460 a(1) p Fq 248 5448 a(+) p Fi 328 5448 a(X) p Ff 397 5460 a(2) p Fq 450 5448 a(+) p Fh 531 5448 a(\001) p 568 5448 a(\001) p 605 5448 a(\001) p Fq 644 5448 a(+) p Fi 724 5448 a(X) p Fg 793 5460 a(k) p Fq 834 5448 a(\)) p Fh 882 5448 a(\000) p Fi 963 5448 a(k) p 1009 5381 76 4 v 1009 5448 a(X) p Fq 1084 5448 a(\() p Fi(n) p Fq(\).) p 1258 5448 a(In) p 1361 5448 a(the) p 1502 5448 a(ab) r(o) n(v) n(e) -360 5550 y(equation,) p -4 5483 V Fi -4 5550 a(X) p Fq 71 5550 a(\() p Fi(n) p Fq(\)) p 205 5550 a(and) p Fi 358 5550 a(S) p Fq 414 5550 a(\() p Fi(n) p Fq(\)) p 548 5550 a(are) p 678 5550 a(the) p 813 5550 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 1103 5550 a(and) p 1256 5550 a(the) p 1391 5550 a(standard) 1864 745 y @beginspecial 0 @llx 0 @lly 839.636841 @urx 424.084381 @ury 2402 @rwi 1073 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/network_model.eps %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 %%Creator: ImageMark Software Labs %%For: () () %%Title: E:\tmp\network_model_mono.eps %%CreationDate: () () %%BoundingBox: 0.0000 0.0000 836.5000 422.5000 %%DocumentProcessColors: Black %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica %%+Times-Roman %%+Courier %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset Adobe_packedarray 2.0 0 %%+ procset Adobe_cmykcolor 1.1 0 %%+ procset Adobe_cshow 1.1 0 %%+ procset Adobe_customcolor 1.0 0 %%+ procset Adobe_typography_AI3 1.0 0 %%+ procset Adobe_Illustrator_AI3 1.0 0 %AI3_ColorUsage: Black&White %AI3_TemplateBox: 0.0000 0.0000 836.5000 422.5000 %AI3_TileBox: 0.0000 0.0000 836.5000 422.5000 %AI3_DocumentPreview: None %%Template: %%PageOrigin:0.0000 0.0000 %%EndComments %%BeginProlog %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_packedarray 2.0 0 %%Title: (Packed Array Operators) %%Version: 2.0 %%CreationDate: (8/2/90) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) userdict /Adobe_packedarray 5 dict dup begin put /initialize { /packedarray where { pop } { Adobe_packedarray begin Adobe_packedarray { dup xcheck { bind } if userdict 3 1 roll put } forall end } ifelse } def /terminate { } def /packedarray { array astore readonly } def /setpacking { pop } def /currentpacking { false } def currentdict readonly pop end %%EndResource Adobe_packedarray /initialize get exec %%Title: (CMYK Color Operators) %%Version: 1.1 %%CreationDate: (1/23/89) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_cmykcolor 4 dict dup begin put /initialize { /setcmykcolor where { pop } { userdict /Adobe_cmykcolor_vars 2 dict dup begin put /_setrgbcolor /setrgbcolor load def /_currentrgbcolor /currentrgbcolor load def Adobe_cmykcolor begin Adobe_cmykcolor { dup xcheck { bind } if pop pop } forall end end Adobe_cmykcolor begin } ifelse } def /terminate { currentdict Adobe_cmykcolor eq { end } if } def /setcmykcolor { 1 sub 4 1 roll 3 { 3 index add neg dup 0 lt { pop 0 } if 3 1 roll } repeat Adobe_cmykcolor_vars /_setrgbcolor get exec pop } def /currentcmykcolor { Adobe_cmykcolor_vars /_currentrgbcolor get exec 3 { 1 sub neg 3 1 roll } repeat 0 } def currentdict readonly pop end setpacking %%EndResource %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_cshow 1.1 0 %%Title: (cshow Operator) %%Version: 1.1 %%CreationDate: (1/23/89) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_cshow 3 dict dup begin put /initialize { /cshow where { pop } { userdict /Adobe_cshow_vars 1 dict dup begin put /_cshow {} def Adobe_cshow begin Adobe_cshow { dup xcheck { bind } if userdict 3 1 roll put } forall end end } ifelse } def /terminate { } def /cshow { exch Adobe_cshow_vars exch /_cshow exch put { 0 0 Adobe_cshow_vars /_cshow get exec } forall } def currentdict readonly pop end setpacking %%EndResource %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_customcolor 1.0 0 %%Title: (Custom Color Operators) %%Version: 1.0 %%CreationDate: (5/9/88) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_customcolor 5 dict dup begin put /initialize { /setcustomcolor where { pop } { Adobe_customcolor begin Adobe_customcolor { dup xcheck { bind } if pop pop } forall end Adobe_customcolor begin } ifelse } def /terminate { currentdict Adobe_customcolor eq { end } if } def /findcmykcustomcolor { 5 packedarray } def /setcustomcolor { exch aload pop pop 4 { 4 index mul 4 1 roll } repeat 5 -1 roll pop setcmykcolor } def /setoverprint { pop } def currentdict readonly pop end setpacking %%EndResource %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_typography_AI3 1.0 0 %%Title: (Typography Operators)%%Version: 1.0 %%CreationDate:(5/31/90) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_typography_AI3 46 dict dup begin put /initialize { /TZ where { pop } { Adobe_typography_AI3 begin Adobe_typography_AI3 { dup xcheck { bind } if pop pop } forall end Adobe_typography_AI3 begin } ifelse } def /terminate { currentdict Adobe_typography_AI3 eq { end } if } def /modifyEncoding { /_tempEncode exch ddef /_pntr 0 ddef { counttomark -1 roll dup type dup /marktype eq { pop pop exit } { /nametype eq { _tempEncode /_pntr dup load dup 3 1 roll 1 add ddef 3 -1 roll put } { /_pntr exch ddef } ifelse } ifelse } loop _tempEncode } def /TE { StandardEncoding 256 array copy modifyEncoding /_nativeEncoding exch def } def /TZ { /_useNativeEncoding exch def pop pop findfont dup length 2 add dict begin mark exch { 1 index /FID ne { def } if cleartomark mark } forall pop /FontName exch def counttomark 0 eq { Encoding StandardEncoding eq 1 _useNativeEncoding eq and { /Encoding _nativeEncoding def } if cleartomark } { /Encoding load 256 array copy modifyEncoding /Encoding exch def } ifelse FontName currentdict end definefont pop } def /tr { _ax _ay 3 2 roll } def /trj { _cx _cy _sp _ax _ay 6 5 roll } def /a0 { /Tx { dup currentpoint 3 2 roll tr _psf newpath moveto tr _ctm _pss } ddef /Tj { dup currentpoint 3 2 roll trj _pjsf newpath moveto trj _ctm _pjss } ddef } def /a1 { W B } def /e0 { /Tx { tr _psf } ddef /Tj { trj _pjsf } ddef } def /e1 { W F } def /i0 { /Tx { tr sp } ddef /Tj { trj jsp } ddef } def /o0 { /Tx { tr sw rmoveto } ddef /Tj { trj swj rmoveto } ddef } def /r0 { /Tx { tr _ctm _pss } ddef /Tj { trj _ctm _pjss } ddef } def /r1 { W S } def /To { pop _ctm currentmatrix pop } def /TO { Te _ctm setmatrix newpath } def /Tp { pop _tm astore pop _ctm setmatrix 2 dict begin /W {} def /h {} def } def /TP { end iTm 0 0 moveto } def /Tr { Te currentpoint newpath moveto dup 8 eq {pop 0} {dup 9 eq {pop 1} if} ifelse dup /_render exch ddef _renderStart exch get load exec } def /iTm { _ctm setmatrix _tm concat 0 _rise translate _hs 1 scale } def /Te { _render -1 eq {} {_renderEnd _render get dup null ne {load exec} {pop} ifelse} ifelse /_render -1 ddef } def /Tf { dup 1000 div /_fScl exch ddef exch findfont exch scalefont setfont } def /Tl { pop 0 exch _leading astore pop } def /Tt { pop } def /TW { 3 npop } def /Tw { /_cx exch ddef } def /Tc { /_ax exch ddef } def /Ts { /_rise exch ddef currentpoint iTm moveto } def /Ti { 3 npop } def /Tz { 100 div /_hs exch ddef iTm } def /Tq { pop } def /TX {pop} def /Tk { exch pop _fScl mul neg 0 rmoveto } def /T- { _hyphen Tx } def /TS { 0 eq {Tx} {Tj} ifelse } def currentdict readonly pop end setpacking %%EndResource %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_Illustrator_AI3 1.0 0 %%Title: (Adobe Illustrator (R) Version 3.0 Full Prolog) %%Version: 1.0 %%CreationDate: (7/22/89) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_Illustrator_AI3 71 dict dup begin put /initialize { userdict /Adobe_Illustrator_AI3_vars 55 dict dup begin put /_lp /none def /_pf {} def /_ps {} def /_psf {} def /_pss {} def /_pjsf {} def /_pjss {} def /_pola 0 def /_doClip 0 def /cf currentflat def /_tm matrix def /_renderStart [/e0 /r0 /a0 /o0 /i0 /i0 /i0 /i0] def /_renderEnd [null null null null /e1 /r1 /a1 /clip] def /_render -1 def /_rise 0 def /_ax 0 def /_ay 0 def /_cx 0 def /_cy 0 def /_leading [0 0] def /_ctm matrix def /_mtx matrix def /_sp 16#020 def /_hyphen (-) def /_fScl 0 def /_cnt 0 def /_hs 1 def /_nativeEncoding 0 def /_useNativeEncoding 0 def /_tempEncode 0 def /_pntr 0 def /Tx {} def /Tj {} def /CRender {} def /_AI3_savepage {} def /_gf null def /_cf 4 array def /_if null def /_of false def /_fc {} def /_gs null def /_cs 4 array def /_is null def /_os false def /_sc {} def /_pd 1 dict def /_ed 15 dict def /_pm matrix def /_fm null def /_fd null def /_fdd null def /_sm null def /_sd null def /_sdd null def /_i null def Adobe_Illustrator_AI3 begin Adobe_Illustrator_AI3 dup /nc get begin { dup xcheck { bind } if pop pop } forall end end end Adobe_Illustrator_AI3 begin Adobe_Illustrator_AI3_vars begin newpath } def /terminate { end end } def /_ null def /ddef { Adobe_Illustrator_AI3_vars 3 1 roll put } def /xput { dup load dup length exch maxlength eq { dup dup load dup length 2 mul dict copy def } if load begin def end } def /npop { { pop } repeat } def /sw { dup length exch stringwidth exch 5 -1 roll 3 index 1 sub mul add 4 1 roll 3 1 roll 1 sub mul add } def /swj { dup 4 1 roll dup length exch stringwidth exch 5 -1 roll 3 index 1 sub mul add 4 1 roll 3 1 roll 1 sub mul add 6 2 roll /_cnt 0 ddef {1 index eq {/_cnt _cnt 1 add ddef} if} forall pop exch _cnt mul exch _cnt mul 2 index add 4 1 roll 2 index add 4 1 roll pop pop } def /ss { 4 1 roll { 2 npop (0) exch 2 copy 0 exch put pop gsave false charpath currentpoint 4 index setmatrix stroke grestore moveto 2 copy rmoveto } exch cshow 3 npop } def /jss { 4 1 roll { 2 npop (0) exch 2 copy 0 exch put gsave _sp eq { exch 6 index 6 index 6 index 5 -1 roll widthshow currentpoint } { false charpath currentpoint 4 index setmatrix stroke }ifelse grestore moveto 2 copy rmoveto } exch cshow 6 npop } def /sp { { 2 npop (0) exch 2 copy 0 exch put pop false charpath 2 copy rmoveto } exch cshow 2 npop } def /jsp { { 2 npop (0) exch 2 copy 0 exch put _sp eq { exch 5 index 5 index 5 index 5 -1 roll widthshow } { false charpath }ifelse 2 copy rmoveto } exch cshow 5 npop } def /pl { transform 0.25 sub round 0.25 add exch 0.25 sub round 0.25 add exch itransform } def /setstrokeadjust where {pop true setstrokeadjust /c { curveto } def /C /c load def /v { currentpoint 6 2 roll curveto } def /V /v load def /y { 2 copy curveto } def /Y /y load def /l { lineto } def /L /l load def /m { moveto } def } { /c { pl curveto } def /C /c load def /v { currentpoint 6 2 roll pl curveto } def /V /v load def /y { pl 2 copy curveto } def /Y /y load def /l { pl lineto } def /L /l load def /m { pl moveto } def } ifelse /d { setdash } def /cf {} def /i { dup 0 eq { pop cf } if setflat } def /j { setlinejoin } def /J { setlinecap } def /M { setmiterlimit } def /w { setlinewidth } def /H {} def /h { closepath } def /N { _pola 0 eq { _doClip 1 eq {clip /_doClip 0 ddef} if newpath } { /CRender {N} ddef }ifelse } def /n {N} def /F { _pola 0 eq { _doClip 1 eq { gsave _pf grestore clip newpath /_lp /none ddef _fc /_doClip 0 ddef } { _pf }ifelse } { /CRender {F} ddef }ifelse } def /f { closepath F } def /S { _pola 0 eq { _doClip 1 eq { gsave _ps grestore clip newpath /_lp /none ddef _sc /_doClip 0 ddef } { _ps }ifelse } { /CRender {S} ddef }ifelse } def /s { closepath S } def /B { _pola 0 eq { _doClip 1 eq gsave F grestore { gsave S grestore clip newpath /_lp /none ddef _sc /_doClip 0 ddef } { S }ifelse } { /CRender {B} ddef }ifelse } def /b { closepath B } def /W { /_doClip 1 ddef } def /* { count 0 ne { dup type (stringtype) eq {pop} if } if _pola 0 eq {newpath} if } def /u {} def /U {} def /q {_pola 0 eq {gsave} if } def /Q { _pola 0 eq {grestore} if } def /*u { _pola 1 add /_pola exch ddef } def /*U { _pola 1 sub /_pola exch ddef _pola 0 eq {CRender} if } def /D {pop} def /*w {} def /*W {} def /` { /_i save ddef 6 1 roll 4 npop concat userdict begin /showpage {} def false setoverprint pop } def /~ { end _i restore } def /@ {} def /& {} def /O { 0 ne /_of exch ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /R { 0 ne /_os exch ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /g { /_gf exch ddef /_fc { _lp /fill ne { _of setoverprint _gf setgray /_lp /fill ddef } if } ddef /_pf { _fc fill } ddef /_psf { _fc ashow } ddef /_pjsf { _fc awidthshow } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /G { /_gs exch ddef /_sc { _lp /stroke ne { _os setoverprint _gs setgray /_lp /stroke ddef } if } ddef /_ps { _sc stroke } ddef /_pss { _sc ss } ddef /_pjss { _sc jss } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /k { _cf astore pop /_fc { _lp /fill ne { _of setoverprint _cf aload pop setcmykcolor /_lp /fill ddef } if } ddef /_pf { _fc fill } ddef /_psf { _fc ashow } ddef /_pjsf { _fc awidthshow } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /K { _cs astore pop /_sc { _lp /stroke ne { _os setoverprint _cs aload pop setcmykcolor /_lp /stroke ddef } if } ddef /_ps { _sc stroke } ddef /_pss { _sc ss } ddef /_pjss { _sc jss } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /x { /_gf exch ddef findcmykcustomcolor /_if exch ddef /_fc { _lp /fill ne { _of setoverprint _if _gf 1 exch sub setcustomcolor /_lp /fill ddef } if } ddef /_pf { _fc fill } ddef /_psf { _fc ashow } ddef /_pjsf { _fc awidthshow } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /X { /_gs exch ddef findcmykcustomcolor /_is exch ddef /_sc { _lp /stroke ne { _os setoverprint _is _gs 1 exch sub setcustomcolor /_lp /stroke ddef } if } ddef /_ps { _sc stroke } ddef /_pss { _sc ss } ddef /_pjss { _sc jss } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /dp { dup null eq { pop _dp 0 ne { 0 1 _dp 1 sub _dl mod { _da exch get 3 get } for _dp 1 sub _dl mod 1 add packedarray _da 0 get aload pop 8 -1 roll 5 -1 roll pop 4 1 roll definepattern pop } if } { _dp 0 ne _dp _dl mod 0 eq and { null dp } if 7 packedarray _da exch _dp _dl mod exch put _dp _dl mod _da 0 get 4 get 2 packedarray /_dp _dp 1 add def } ifelse } def /E { _ed begin dup 0 get type /arraytype ne { 0 { dup 1 add index type /arraytype eq { 1 add } { exit } ifelse } loop array astore } if /_dd exch def /_ury exch def /_urx exch def /_lly exch def /_llx exch def /_n exch def /_y 0 def /_dl 4 def /_dp 0 def /_da _dl array def 0 1 _dd length 1 sub { /_d exch _dd exch get def 0 2 _d length 2 sub { /_x exch def /_c _d _x get _ ne def /_r _d _x 1 add get cvlit def _r _ ne { _urx _llx sub _ury _lly sub [1 0 0 1 0 0] [ /save cvx _llx neg _lly neg /translate cvx _c { nc /begin cvx } if _r dup type /stringtype eq { cvx } { {exec} /forall cvx } ifelse _c { /end cvx } if /restore cvx ] cvx /_fn 12 _n length add string def _y _fn cvs pop /_y _y 1 add def _fn 12 _n putinterval _fn _c false dp _d exch _x 1 add exch put } if } for } for null dp _n _dd /_pd end xput } def /fc { _fm dup concatmatrix pop } def /p { /_fm exch ddef 9 -2 roll _pm translate fc 7 -2 roll _pm scale fc 5 -1 roll _pm rotate fc 4 -2 roll exch 0 ne { dup _pm rotate fc 1 -1 _pm scale fc neg _pm rotate fc } { pop } ifelse dup _pm rotate fc exch dup sin exch cos div 1 0 0 1 0 6 2 roll _pm astore fc neg _pm rotate fc _pd exch get /_fdd exch ddef /_pf { save 0 1 _fdd length 1 sub { /_fd exch _fdd exch get ddef _fd 0 2 _fd length 2 sub { gsave 2 copy get dup _ ne { cvx exec _fc } { pop } ifelse 2 copy 1 add get dup _ ne { aload pop findfont _fm patternfill } { pop fill } ifelse grestore pop } for pop } for restore newpath } ddef /_psf { save 0 1 _fdd length 1 sub { /_fd exch _fdd exch get ddef _fd 0 2 _fd length 2 sub { gsave 2 copy get dup _ ne { cvx exec _fc } { pop } ifelse 2 copy 1 add get dup _ ne { aload pop findfont _fm 9 copy 6 npop patternashow } { pop 6 copy 3 npop ashow } ifelse grestore pop } for pop } for restore sw rmoveto } ddef /_pjsf { save 0 1 _fdd length 1 sub { /_fd exch _fdd exch get ddef _fd 0 2 _fd length 2 sub { gsave 2 copy get dup _ ne { cvx exec _fc } { pop } ifelse 2 copy 1 add get dup _ ne { aload pop findfont _fm 12 copy 6 npop patternawidthshow } { pop 9 copy 3 npop awidthshow } ifelse grestore pop } for pop } for restore swj rmoveto } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /sc { _sm dup concatmatrix pop } def /P { /_sm exch ddef 9 -2 roll _pm translate sc 7 -2 roll _pm scale sc 5 -1 roll _pm rotate sc 4 -2 roll exch 0 ne { dup _pm rotate sc 1 -1 _pm scale sc neg _pm rotate sc } { pop } ifelse dup _pm rotate sc exch dup sin exch cos div 1 0 0 1 0 6 2 roll _pm astore sc neg _pm rotate sc _pd exch get /_sdd exch ddef /_ps { save 0 1 _sdd length 1 sub { /_sd exch _sdd exch get ddef _sd 0 2 _sd length 2 sub { gsave 2 copy get dup _ ne { cvx exec _sc } { pop } ifelse 2 copy 1 add get dup _ ne { aload pop findfont _sm patternstroke } { pop stroke } ifelse grestore pop } for pop } for restore newpath } ddef /_pss { save 0 1 _sdd length 1 sub { /_sd exch _sdd exch get ddef _sd 0 2 _sd length 2 sub { gsave 2 copy get dup _ ne { cvx exec _sc } { pop } ifelse 2 copy 1 add get dup _ ne { aload pop findfont _sm 10 copy 6 npop patternashowstroke } { pop 7 copy 3 npop ss } ifelse grestore pop } for pop } for restore pop sw rmoveto } ddef /_pjss { save 0 1 _sdd length 1 sub { /_sd exch _sdd exch get ddef _sd 0 2 _sd length 2 sub { gsave 2 copy get dup _ ne { cvx exec _sc } { pop } ifelse 2 copy 1 add get dup _ ne { aload pop findfont _sm 13 copy 6 npop 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642.7500 151.0000 L S U u 498.0000 231.0000 m 353.5000 230.7500 L S U 0 To 1 0 0 1 364.25 275.75 0 Tp TP /_Times-Roman 25.5000 Tf 0.0000 Tc 0 Tr 0.0000 w 0 j 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k (Bottleneck\r) Tx TO 0 To 1 0 0 1 395 242.25 0 Tp TP /_Times-Roman 25.5000 Tf 0.0000 Tc 0 Tr 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k ( Link\r) Tx TO 0 To 1 0 0 1 137.25 187 0 Tp TP /_Times-Roman 34.2500 Tf 0.0000 Tc 0 Tr 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k (.\r) Tx TO 0 To 1 0 0 1 137.25 161.75 0 Tp TP /_Times-Roman 34.2500 Tf 0.0000 Tc 0 Tr 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k (.\r) Tx TO 0 To 1 0 0 1 137.25 134.25 0 Tp TP /_Times-Roman 34.2500 Tf 0.0000 Tc 0 Tr 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 k (.\r) Tx TO %%PageTrailer gsave annotatepage grestore showpage %%Trailer Adobe_Illustrator_AI3 /terminate get exec Adobe_typography_AI3 /terminate get exec Adobe_customcolor /terminate get exec Adobe_cshow /terminate get exec Adobe_packedarray /terminate get exec %%EOF %%EndDocument @endspecial Fk 2470 906 a(Fig.) p 2614 906 a(1.) p 2700 906 a(Sim) n(ulation) p 3055 906 a(mo) r(del.) p Fq 1830 1167 a(deviation) p 2201 1167 a(of) p 2304 1167 a(the) p 2455 1167 a(pro) r(cess) p Fi 2754 1167 a(X) p Fq 2830 1167 a(,) p 2890 1167 a(resp) r(ectiv) n(ely) p 3309 1167 a(.) p 3394 1167 a(If) p Fi 3486 1167 a(X) p Fq 3598 1167 a(has) p 3754 1167 a(self-) 1830 1256 y(similarit) n(y) p 2166 1256 a(,) p 2225 1256 a(the) p 2376 1256 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 2681 1256 a(of) p Fi 2783 1256 a(R) p Fq 2847 1256 a(\() p Fi(n) p Fq(\)) p Fi(=S) p Fq 3059 1256 a(\() p Fi(n) p Fq(\)) p 3208 1256 a(should) p 3479 1256 a(con) n(v) n(erge) p 3826 1256 a(to) p Fi 1830 1355 a(a) p Fh 1894 1355 a(\001) p Fi 1937 1355 a(n) p Fg 1987 1325 a(H) p Fq 2050 1355 a(,) p 2104 1355 a(where) p Fi 2347 1355 a(a) p Fq 2421 1355 a(is) p 2507 1355 a(a) p 2579 1355 a(constan) n(t) p 2917 1355 a([8],) p 3045 1355 a([12],) p 3216 1355 a([13].) p 3413 1355 a(By) p 3546 1355 a(using) p 3766 1355 a(this) 1830 1445 y(prop) r(ert) n(y) p 2136 1445 a(,) p 2179 1445 a(the) p 2313 1445 a(Hurst) p 2538 1445 a(parameter) p 2927 1445 a(can) p 3070 1445 a(b) r(e) p 3175 1445 a(obtained) p 3507 1445 a(b) n(y) p 3614 1445 a(plotting) 1830 1534 y(log\() p Fi(R) p Fq 2033 1534 a(\() p Fi(n) p Fq(\)) p Fi(=S) p Fq 2245 1534 a(\() p Fi(n) p Fq(\)\)) p 2419 1534 a(against) p 2706 1534 a(log) p Fi 2827 1534 a(n) p Fq(.) 1913 1624 y(Although) p 2304 1624 a(the) p 2471 1624 a(v) p 2510 1624 a(ariance-time) p 3009 1624 a(plot) p 3204 1624 a(and) p 3390 1624 a(the) p 3557 1624 a(R/S) p 3757 1624 a(plot) 1830 1714 y(are) p 1975 1714 a(useful) p 2220 1714 a(for) p 2354 1714 a(rough) p 2596 1714 a(estimations) p 3042 1714 a(of) p 3143 1714 a(the) p 3293 1714 a(existence) p 3653 1714 a(of) p 3754 1714 a(self-) 1830 1803 y(similarit) n(y) p 2208 1803 a(in) p 2314 1803 a(the) p 2466 1803 a(measured) p 2844 1803 a(data,) p 3068 1803 a(these) p 3289 1803 a(metho) r(ds) p 3633 1803 a(are) p 3780 1803 a(not) 1830 1893 y(statistically) p 2280 1893 a(rigorous.) p 2645 1893 a(On) p 2787 1893 a(the) p 2935 1893 a(con) n(trary) p 3235 1893 a(,) p 3289 1893 a(the) p 3436 1893 a(Whittle's) p 3803 1893 a(es-) 1830 1983 y(timator) p 2132 1983 a(can) p 2287 1983 a(b) r(e) p 2402 1983 a(used) p 2594 1983 a(to) p 2698 1983 a(obtain) p 2958 1983 a(the) p 3103 1983 a(Hurst) p 3339 1983 a(parameter) p 3739 1983 a(with) 1830 2072 y(its) p 1950 2072 a(con\014dence) p 2355 2072 a(in) n(terv) p 2563 2072 a(al) p 2658 2072 a(in) p 2759 2072 a(a) p 2832 2072 a(statistically) p 3282 2072 a(rigorous) p 3605 2072 a(manner.) 1830 2162 y(Ho) n(w) n(ev) n(er,) p 2186 2162 a(the) p 2327 2162 a(Whittle's) p 2688 2162 a(estimator) p 3056 2162 a(assumes) p 3374 2162 a(the) p 3515 2162 a(underlying) 1830 2252 y(pro) r(cess) p 2120 2252 a(b) r(e) p 2233 2252 a(a) p 2302 2252 a(Gaussian) p 2659 2252 a(pro) r(cess.) p 2981 2252 a(Let) p Fi 3130 2252 a(f) p Fq 3180 2252 a(\() p Fi(\025) p Fq(;) p Fi 3297 2252 a(z) p Fq 3340 2252 a(\)) p 3400 2252 a(and) p Fi 3561 2252 a(I) p Fq 3604 2252 a(\() p Fi(\025) 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n(ev) n (er,) p 2186 2664 a(when) p Fi 2401 2664 a(\013) p Fq 2480 2664 a(is) p 2561 2664 a(small,) p 2799 2664 a(the) p 2940 2664 a(Hurst) p 3172 2664 a(parameter) p 3567 2664 a(decreases) 1830 2754 y(as) p 1926 2754 a(the) p 2063 2754 a(o\013ered) p 2326 2754 a(load) p 2500 2754 a(increases.) p 2877 2754 a(This) p 3061 2754 a(phenomenon) p 3539 2754 a(can) p 3685 2754 a(b) r(e) p 3792 2754 a(ex-) 1830 2844 y(plained) p 2123 2844 a(b) n(y) p 2240 2844 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 2503 2844 a(loss) p 2663 2844 a(probabilit) n(y) p 3090 2844 a(sho) n(wn) p 3344 2844 a(in) p 3443 2844 a(Fig.) p 3615 2844 a(9;) p 3711 2844 a(when) 1830 2933 y(the) p 1974 2933 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 2235 2933 a(loss) p 2394 2933 a(probabilit) n(y) p 2819 2933 a(is) p 2904 2933 a(large,) p 3131 2933 a(the) p 3275 2933 a(tra\016c) p 3516 2933 a(pattern) p 3812 2933 a(on) 1830 3023 y(the) p 1968 3023 a(b) r(ottlenec) n(k) p 2366 3023 a(link) p 2525 3023 a(is) p 2603 3023 a(almost) p 2866 3023 a(determined) p 3295 3023 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a(tra\016c) p 3625 3479 a(load) p 3812 3479 a(on) 1830 3569 y(the) p 1971 3569 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 2268 3569 a(pac) n(k) n(et/\014le) p 2674 3569 a(transfer) p 2981 3569 a(dela) n(ys) p 3229 3569 a(in) p 3324 3569 a(Figs.) p 3525 3569 a(10) p 3634 3569 a(and) p 3794 3569 a(11,) 1830 3658 y(resp) r(ectiv) n(ely) p 2249 3658 a(.) p 2330 3658 a(W) p 2408 3658 a(e) p 2480 3658 a(also) p 2654 3658 a(sho) n(w) p 2867 3658 a(relation) p 3179 3658 a(b) r(et) n(w) n(een) p 3507 3658 a(the) p 3658 3658 a(o\013ered) 1830 3748 y(tra\016c) p 2081 3748 a(load) p 2272 3748 a(and) p 2444 3748 a(the) p 2598 3748 a(99.9\045) p 2853 3748 a(\014le) p 2998 3748 a(transfer) p 3317 3748 a(dela) n(y) p 3544 3748 a(in) p 3652 3748 a(Fig.12.) 1830 3838 y(In) p 1939 3838 a(this) p 2106 3838 a(case,) p 2312 3838 a(the) p 2460 3838 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 2763 3838 a(\014le) p 2902 3838 a(size) p 3065 3838 a(is) p 3154 3838 a(set) p 3289 3838 a(to) p 3396 3838 a(22) p 3512 3838 a(Kb) n(yte) p 3766 3838 a(and) 1830 3927 y(the) p 1978 3927 a(bu\013er) p 2221 3927 a(size) p 2384 3927 a(at) p 2490 3927 a(the) p 2638 3927 a(switc) n(h) p 2900 3927 a(is) p 2989 3927 a(to) p 3095 3927 a(128) p 3253 3927 a(Kb) n(yte.) p 3550 3927 a(Figure) p 3817 3927 a(10) 1830 4017 y(sho) n(ws) p 2073 4017 a(that) p 2257 4017 a(the) p 2404 4017 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 2706 4017 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 2971 4017 a(transfer) p 3283 4017 a(dela) n(y) p 3504 4017 a(in) p 3605 4017 a(the) p 3752 4017 a(case) 1830 4107 y(of) p 1930 4107 a(lo) n(w) p 2085 4107 a(tra\016c) p 2331 4107 a(load) p 2516 4107 a(condition) p 2886 4107 a(is) p 2974 4107 a(almost) p 3248 4107 a(indep) r(enden) n(t) p 3724 4107 a(of) p Fi 3824 4107 a(\013) p Fq(.) 1830 4196 y(This) p 2013 4196 a(is) p 2091 4196 a(b) r(ecause) p 2392 4196 a(few) p 2535 4196 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 2790 4196 a(losses) p 3011 4196 a(o) r(ccur) p 3229 4196 a(at) p 3324 4196 a(the) p 3461 4196 a(switc) n(h) p 3711 4196 a(when) 1864 5288 y @beginspecial 50.187500 @llx 50.187500 @lly 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currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /PL { stroke gnulinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 dl 2 dl] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /P { stroke [] 0 setdash currentlinewidth 2 div sub M 0 currentlinewidth V stroke } def /D { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke P } def /A { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /B { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke P } def /C { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /T { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke P } def /S { 2 copy A C} def /F { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add moveto 0 vpt2 neg rlineto hpt2 0 rlineto 0 vpt2 rlineto hpt2 neg 0 rlineto closepath fill } def /I { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add moveto hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul rlineto hpt 2 mul 0 rlineto hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul rlineto closepath fill } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray /Helvetica findfont 140 scalefont setfont newpath LTa 840 351 M 2889 0 V LTb 840 351 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 351 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 561 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 561 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.05)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 771 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 771 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.1)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 980 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 980 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.15)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1190 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1190 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.2)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1400 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1400 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.25)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1610 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1610 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.3)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1820 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1820 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.35)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2029 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2029 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.4)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2239 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2239 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.45)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2449 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2449 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.5)] ] -46.7 Rshow 1062 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 1062 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.2)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1507 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 1507 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.4)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1951 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 1951 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.6)] ] -46.7 Cshow 2396 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 2396 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.8)] ] -46.7 Cshow 2840 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 2840 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3285 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 3285 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1.2)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3729 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 3729 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1.4)] ] -46.7 Cshow 840 351 M 2889 0 V 0 2098 V -2889 0 V 840 351 L stroke 140 1400 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Average Packet Transfer Delay \(s\))] ] -46.7 Cshow grestore 2284 71 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Offered Traffic Load)] ] -46.7 Cshow LT0 2351 2239 M 3507 1961 L -33 53 R 33 -53 V -54 -33 V 2351 2092 M 934 -336 V -27 56 R 27 -56 V -57 -27 V -877 216 R 711 -359 V -20 59 R 20 -59 V -60 -20 V -651 233 R 711 -346 V -21 59 R 21 -59 V -60 -21 V -651 220 R 489 -367 V -9 62 R 9 -62 V -63 -9 V 1684 1463 M 712 -351 V -21 59 R 21 -59 V -60 -21 V 1062 878 A 1729 1080 A 2396 1392 A 3062 1777 A 3507 1961 A 1062 875 M 0 6 V -31 -6 R 62 0 V -62 6 R 62 0 V 636 182 R 0 34 V -31 -34 R 62 0 V -62 34 R 62 0 V 636 252 R 0 85 V -31 -85 R 62 0 V -62 85 R 62 0 V 635 299 R 0 88 V -31 -88 R 62 0 V -62 88 R 62 0 V 414 96 R 0 88 V -31 -88 R 62 0 V -62 88 R 62 0 V LT0 1951 2239 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.05\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2035 2239 M 252 0 V 1062 878 M 667 202 V 667 312 V 666 385 V 445 184 V LT1 1062 872 B 1729 1045 B 2396 1330 B 3062 1663 B 3507 1850 B 1062 869 M 0 6 V -31 -6 R 62 0 V -62 6 R 62 0 V 636 161 R 0 18 V -31 -18 R 62 0 V -62 18 R 62 0 V 636 251 R 0 50 V -31 -50 R 62 0 V -62 50 R 62 0 V 635 272 R 0 72 V -31 -72 R 62 0 V -62 72 R 62 0 V 414 120 R 0 62 V -31 -62 R 62 0 V -62 62 R 62 0 V LT1 1951 2099 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.20\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2035 2099 M 252 0 V 1062 872 M 667 173 V 667 285 V 666 333 V 445 187 V LT2 1062 863 C 1729 1010 C 2396 1260 C 3062 1586 C 3507 1805 C 1062 862 M 0 2 V -31 -2 R 62 0 V -62 2 R 62 0 V 636 141 R 0 10 V -31 -10 R 62 0 V -62 10 R 62 0 V 636 230 R 0 30 V -31 -30 R 62 0 V -62 30 R 62 0 V 635 296 R 0 30 V -31 -30 R 62 0 V -62 30 R 62 0 V 414 187 R 0 33 V -31 -33 R 62 0 V -62 33 R 62 0 V LT2 1951 1959 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.35\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2035 1959 M 252 0 V 1062 863 M 667 147 V 667 250 V 666 326 V 445 219 V LT3 1062 856 T 1729 960 T 2396 1154 T 3062 1453 T 3507 1670 T 1062 855 M 0 1 V -31 -1 R 62 0 V -62 1 R 62 0 V 636 102 R 0 4 V -31 -4 R 62 0 V -62 4 R 62 0 V 636 189 R 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V 635 288 R 0 13 V -31 -13 R 62 0 V -62 13 R 62 0 V 414 205 R 0 12 V -31 -12 R 62 0 V -62 12 R 62 0 V LT3 1951 1819 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.65\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2035 1819 M 252 0 V 1062 856 M 667 104 V 667 194 V 666 299 V 445 217 V LT4 1062 855 S 1729 934 S 2396 1096 S 3062 1380 S 3507 1612 S 1062 854 M 0 1 V -31 -1 R 62 0 V -62 1 R 62 0 V 636 77 R 0 4 V -31 -4 R 62 0 V -62 4 R 62 0 V 636 158 R 0 4 V -31 -4 R 62 0 V -62 4 R 62 0 V 635 279 R 0 6 V -31 -6 R 62 0 V -62 6 R 62 0 V 414 225 R 0 8 V -31 -8 R 62 0 V -62 8 R 62 0 V LT4 1951 1679 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.95\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2035 1679 M 252 0 V 1062 855 M 667 79 V 667 162 V 666 284 V 445 232 V LT5 1062 866 F 1729 946 F 2396 1112 F 3062 1424 F 3507 1687 F 1062 866 M 0 1 V -31 -1 R 62 0 V -62 1 R 62 0 V 636 77 R 0 3 V -31 -3 R 62 0 V -62 3 R 62 0 V 636 163 R 0 3 V -31 -3 R 62 0 V -62 3 R 62 0 V 635 308 R 0 6 V -31 -6 R 62 0 V -62 6 R 62 0 V 414 256 R 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V LT5 1951 1539 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Exponential)] ] -46.7 Rshow 2035 1539 M 252 0 V 1062 866 M 667 80 V 667 166 V 666 312 V 445 263 V stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol, Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fk 1830 5450 a(Fig.) p 1967 5450 a(10.) p 2086 5450 a(Av) n(erage) p 2351 5450 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 2566 5450 a(transfer) p 2820 5450 a(dela) n(y) p 2997 5450 a(vs.) p 3111 5450 a(o\013ered) p 3333 5450 a(tra\016c) p 3530 5450 a(load) p 3676 5450 a(\(TCP\).) p eop %%Page: 6 6 6 5 bop -326 828 a @beginspecial 50.187500 @llx 50.187500 @lly 248.929993 @urx 176.659988 @ury 2402 @rwi 1073 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/Load_fdl_ave.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 248 176 %%EndComments /gnudict 50 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt 31.5 def /vpt 31.5 def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup 4 get show dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 4 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /PL { stroke gnulinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 dl 2 dl] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /P { stroke [] 0 setdash currentlinewidth 2 div sub M 0 currentlinewidth V stroke } def /D { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke P } def /A { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /B { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke P } def /C { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /T { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke P } def /S { 2 copy A C} def /F { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add moveto 0 vpt2 neg rlineto hpt2 0 rlineto 0 vpt2 rlineto hpt2 neg 0 rlineto closepath fill } def /I { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add moveto hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul rlineto hpt 2 mul 0 rlineto hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul rlineto closepath fill } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray /Helvetica findfont 140 scalefont setfont newpath LTa 840 351 M 2889 0 V LTb 840 351 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 351 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 561 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 561 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.2)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 771 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 771 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.4)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 980 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 980 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.6)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1190 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1190 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.8)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1400 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1400 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1610 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1610 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1.2)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1820 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1820 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1.4)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2029 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2029 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1.6)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2239 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2239 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1.8)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2449 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2449 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (2)] ] -46.7 Rshow 1062 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 1062 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.2)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1507 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 1507 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.4)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1951 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 1951 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.6)] ] -46.7 Cshow 2396 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 2396 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.8)] ] -46.7 Cshow 2840 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 2840 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3285 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 3285 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1.2)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3729 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 3729 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1.4)] ] -46.7 Cshow 840 351 M 2889 0 V 0 2098 V -2889 0 V 840 351 L stroke 140 1400 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Average File Transfer Delay \(s\))] ] -46.7 Cshow grestore 2284 71 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Offered Traffic Load)] ] -46.7 Cshow LT0 1062 801 A 1729 941 A 2396 1200 A 3062 1560 A 3507 1734 A 1062 796 M 0 9 V -31 -9 R 62 0 V -62 9 R 62 0 V 636 117 R 0 37 V -31 -37 R 62 0 V -62 37 R 62 0 V 636 194 R 0 94 V -31 -94 R 62 0 V -62 94 R 62 0 V 635 260 R 0 106 V -31 -106 R 62 0 V -62 106 R 62 0 V 414 68 R 0 105 V -31 -105 R 62 0 V -62 105 R 62 0 V LT0 1951 2239 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.05\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2035 2239 M 252 0 V 1062 801 M 667 140 V 667 259 V 666 360 V 445 174 V LT1 1062 859 B 1729 990 B 2396 1254 B 3062 1598 B 3507 1805 B 1062 856 M 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V 636 118 R 0 18 V -31 -18 R 62 0 V -62 18 R 62 0 V 636 227 R 0 55 V -31 -55 R 62 0 V -62 55 R 62 0 V 635 270 R 0 94 V -31 -94 R 62 0 V -62 94 R 62 0 V 414 118 R 0 83 V -31 -83 R 62 0 V -62 83 R 62 0 V LT1 1951 2099 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.20\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2035 2099 M 252 0 V 1062 859 M 667 131 V 667 264 V 666 344 V 445 207 V LT2 1062 885 C 1729 1005 C 2396 1248 C 3062 1603 C 3507 1861 C 1062 884 M 0 3 V -31 -3 R 62 0 V -62 3 R 62 0 V 636 113 R 0 10 V -31 -10 R 62 0 V -62 10 R 62 0 V 636 222 R 0 33 V -31 -33 R 62 0 V -62 33 R 62 0 V 635 319 R 0 37 V -31 -37 R 62 0 V -62 37 R 62 0 V 414 217 R 0 45 V -31 -45 R 62 0 V -62 45 R 62 0 V LT2 1951 1959 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.35\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2035 1959 M 252 0 V 1062 885 M 667 120 V 667 243 V 666 355 V 445 258 V LT3 1062 912 T 1729 1006 T 2396 1208 T 3062 1547 T 3507 1809 T 1062 912 M 0 1 V -31 -1 R 62 0 V -62 1 R 62 0 V 636 91 R 0 3 V -31 -3 R 62 0 V -62 3 R 62 0 V 636 197 R 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V 635 328 R 0 16 V -31 -16 R 62 0 V -62 16 R 62 0 V 414 247 R 0 15 V -31 -15 R 62 0 V -62 15 R 62 0 V LT3 1951 1819 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.65\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2035 1819 M 252 0 V 1062 912 M 667 94 V 667 202 V 666 339 V 445 262 V LT4 1062 920 S 1729 996 S 2396 1171 S 3062 1499 S 3507 1778 S 1062 920 M -31 0 R 62 0 V -62 0 R 62 0 V 636 75 R 0 3 V -31 -3 R 62 0 V -62 3 R 62 0 V 636 171 R 0 4 V -31 -4 R 62 0 V -62 4 R 62 0 V 635 322 R 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V 414 271 R 0 10 V -31 -10 R 62 0 V -62 10 R 62 0 V LT4 1951 1679 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.95\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2035 1679 M 252 0 V 1062 920 M 667 76 V 667 175 V 666 328 V 445 279 V LT5 1062 878 F 1729 956 F 2396 1127 F 3062 1466 F 3507 1762 F 1062 878 M 0 1 V -31 -1 R 62 0 V -62 1 R 62 0 V 636 76 R 0 2 V -31 -2 R 62 0 V -62 2 R 62 0 V 636 168 R 0 4 V -31 -4 R 62 0 V -62 4 R 62 0 V 635 334 R 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V 414 288 R 0 9 V -31 -9 R 62 0 V -62 9 R 62 0 V LT5 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vpt 1.12 mul add moveto hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul rlineto hpt 2 mul 0 rlineto hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul rlineto closepath fill } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray /Helvetica findfont 140 scalefont setfont newpath LTa 840 351 M 2889 0 V 840 351 M 0 2098 V LTb 840 351 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 351 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 771 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 771 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.2)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1190 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1190 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.4)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1610 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1610 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.6)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2029 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2029 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.8)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2449 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2449 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 840 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true 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Rshow 3297 840 M 252 0 V 1253 796 M 619 564 V 619 455 V 619 336 V 413 121 V LT5 3213 700 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Exponential)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3297 700 M 252 0 V 1253 773 M 619 590 V 619 502 V 619 330 V 413 101 V stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol, Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fk 1938 990 a(Fig.) p 2082 990 a(13.) p 2204 990 a(E\013ectiv) n(e) p 2493 990 a(throughput) p 2865 990 a(vs.) p 2981 990 a(o\013ered) p 3211 990 a(tra\016c) p 3415 990 a(load) p 3568 990 a(\(TCP\).) 1864 2162 y @beginspecial 50.187500 @llx 50.187500 @lly 248.929993 @urx 176.659988 @ury 2402 @rwi 1073 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/Buf_hst.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 248 176 %%EndComments /gnudict 50 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt 31.5 def /vpt 31.5 def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup 4 get show dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 4 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /PL { stroke gnulinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 dl 2 dl] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /P { stroke [] 0 setdash currentlinewidth 2 div sub M 0 currentlinewidth V stroke } def /D { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke P } def /A { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /B { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke P } def /C { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /T { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke P } def /S { 2 copy A C} def /F { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add moveto 0 vpt2 neg rlineto hpt2 0 rlineto 0 vpt2 rlineto hpt2 neg 0 rlineto closepath fill } def /I { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add moveto hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul rlineto hpt 2 mul 0 rlineto hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul rlineto closepath fill } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray /Helvetica findfont 140 scalefont setfont newpath LTa LTb 840 351 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 351 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.5)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 771 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 771 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.6)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1190 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1190 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.7)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1610 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1610 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.8)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2029 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2029 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.9)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2449 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2449 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 973 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1081 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1173 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1253 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1323 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1386 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 1386 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (10)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1798 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2040 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2211 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2344 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2452 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2544 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2624 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2694 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2757 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 2757 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (100)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3169 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3411 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3582 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3715 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 840 351 M 2889 0 V 0 2098 V -2889 0 V 840 351 L stroke 140 1400 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Hurst Parameter)] ] -46.7 Cshow grestore 2284 71 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Buffer Size \(Kbyte\))] ] -46.7 Cshow LT0 2240 1148 M -575 940 V -15 -62 R 15 62 V 61 -15 V 2240 1001 M -575 851 V -12 -62 R 12 62 V 61 -12 V 2240 855 M -575 769 V -10 -63 R 10 63 V 62 -10 V 2240 750 M -575 566 V 0 -63 R 0 63 V 62 0 V 2240 603 M -575 570 V 0 -63 R 0 63 V 62 0 V 2240 456 M -987 637 V 13 -62 R -13 62 V 61 13 V 840 1679 A 1253 1856 A 1665 2088 A 2078 2253 A 2491 2291 A 2904 2245 A 3316 2260 A 3729 2232 A 840 1811 M 0 -263 V -31 263 R 62 0 V 809 1548 M 62 0 V 382 430 R 0 -244 V -31 244 R 62 0 V -62 -244 R 62 0 V 381 467 R 0 -226 V -31 226 R 62 0 V -62 -226 R 62 0 V 382 378 R 0 -199 V -31 199 R 62 0 V -62 -199 R 62 0 V 382 237 R 0 -201 V -31 201 R 62 0 V -62 -201 R 62 0 V 382 153 R 0 -195 V -31 195 R 62 0 V -62 -195 R 62 0 V 381 214 R 0 -203 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-310 R 62 0 V 382 335 R 0 -307 V -31 307 R 62 0 V -62 -307 R 62 0 V 381 270 R 0 -312 V -31 312 R 62 0 V -62 -312 R 62 0 V 382 322 R 0 -309 V -31 309 R 62 0 V -62 -309 R 62 0 V LT4 3316 588 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.95\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 3400 588 M 252 0 V 840 1276 M 413 -226 V 412 123 V 413 109 V 413 79 V 413 26 V 412 -39 V 413 11 V LT5 840 1101 F 1253 1093 F 1665 1157 F 2078 1245 F 2491 1337 F 2904 1338 F 3316 1338 F 3729 1308 F 840 1259 M 0 -316 V -31 316 R 62 0 V 809 943 M 62 0 V 382 310 R 0 -320 V -31 320 R 62 0 V 1222 933 M 62 0 V 381 383 R 0 -319 V -31 319 R 62 0 V 1634 997 M 62 0 V 382 406 R 0 -315 V -31 315 R 62 0 V -62 -315 R 62 0 V 382 406 R 0 -313 V -31 313 R 62 0 V -62 -313 R 62 0 V 382 312 R 0 -311 V -31 311 R 62 0 V -62 -311 R 62 0 V 381 312 R 0 -312 V -31 312 R 62 0 V -62 -312 R 62 0 V 382 283 R 0 -313 V -31 313 R 62 0 V -62 -313 R 62 0 V LT5 3316 448 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Exponential)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3400 448 M 252 0 V 840 1101 M 413 -8 V 412 64 V 413 88 V 413 92 V 413 1 V 412 0 V 413 -30 V stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol, Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial 2126 2324 a(Fig.) p 2270 2324 a(14.) p 2392 2324 a(Hurst) p 2590 2324 a(parameter) p 2928 2324 a(vs.) p 3044 2324 a(bu\013er) p 3246 2324 a(size) p 3379 2324 a(\(TCP\).) p Fq 1830 2576 a(tle) p 1956 2576 a(impact) p 2239 2576 a(on) p 2360 2576 a(the) p 2509 2576 a(\014rst-order) p 2904 2576 a(net) n(w) n(ork) p 3226 2576 a(p) r(erformances) p 3740 2576 a(suc) n(h) 1830 2666 y(as) p 1941 2666 a(the) p 2093 2666 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 2399 2666 a(pac) n(k) n(et/\014le) p 2816 2666 a(transfer) p 3133 2666 a(dela) n(ys) p 3391 2666 a(and) p 3561 2666 a(the) p 3713 2666 a(e\013ec-) 1830 2756 y(tiv) n(e) p 1997 2756 a(throughput.) p 2485 2756 a(Ho) n(w) n(ev) n(er,) p 2850 2756 a(it) p 2939 2756 a(cannot) p 3217 2756 a(b) r(e) p 3336 2756 a(negligible) p 3711 2756 a(when) 1830 2845 y(it) p 1912 2845 a(comes) p 2156 2845 a(to) p 2257 2845 a(second-order) p 2741 2845 a(p) r(erformance) p 3216 2845 a(measures) p 3571 2845 a(suc) n(h) p 3757 2845 a(as) p 3858 2845 a(a) 1830 2935 y(v) p 1869 2935 a(ariance) p 2155 2935 a(of) p 2250 2935 a(\014le) p 2384 2935 a(transfer) p 2691 2935 a(dela) n(ys.) p Fl 1830 3160 a(C.) p 1957 3160 a(E\013e) l(cts) p 2228 3160 a(of) p 2325 3160 a(System) p 2610 3160 a(Par) l(ameters) p Fq 1913 3307 a(In) p 2019 3307 a(the) p 2164 3307 a(previous) p 2497 3307 a(section,) p 2800 3307 a(w) n(e) p 2924 3307 a(ha) n(v) n(e) p 3118 3307 a(in) n(v) n(estigated) p 3579 3307 a(e\013ects) p 3833 3307 a(of) 1830 3396 y(the) p 1984 3396 a(c) n(haracteristics) p 2539 3396 a(of) p 2645 3396 a(the) p 2800 3396 a(incoming) p 3166 3396 a(tra\016c) p 3418 3396 a(\(e.g.,) p 3640 3396 a(the) p 3794 3396 a(\014le) 1830 3486 y(size) p 1991 3486 a(distribution) p 2446 3486 a(and) p 2611 3486 a(the) p 2757 3486 a(o\013ered) p 3031 3486 a(tra\016c) p 3274 3486 a(load\)) p 3489 3486 a(on) p 3608 3486 a(the) p 3754 3486 a(self-) 1830 3576 y(similarit) n(y) p 2207 3576 a(of) p 2309 3576 a(the) p 2460 3576 a(tra\016c) p 2707 3576 a(observ) n(ed) p 3057 3576 a(on) p 3179 3576 a(the) p 3330 3576 a(b) r(ottlenec) n(k) p 3741 3576 a(link.) 1830 3665 y(Sim) n(ulation) p 2253 3665 a(results) p 2523 3665 a(ha) n(v) n(e) p 2720 3665 a(sho) n(wn) p 2978 3665 a(that) p 3163 3665 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 3684 3665 a(of) p 3785 3665 a(the) 1830 3755 y(observ) n(ed) p 2179 3755 a(tra\016c) p 2427 3755 a(has) p 2582 3755 a(strong) p 2844 3755 a(relation) p 3155 3755 a(with) p 3352 3755 a(the) p 3502 3755 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 3770 3755 a(loss) 1830 3845 y(probabilit) n(y) p 2248 3845 a(at) p 2343 3845 a(the) p 2479 3845 a(b) r(ottlenec) n(k) p 2876 3845 a(switc) n(h.) p 3163 3845 a(Since) p 3373 3845 a(system) p 3641 3845 a(param-) 1830 3934 y(eters) p 2030 3934 a(suc) n(h) p 2219 3934 a(as) p 2322 3934 a(the) p 2466 3934 a(bu\013er) p 2705 3934 a(size) p 2864 3934 a(of) p 2960 3934 a(the) p 3104 3934 a(b) r(ottlenec) n(k) p 3509 3934 a(switc) n(h) p 3766 3934 a(and) 1830 4024 y(the) p 1982 4024 a(link) p 2154 4024 a(bandwidth) p 2578 4024 a(ha) n(v) n(e) p 2778 4024 a(direct) p 3022 4024 a(in\015uence) p 3377 4024 a(on) p 3501 4024 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 3770 4024 a(loss) 1830 4114 y(probabilit) n(y) p 2221 4114 a(,) p 2275 4114 a(it) p 2362 4114 a(is) p 2449 4114 a(exp) r(ected) p 2798 4114 a(that) p 2981 4114 a(those) p 3202 4114 a(parameters) p 3635 4114 a(also) p 3805 4114 a(af-) 1830 4203 y(fect) p 1984 4203 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 2495 4203 a(of) p 2584 4203 a(the) p 2723 4203 a(observ) n(ed) p 3060 4203 a(tra\016c.) p 3330 4203 a(In) p 3429 4203 a(what) p 3632 4203 a(follo) n(ws,) 1830 4293 y(w) n(e) p 1955 4293 a(in) n(v) n(estigate) p 2370 4293 a(relation) p 2677 4293 a(b) r(et) n(w) n(een) p 3000 4293 a(those) p 3220 4293 a(system) p 3498 4293 a(parameters) 1830 4383 y(and) p 1991 4383 a(self-similarit) n(y) p 2507 4383 a(of) p 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2006 4833 a(v) p 2045 4833 a(alue) p 2226 4833 a(of) p Fi 2326 4833 a(\013) p Fq 2413 4833 a(when) p 2636 4833 a(the) p 2785 4833 a(bu\013er) p 3029 4833 a(size) p 3192 4833 a(is) p 3281 4833 a(quite) p 3497 4833 a(small) p 3720 4833 a(\(e.g.,) 1830 4922 y(4) p 1894 4922 a(Kb) n(yte\).) p 2206 4922 a(It) p 2292 4922 a(can) p 2439 4922 a(b) r(e) p 2547 4922 a(explained) p 2914 4922 a(as) p 3011 4922 a(follo) n(ws.) p 3314 4922 a(When) p 3552 4922 a(the) p 3690 4922 a(bu\013er) 1830 5012 y(size) p 1993 5012 a(is) p 2081 5012 a(small,) p 2328 5012 a(the) p 2477 5012 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 2784 5012 a(of) p 2884 5012 a(pac) n(k) n(ets) p 3183 5012 a(that) p 3368 5012 a(can) p 3526 5012 a(b) r(e) p 3644 5012 a(queued) 1830 5102 y(at) p 1937 5102 a(the) p 2086 5102 a(switc) n(h) p 2348 5102 a(bu\013er) p 2591 5102 a(is) p 2680 5102 a(only) p 2868 5102 a(four) p 3047 5102 a(since) p 3256 5102 a(w) n(e) p 3383 5102 a(set) p 3519 5102 a(the) p 3667 5102 a(pac) n(k) n(et) 1830 5191 y(size) p 1983 5191 a(to) p 2081 5191 a(1) p 2146 5191 a(Kb) n(yte.) p 2426 5191 a(Consequen) n(tly) p 2907 5191 a(,) p 2954 5191 a(the) p 3093 5191 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 3349 5191 a(loss) p 3503 5191 a(probabilit) n(y) 1830 5281 y(b) r(ecomes) p 2161 5281 a(large) p 2364 5281 a(\(i.e.,) p 2553 5281 a(ab) r(out) p 2791 5281 a(10\045\),) p 3027 5281 a(and) p 3189 5281 a(therefore) p 3537 5281 a(c) n(haracter-) 1830 5371 y(istic) p 2000 5371 a(of) p 2090 5371 a(the) p 2227 5371 a(incoming) p 2577 5371 a(tra\016c) p 2812 5371 a(is) p 2890 5371 a(almost) p 3152 5371 a(lost.) p 3340 5371 a(In) p 3438 5371 a(addition,) p 3785 5371 a(the) 1830 5460 y(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 2169 5460 a(of) p 2264 5460 a(the) p 2408 5460 a(queue) p 2645 5460 a(length) p 2899 5460 a(is) p 2983 5460 a(not) p 3131 5460 a(so) p 3233 5460 a(c) n(hanged,) p 3577 5460 a(and) p 3739 5460 a(then) 1830 5550 y(the) p 1979 5550 a(Hurst) p 2218 5550 a(parameters) p 2653 5550 a(b) r(ecome) p 2956 5550 a(iden) n(tical) p 3296 5550 a(ev) n(en) p 3491 5550 a(with) p 3685 5550 a(di\013er-) p eop %%Page: 7 7 7 6 bop -326 828 a @beginspecial 50.187500 @llx 50.187500 @lly 248.929993 @urx 176.659988 @ury 2402 @rwi 1073 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/Buf_del_ave.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 248 176 %%EndComments /gnudict 50 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt 31.5 def /vpt 31.5 def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup 4 get show dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 4 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /Lshow { currentpoint 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351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2211 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2344 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2452 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2544 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2624 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2694 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2757 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 2757 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (100)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3169 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3411 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3582 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3715 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 840 351 M 2889 0 V 0 2098 V -2889 0 V 840 351 L stroke 140 1400 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Average Packet Transfer Delay \(s\))] ] -46.7 Cshow grestore 2284 71 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Buffer Size \(Kbyte\))] ] -46.7 Cshow LT0 2240 2344 M 3316 2187 L -38 50 R 38 -50 V -51 -38 V -1025 55 R 3316 2023 L -37 51 R 37 -51 V -52 -37 V -1024 79 R 3316 1924 L -39 49 R 39 -49 V -50 -39 V -1026 40 R 3316 1730 L -36 51 R 36 -51 V -52 -36 V -1024 90 R 664 -147 V -34 53 R 34 -53 V -54 -34 V -610 41 R 251 -59 V -34 53 R 34 -53 V -54 -34 V 840 1427 A 1253 1202 A 1665 1216 A 2078 1411 A 2491 1783 A 2904 2134 A 3316 2187 A 3729 2170 A 840 1421 M 0 12 V -31 -12 R 62 0 V -62 12 R 62 0 V 382 -242 R 0 22 V -31 -22 R 62 0 V -62 22 R 62 0 V 381 -8 R 0 23 V -31 -23 R 62 0 V -62 23 R 62 0 V 382 168 R 0 30 V -31 -30 R 62 0 V -62 30 R 62 0 V 382 325 R 0 64 V -31 -64 R 62 0 V -62 64 R 62 0 V 382 264 R 0 110 V -31 -110 R 62 0 V -62 110 R 62 0 V 381 -94 R 0 184 V -31 -184 R 62 0 V -62 184 R 62 0 V 382 -178 R 0 138 V -31 -138 R 62 0 V -62 138 R 62 0 V LT0 1882 2344 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.05\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 1966 2344 M 252 0 V 840 1427 M 413 -225 V 412 14 V 413 195 V 413 372 V 413 351 V 412 53 V 413 -17 V LT1 840 1491 B 1253 1217 B 1665 1224 B 2078 1395 B 2491 1740 B 2904 1991 B 3316 2023 B 3729 2023 B 840 1489 M 0 4 V -31 -4 R 62 0 V -62 4 R 62 0 V 382 -282 R 0 11 V -31 -11 R 62 0 V -62 11 R 62 0 V 381 -4 R 0 13 V -31 -13 R 62 0 V -62 13 R 62 0 V 382 153 R 0 22 V -31 -22 R 62 0 V -62 22 R 62 0 V 382 314 R 0 41 V -31 -41 R 62 0 V -62 41 R 62 0 V 382 185 R 0 90 V -31 -90 R 62 0 V -62 90 R 62 0 V 381 -56 R 0 86 V -31 -86 R 62 0 V -62 86 R 62 0 V 382 -86 R 0 85 V -31 -85 R 62 0 V -62 85 R 62 0 V LT1 1882 2204 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.20\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 1966 2204 M 252 0 V 840 1491 M 413 -274 V 412 7 V 413 171 V 413 345 V 413 251 V 412 32 V 413 0 V LT2 840 1563 C 1253 1234 C 1665 1222 C 2078 1377 C 2491 1669 C 2904 1895 C 3316 1924 C 3729 1923 C 840 1562 M 0 3 V -31 -3 R 62 0 V -62 3 R 62 0 V 382 -334 R 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V 381 -20 R 0 8 V -31 -8 R 62 0 V -62 8 R 62 0 V 382 145 R 0 13 V -31 -13 R 62 0 V -62 13 R 62 0 V 382 275 R 0 20 V -31 -20 R 62 0 V -62 20 R 62 0 V 382 197 R 0 38 V -31 -38 R 62 0 V -62 38 R 62 0 V 381 -15 R 0 51 V -31 -51 R 62 0 V -62 51 R 62 0 V 382 -52 R 0 50 V -31 -50 R 62 0 V -62 50 R 62 0 V LT2 1882 2064 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.35\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 1966 2064 M 252 0 V 840 1563 M 413 -329 V 412 -12 V 413 155 V 413 292 V 413 226 V 412 29 V 413 -1 V LT3 840 1616 T 1253 1231 T 1665 1220 T 2078 1345 T 2491 1587 T 2904 1728 T 3316 1730 T 3729 1730 T 840 1615 M 0 2 V -31 -2 R 62 0 V -62 2 R 62 0 V 382 -387 R 0 2 V -31 -2 R 62 0 V -62 2 R 62 0 V 381 -13 R 0 2 V -31 -2 R 62 0 V -62 2 R 62 0 V 382 122 R 0 4 V -31 -4 R 62 0 V -62 4 R 62 0 V 382 236 R 0 8 V -31 -8 R 62 0 V -62 8 R 62 0 V 382 129 R 0 16 V -31 -16 R 62 0 V -62 16 R 62 0 V 381 -13 R 0 14 V -31 -14 R 62 0 V -62 14 R 62 0 V 382 -14 R 0 14 V -31 -14 R 62 0 V -62 14 R 62 0 V LT3 1882 1924 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.65\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 1966 1924 M 252 0 V 840 1616 M 413 -385 V 412 -11 V 413 125 V 413 242 V 413 141 V 412 2 V 413 0 V LT4 840 1672 S 1253 1230 S 1665 1218 S 2078 1332 S 2491 1540 S 2904 1637 S 3316 1641 S 3729 1641 S 840 1671 M 0 2 V -31 -2 R 62 0 V -62 2 R 62 0 V 382 -444 R 0 2 V -31 -2 R 62 0 V -62 2 R 62 0 V 381 -14 R 0 1 V -31 -1 R 62 0 V -62 1 R 62 0 V 382 113 R 0 2 V -31 -2 R 62 0 V -62 2 R 62 0 V 382 205 R 0 4 V -31 -4 R 62 0 V -62 4 R 62 0 V 382 91 R 0 8 V -31 -8 R 62 0 V -62 8 R 62 0 V 381 -3 R 0 6 V -31 -6 R 62 0 V -62 6 R 62 0 V 382 -6 R 0 6 V -31 -6 R 62 0 V -62 6 R 62 0 V LT4 1882 1784 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.95\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 1966 1784 M 252 0 V 840 1672 M 413 -442 V 412 -12 V 413 114 V 413 208 V 413 97 V 412 4 V 413 0 V LT5 840 1579 F 1253 1239 F 1665 1235 F 2078 1354 F 2491 1585 F 2904 1692 F 3316 1693 F 3729 1693 F 840 1577 M 0 4 V -31 -4 R 62 0 V -62 4 R 62 0 V 382 -343 R 0 2 V -31 -2 R 62 0 V -62 2 R 62 0 V 381 -7 R 0 4 V -31 -4 R 62 0 V -62 4 R 62 0 V 382 114 R 0 6 V -31 -6 R 62 0 V -62 6 R 62 0 V 382 224 R 0 8 V -31 -8 R 62 0 V -62 8 R 62 0 V 382 99 R 0 8 V -31 -8 R 62 0 V -62 8 R 62 0 V 381 -9 R 0 12 V -31 -12 R 62 0 V -62 12 R 62 0 V 382 -12 R 0 12 V -31 -12 R 62 0 V -62 12 R 62 0 V LT5 1882 1644 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Exponential)] ] -46.7 Rshow 1966 1644 M 252 0 V 840 1579 M 413 -340 V 412 -4 V 413 119 V 413 231 V 413 107 V 412 1 V 413 0 V stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol, Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fk -266 990 a(Fig.) p -122 990 a(15.) p 0 990 a(Av) n(erage) p 272 990 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 494 990 a(transfer) p 755 990 a(dela) n(y) p 939 990 a(vs.) p 1056 990 a(bu\013er) p 1257 990 a(size) p 1391 990 a(\(TCP\).) -326 2195 y @beginspecial 50.187500 @llx 50.187500 @lly 248.929993 @urx 176.659988 @ury 2402 @rwi 1073 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/Buf_fdl_ave.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 248 176 %%EndComments /gnudict 50 dict def 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3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /P { stroke [] 0 setdash currentlinewidth 2 div sub M 0 currentlinewidth V stroke } def /D { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke P } def /A { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /B { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke P } def /C { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /T { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke P } def /S { 2 copy A C} def /F { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add moveto 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-46.7 Rshow 840 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 973 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1081 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1173 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1253 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1323 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1386 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 1386 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (10)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1798 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2040 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2211 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2344 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2452 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2544 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2624 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2694 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2757 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 2757 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (100)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3169 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3411 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3582 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3715 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 840 351 M 2889 0 V 0 2098 V -2889 0 V 840 351 L stroke 140 1400 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (99.9% File Transfer Delay \(s\))] ] -46.7 Cshow grestore 2284 71 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Buffer Size \(Kbyte\))] ] -46.7 Cshow LT0 2240 2239 M 976 2036 L 51 -37 R -51 37 V 36 51 V 1228 1 R 1046 1817 L 53 -34 R -53 34 V 33 53 V 1161 75 R 1046 1647 L 54 -33 R -54 33 V 32 54 V 1162 119 R 1253 1218 L 61 -15 R -61 15 V 14 61 V 973 373 R 1253 1054 L 61 -16 R -61 16 V 15 61 V 1276 428 R 1253 829 L 60 -18 R -60 18 V 17 60 V 840 2276 A 1253 1643 A 1665 1186 A 2078 853 A 2491 653 A 2904 619 A 3316 615 A 3729 612 A 840 2187 M 0 179 V 809 2187 M 62 0 V -62 179 R 62 0 V 382 -804 R 0 162 V -31 -162 R 62 0 V -62 162 R 62 0 V 381 -608 R 0 139 V -31 -139 R 62 0 V -62 139 R 62 0 V 2078 813 M 0 80 V -31 -80 R 62 0 V -62 80 R 62 0 V 2491 636 M 0 35 V -31 -35 R 62 0 V -62 35 R 62 0 V 382 -65 R 0 26 V -31 -26 R 62 0 V -62 26 R 62 0 V 381 -30 R 0 27 V -31 -27 R 62 0 V -62 27 R 62 0 V 382 -27 R 0 20 V -31 -20 R 62 0 V -62 20 R 62 0 V LT0 3246 2246 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.05\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 3330 2246 M 252 0 V 840 2276 M 413 -633 V 412 -457 V 2078 853 L 2491 653 L 413 -34 V 412 -4 V 413 -3 V LT1 840 2132 B 1253 1558 B 1665 1147 B 2078 808 B 2491 601 B 2904 568 B 3316 564 B 3729 564 B 840 2067 M 0 129 V 809 2067 M 62 0 V -62 129 R 62 0 V 382 -677 R 0 78 V -31 -78 R 62 0 V -62 78 R 62 0 V 381 -482 R 0 64 V -31 -64 R 62 0 V -62 64 R 62 0 V 2078 780 M 0 56 V -31 -56 R 62 0 V -62 56 R 62 0 V 2491 591 M 0 19 V -31 -19 R 62 0 V -62 19 R 62 0 V 382 -51 R 0 17 V -31 -17 R 62 0 V -62 17 R 62 0 V 381 -18 R 0 12 V -31 -12 R 62 0 V -62 12 R 62 0 V 382 -12 R 0 12 V -31 -12 R 62 0 V -62 12 R 62 0 V LT1 3246 2106 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.20\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 3330 2106 M 252 0 V 840 2132 M 413 -574 V 412 -411 V 2078 808 L 2491 601 L 413 -33 V 412 -4 V 413 0 V LT2 840 1826 C 1253 1490 C 1665 1040 C 2078 717 C 2491 536 C 2904 519 C 3316 518 C 3729 518 C 840 1790 M 0 71 V -31 -71 R 62 0 V -62 71 R 62 0 V 382 -393 R 0 44 V -31 -44 R 62 0 V -62 44 R 62 0 V 381 -492 R 0 40 V -31 -40 R 62 0 V -62 40 R 62 0 V 2078 698 M 0 37 V -31 -37 R 62 0 V -62 37 R 62 0 V 2491 531 M 0 10 V -31 -10 R 62 0 V -62 10 R 62 0 V 382 -26 R 0 8 V -31 -8 R 62 0 V -62 8 R 62 0 V 381 -8 R 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V 382 -7 R 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V LT2 3246 1966 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.35\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 3330 1966 M 252 0 V 840 1826 M 413 -336 V 412 -450 V 2078 717 L 2491 536 L 413 -17 V 412 -1 V 413 0 V LT3 840 1372 T 1253 1218 T 1665 846 T 2078 526 T 2491 462 T 2904 451 T 3316 450 T 3729 450 T 840 1361 M 0 23 V -31 -23 R 62 0 V -62 23 R 62 0 V 382 -178 R 0 25 V -31 -25 R 62 0 V -62 25 R 62 0 V 1665 838 M 0 17 V -31 -17 R 62 0 V -62 17 R 62 0 V 2078 522 M 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V 382 -68 R 0 3 V -31 -3 R 62 0 V -62 3 R 62 0 V 382 -14 R 0 3 V -31 -3 R 62 0 V -62 3 R 62 0 V 381 -5 R 0 3 V -31 -3 R 62 0 V -62 3 R 62 0 V 382 -3 R 0 3 V -31 -3 R 62 0 V -62 3 R 62 0 V LT3 3246 1826 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.65\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 3330 1826 M 252 0 V 840 1372 M 413 -154 V 1665 846 L 2078 526 L 413 -64 V 413 -11 V 412 -1 V 413 0 V LT4 840 1150 S 1253 1054 S 1665 709 S 2078 463 S 2491 427 S 2904 418 S 3316 417 S 3729 417 S 840 1144 M 0 13 V -31 -13 R 62 0 V -62 13 R 62 0 V 382 -110 R 0 15 V -31 -15 R 62 0 V -62 15 R 62 0 V 1665 704 M 0 11 V -31 -11 R 62 0 V -62 11 R 62 0 V 2078 461 M 0 3 V -31 -3 R 62 0 V -62 3 R 62 0 V 382 -38 R 0 2 V -31 -2 R 62 0 V -62 2 R 62 0 V 382 -11 R 0 1 V -31 -1 R 62 0 V -62 1 R 62 0 V 381 -1 R 0 1 V -31 -1 R 62 0 V -62 1 R 62 0 V 382 -1 R 0 1 V -31 -1 R 62 0 V -62 1 R 62 0 V LT4 3246 1686 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.95\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 3330 1686 M 252 0 V 840 1150 M 413 -96 V 1665 709 L 2078 463 L 413 -36 V 413 -9 V 412 -1 V 413 0 V LT5 840 1012 F 1253 829 F 1665 595 F 2078 443 F 2491 406 F 2904 389 F 3316 388 F 3729 388 F 840 1009 M 0 6 V -31 -6 R 62 0 V -62 6 R 62 0 V 1253 826 M 0 6 V -31 -6 R 62 0 V -62 6 R 62 0 V 1665 591 M 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V 2078 443 M 0 1 V -31 -1 R 62 0 V -62 1 R 62 0 V 382 -38 R 0 1 V -31 -1 R 62 0 V -62 1 R 62 0 V 382 -18 R 0 1 V -31 -1 R 62 0 V -62 1 R 62 0 V 381 -2 R -31 0 R 62 0 V -62 0 R 62 0 V 382 0 R -31 0 R 62 0 V -62 0 R 62 0 V LT5 3246 1546 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Exponential)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3330 1546 M 252 0 V 840 1012 M 1253 829 L 1665 595 L 2078 443 L 413 -37 V 413 -17 V 412 -1 V 413 0 V stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol, Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fk 2011 990 a(Fig.) p 2155 990 a(17.) p 2276 990 a(99.9\045) p 2484 990 a(\014le) p 2598 990 a(transfer) p 2859 990 a(dela) n(y) p 3043 990 a(vs.) p 3159 990 a(bu\013er) p 3361 990 a(size) p 3495 990 a(\(TCP\).) 1864 2164 y @beginspecial 50.187500 @llx 50.187500 @lly 248.929993 @urx 176.659988 @ury 2402 @rwi 1073 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/BW_hst.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 248 176 %%EndComments /gnudict 50 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt 31.5 def /vpt 31.5 def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup 4 get show dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 4 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /PL { stroke gnulinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 dl 2 dl] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /P { stroke [] 0 setdash currentlinewidth 2 div sub M 0 currentlinewidth V stroke } def /D { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke P } def /A { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /B { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke P } def /C { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /T { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke P } def /S { 2 copy A C} def /F { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add moveto 0 vpt2 neg rlineto hpt2 0 rlineto 0 vpt2 rlineto hpt2 neg 0 rlineto closepath fill } def /I { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add moveto hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul rlineto hpt 2 mul 0 rlineto hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul rlineto closepath fill } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray /Helvetica findfont 140 scalefont setfont newpath LTa LTb 840 351 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 351 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.5)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 771 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 771 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.6)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1190 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1190 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.7)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1610 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1610 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.8)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2029 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2029 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.9)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2449 M 63 0 V 2826 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2449 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 840 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0.1)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1235 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1465 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1629 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1756 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1860 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 1948 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2024 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2091 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2151 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 2151 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1)] ] -46.7 Cshow 2545 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2776 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 2940 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3067 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3171 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3258 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3334 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3401 351 M 0 31 V 0 2067 R 0 -31 V 3461 351 M 0 63 V 0 2035 R 0 -63 V stroke 3461 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (10)] ] -46.7 Cshow 840 351 M 2889 0 V 0 2098 V -2889 0 V 840 351 L stroke 140 1400 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Hurst Parameter)] ] -46.7 Cshow grestore 2284 71 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Link Bandwidth \(Mbit/s\))] ] -46.7 Cshow LT0 1465 1253 M 302 1046 V -56 -31 R 56 31 V 30 -56 V 2342 1052 M 956 990 V -63 -2 R 63 2 V 1 -63 V 2342 909 M 956 843 V -63 3 R 63 -3 V -4 -63 V 2342 771 M 956 504 V -61 18 R 61 -18 V -19 -61 V 2342 632 M 956 256 V -55 31 R 55 -31 V -32 -55 V 2342 489 M 819 0 V -45 44 R 45 -44 V -45 -45 V 1071 2329 A 1767 2299 A 2382 2245 A 3298 2273 A 3692 2341 A 1071 2423 M 0 -187 V -31 187 R 62 0 V -62 -187 R 62 0 V 665 155 R 0 -183 V -31 183 R 62 0 V -62 -183 R 62 0 V 584 135 R 0 -195 V -31 195 R 62 0 V -62 -195 R 62 0 V 885 221 R 0 -193 V -31 193 R 62 0 V -62 -193 R 62 0 V 363 255 R 0 -181 V -31 181 R 62 0 V -62 -181 R 62 0 V LT0 1948 1190 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.05\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2032 1190 M 252 0 V 1071 2329 M 696 -30 V 615 -54 V 916 28 V 394 68 V LT1 1071 2232 B 1767 2068 B 2382 1981 B 3298 2042 B 3692 2057 B 1071 2340 M 0 -215 V -31 215 R 62 0 V -62 -215 R 62 0 V 665 57 R 0 -229 V -31 229 R 62 0 V -62 -229 R 62 0 V 584 152 R 0 -248 V -31 248 R 62 0 V -62 -248 R 62 0 V 885 304 R 0 -239 V -31 239 R 62 0 V -62 -239 R 62 0 V 363 245 R 0 -221 V -31 221 R 62 0 V -62 -221 R 62 0 V LT1 1948 1050 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.20\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2032 1050 M 252 0 V 1071 2232 M 696 -164 V 615 -87 V 916 61 V 394 15 V LT2 1071 2147 C 1767 1949 C 2382 1763 C 3298 1752 C 3692 1809 C 1071 2266 M 0 -239 V -31 239 R 62 0 V -62 -239 R 62 0 V 665 50 R 0 -256 V -31 256 R 62 0 V -62 -256 R 62 0 V 584 80 R 0 -275 V -31 275 R 62 0 V -62 -275 R 62 0 V 885 259 R 0 -266 V -31 266 R 62 0 V -62 -266 R 62 0 V 363 322 R 0 -265 V -31 265 R 62 0 V -62 -265 R 62 0 V LT2 1948 910 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.35\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2032 910 M 252 0 V 1071 2147 M 696 -198 V 615 -186 V 916 -11 V 394 57 V LT3 1071 2075 T 1767 1742 T 2382 1574 T 3298 1275 T 3692 1324 T 1071 2204 M 0 -258 V -31 258 R 62 0 V -62 -258 R 62 0 V 665 -62 R 0 -284 V -31 284 R 62 0 V -62 -284 R 62 0 V 584 123 R 0 -298 V -31 298 R 62 0 V -62 -298 R 62 0 V 885 3 R 0 -306 V -31 306 R 62 0 V -62 -306 R 62 0 V 363 356 R 0 -307 V -31 307 R 62 0 V -62 -307 R 62 0 V LT3 1948 770 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.65\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2032 770 M 252 0 V 1071 2075 M 696 -333 V 615 -168 V 916 -299 V 394 49 V LT4 1071 2048 S 1767 1689 S 2382 1387 S 3298 888 S 3692 926 S 1071 2180 M 0 -264 V -31 264 R 62 0 V -62 -264 R 62 0 V 665 -82 R 0 -289 V -31 289 R 62 0 V -62 -289 R 62 0 V 584 -4 R 0 -307 V -31 307 R 62 0 V -62 -307 R 62 0 V 885 -183 R 0 -326 V -31 326 R 62 0 V 3267 725 M 62 0 V 363 363 R 0 -324 V -31 324 R 62 0 V 3661 764 M 62 0 V LT4 1948 630 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Pareto \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (a)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.95\))] ] -46.7 Rshow 2032 630 M 252 0 V 1071 2048 M 696 -359 V 615 -302 V 3298 888 L 394 38 V LT5 1071 2301 F 1767 1698 F 2382 1338 F 1071 2426 M 0 -249 V -31 249 R 62 0 V -62 -249 R 62 0 V 665 -335 R 0 -288 V -31 288 R 62 0 V -62 -288 R 62 0 V 584 -61 R 0 -311 V -31 311 R 62 0 V -62 -311 R 62 0 V 3298 509 M 0 -158 V -31 158 R 62 0 V 3267 351 M 62 0 V 363 167 R 0 -167 V -31 167 R 62 0 V 3661 351 M 62 0 V LT5 1948 490 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Exponential)] ] -46.7 Rshow 2032 490 M 252 0 V 1071 2301 M 696 -603 V 615 -360 V 3289 351 L stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol, Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial 2048 2326 a(Fig.) p 2192 2326 a(18.) p 2314 2326 a(Hurst) p 2512 2326 a(parameter) p 2849 2326 a(vs.) p 2965 2326 a(link) p 3105 2326 a(bandwidth) p 3457 2326 a(\(TCP\).) p Fq 1830 2582 a(caused) p 2109 2582 a(b) n(y) p 2236 2582 a(the) p 2390 2582 a(retransmission) p 2952 2582 a(mec) n(hanism) p 3390 2582 a(and) p 3563 2582 a(the) p 3717 2582 a(slo) n(w-) 1830 2671 y(start) p 2033 2671 a(mec) n(hanism.) p 2504 2671 a(Ho) n(w) n(ev) n(er,) p 2867 2671 a(the) p 3013 2671 a(99.9\045) p 3262 2671 a(\014le) p 3399 2671 a(transfer) p 3711 2671 a(dela) n(y) 1830 2761 y(is) p 1919 2761 a(hea) n(vily) p 2207 2761 a(dep) r(enden) n(t) p 2614 2761 a(on) p Fi 2734 2761 a(\013) p Fq 2821 2761 a(as) p 2928 2761 a(can) p 3085 2761 a(b) r(e) p 3203 2761 a(seen) p 3389 2761 a(in) p 3491 2761 a(Fig.) p 3665 2761 a(17.) p 3824 2761 a(In) 1830 2851 y(particular,) p 2251 2851 a(the) p 2405 2851 a(99.9\045) p 2661 2851 a(\014le) p 2806 2851 a(transfer) p 3125 2851 a(dela) n(y) p 3353 2851 a(is) p 3448 2851 a(still) p 3621 2851 a(a\013ected) 1830 2940 y(b) n(y) p Fi 1946 2940 a(\013) p Fq 2028 2940 a(ev) n(en) p 2218 2940 a(with) p 2408 2940 a(su\016cien) n(tly) p 2824 2940 a(large) p 3028 2940 a(\(e.g.,) p 3236 2940 a(100) p 3389 2940 a(Kb) n(yte\)) p 3671 2940 a(switc) n(h) 1830 3030 y(bu\013er.) p Fl 1913 3123 a(2\)) p 2032 3123 a(E\013e) l(cts) p 2314 3123 a(of) p 2423 3123 a(Bottlene) l(ck) p 2837 3123 a(Link) p 3041 3123 a(Bandwidth:) p Fq 3491 3123 a(Finally) p 3739 3123 a(,) p 3805 3123 a(w) n(e) 1830 3212 y(sho) n(w) p 2042 3212 a(e\013ect) p 2267 3212 a(of) p 2368 3212 a(the) p 2517 3212 a(b) r(ottlenec) n(k) p 2927 3212 a(link) p 3097 3212 a(bandwidth;) p 3545 3212 a(the) p 3694 3212 a(Hurst) 1830 3302 y(parameter) p 2232 3302 a(and) p 2398 3302 a(the) p 2546 3302 a(99.9\045) p 2795 3302 a(\014le) p 2934 3302 a(transfer) p 3246 3302 a(dela) n(y) p 3468 3302 a(for) p 3600 3302 a(di\013eren) n(t) 1830 3392 y(v) p 1869 3392 a(alues) p 2078 3392 a(of) p 2174 3392 a(the) p 2318 3392 a(b) r(ottlenec) n(k) p 2723 3392 a(link) p 2888 3392 a(sp) r(eed) p 3118 3392 a(\(i.e.,) p 3309 3392 a(from) p 3506 3392 a(150) p 3660 3392 a(Kbit/s) 1830 3481 y(to) p 1936 3481 a(15) p 2052 3481 a(Mbit/s\)) p 2369 3481 a(are) p 2512 3481 a(sho) n(wn) p 2769 3481 a(in) p 2871 3481 a(Fig.) p 3045 3481 a(18) p 3160 3481 a(through) p 3479 3481 a(20.) p 3637 3481 a(W) p 3715 3481 a(e) p 3785 3481 a(ad-) 1830 3571 y(justed) p 2088 3571 a(the) p 2243 3571 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 2551 3571 a(request) p 2852 3571 a(in) n(terv) p 3060 3571 a(al) p 3163 3571 a(to) p 3275 3571 a(mak) n(e) 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l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) p 3000 1642 a(of) p 3077 1642 a(IEEE) p 3268 1642 a(INF) n(OCOM) p 3636 1642 a('91) p Fk(,) p 3768 1642 a(\(Bal) 2001 1721 y(Harb) r(our,) p 2303 1721 a(FL\),) p 2463 1721 a(pp.) p 2585 1721 a(1360{1366,) p 2945 1721 a(April) p 3128 1721 a(1991.) 1885 1800 y([2]) p 2001 1800 a(W.) p 2125 1800 a(E.) p 2225 1800 a(Leland,) p 2488 1800 a(M.) p 2605 1800 a(S.) p 2696 1800 a(T) p 2741 1800 a(aqqu,) p 2945 1800 a(W.) p 3069 1800 a(Willinger,) p 3408 1800 a(and) p 3554 1800 a(D.) p 3660 1800 a(V.) p 3765 1800 a(Wil-) 2001 1879 y(son,) p 2141 1879 a(\\On) p 2287 1879 a(the) p 2401 1879 a(Self-Similar) p 2773 1879 a(Nature) p 3003 1879 a(of) p 3077 1879 a(Ethernet) p 3365 1879 a(T) p 3410 1879 a(ra\016c) p 3580 1879 a(\(Extended) 2001 1958 y(V) p 2048 1958 a(ersion\),") p Fa 2346 1958 a(IEEE/A) n(CM) p 2755 1958 a(T) p 2801 1958 a(r) l(ansactions) p 3187 1958 a(on) p 3297 1958 a(Networking) p Fk(,) p 3703 1958 a(v) n(ol.) p 3845 1958 a(2,) 2001 2037 y(pp.) p 2122 2037 a(1{15,) p 2306 2037 a(F) p 2346 2037 a(eburary) p 2607 2037 a(1994.) 1885 2115 y([3]) p 2001 2115 a(M.) p 2118 2115 a(W.) p 2243 2115 a(Garrett) p 2507 2115 a(and) p 2654 2115 a(W.) p 2779 2115 a(Willinger,) p 3118 2115 a(\\Analysis,) p 3467 2115 a(Mo) r(deling) p 3786 2115 a(and) 2001 2194 y(Generation) p 2363 2194 a(of) p 2441 2194 a(Self-Similar) p 2816 2194 a(VBR) p 2992 2194 a(Video) p 3191 2194 a(T) p 3236 2194 a(ra\016c,") p 3465 2194 a(in) p Fa 3545 2194 a(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) 2001 2273 y(of) p 2084 2273 a(SIGCOMM) p 2466 2273 a(94) p Fk(,) p 2582 2273 a(v) n(ol.) p 2715 2273 a(24,) p 2829 2273 a(pp.) p 2950 2273 a(269{280,) p 3241 2273 a(Octob) r(er) p 3513 2273 a(1994.) 1885 2352 y([4]) p 2001 2352 a(W.) p 2132 2352 a(Willinger,) p 2479 2352 a(M.) p 2602 2352 a(S.) p 2700 2352 a(T) p 2745 2352 a(aqqu,) p 2957 2352 a(R.) p 3068 2352 a(Sherman,) p 3401 2352 a(and) p 3554 2352 a(D.) p 3666 2352 a(Wilson,) 2001 2431 y(\\Self-similarit) n(y) p 2490 2431 a(through) p 2761 2431 a(High-v) l(ariabilit) n(y:) p 3303 2431 a(Statistical) p 3641 2431 a(Analysis) 2001 2510 y(of) p 2083 2510 a(Ethernet) p 2380 2510 a(LAN) p 2555 2510 a(T) p 2600 2510 a(ra\016c) p 2778 2510 a(at) p 2866 2510 a(the) p 2989 2510 a(Source) p 3218 2510 a(Lev) n(el,") p 3461 2510 a(in) p Fa 3545 2510 a(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) 2001 2589 y(of) p 2084 2589 a(A) n(CM) p 2276 2589 a(SIGCOMM) p Fk(,) p 2675 2589 a(pp.) p 2797 2589 a(100{113,) p 3087 2589 a(August) p 3332 2589 a(1995.) 1885 2668 y([5]) p 2001 2668 a(G.) p 2104 2668 a(Irlam,) p 2319 2668 a(\\UNIX) p 2566 2668 a(File) p 2710 2668 a(Size) p 2860 2668 a(Surv) n(ey) p 3098 2668 a({) p 3161 2668 a(1993,") p 3386 2668 a(Septem) n(b) r(er) p 3739 2668 a(1994.) 2001 2746 y(a) n(v) l(ailable) p 2291 2746 a(at) p 2377 2746 a(h) n(ttp://www.base.com/gordoni/ufs93.h) n (tml.) 1885 2825 y([6]) p 2001 2825 a(K.) p 2099 2825 a(P) n(ark,) p 2289 2825 a(G.) p 2389 2825 a(Kim,) p 2566 2825 a(and) p 2704 2825 a(M.) p 2812 2825 a(Cro) n(v) n(ella,) p 3109 2825 a(\\On) p 3263 2825 a(the) p 3385 2825 a(Relationship) p 3795 2825 a(Be-) 2001 2904 y(t) n(w) n(een) p 2209 2904 a(File) p 2358 2904 a(Sizes,) p 2561 2904 a(T) p 2606 2904 a(ransp) r(ort) p 2900 2904 a(Proto) r(cols,) p 3243 2904 a(and) p 3389 2904 a(Self-similar) p 3765 2904 a(Net-) 2001 2983 y(w) n(ork) p 2177 2983 a(T) p 2222 2983 a(ra\016c,") p 2458 2983 a(in) p Fa 2544 2983 a(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) p 2928 2983 a(of) p 3015 2983 a(International) p 3451 2983 a(Confer) l(enc) l(e) p 3823 2983 a(on) 2001 3062 y(Network) p 2282 3062 a(Pr) l(oto) l(c) l(ols) p Fk(,) p 2606 3062 a(pp.) p 2727 3062 a(171{180,) p 3018 3062 a(Octob) r(er) p 3290 3062 a(1996.) 1885 3141 y([7]) p 2001 3141 a(K.) p 2106 3141 a(P) n(ark,) p 2304 3141 a(G.) p 2410 3141 a(Kim,) p 2595 3141 a(and) p 2740 3141 a(M.) p 2855 3141 a(Cro) n(v) n(ella,) p 3160 3141 a(\\On) p 3320 3141 a(the) p 3449 3141 a(E\013ect) p 3659 3141 a(of) p 3747 3141 a(T) p 3792 3141 a(raf-) 2001 3220 y(\014c) p 2093 3220 a(Self-similarit) n(y) p 2541 3220 a(on) p 2638 3220 a(Net) n(w) n(ork) p 2919 3220 a(P) n(erformance,") p 3381 3220 a(in) p Fa 3462 3220 a(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) p 3842 3220 a(of) 2001 3299 y(SPIE) p 2186 3299 a(International) p 2614 3299 a(Confer) l(enc) l(e) p 2979 3299 a(on) p 3077 3299 a(Performac) l(e) p 3454 3299 a(and) p 3588 3299 a(Contr) l(ol) p 3842 3299 a(of) 2001 3377 y(Network) p 2282 3377 a(Systems) p Fk(,) p 2573 3377 a(No) n(v) n(em) n(b) r(er) p 2906 3377 a(1997.) 1885 3456 y([8]) p 2001 3456 a(J.) p 2081 3456 a(Beran,) p Fa 2309 3456 a(Statistics) p 2618 3456 a(for) p 2733 3456 a(L) l(ong-Memory) p 3191 3456 a(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(esses.) p 3529 3456 a(Mono) l(gr) l(aphs) 2001 3535 y(on) p 2103 3535 a(Statistics) p 2411 3535 a(and) p 2549 3535 a(Applie) l(d) p 2806 3535 a(Pr) l(ob) l(ability) p Fk(.) p 3187 3535 a(New) p 3345 3535 a(Y) p 3392 3535 a(ork:) p 3543 3535 a(Champman) 2001 3614 y(and) p 2138 3614 a(Hall,) p 2308 3614 a(1994.) 1885 3693 y([9]) p 2001 3693 a(B.) p 2097 3693 a(K.) p 2198 3693 a(Ryu,) p Fa 2374 3693 a(F) p 2415 3693 a(r) l(actal) p 2618 3693 a(Network) p 2903 3693 a(T) p 2949 3693 a(r) l(a\016c:) p 3168 3693 a(F) p 3209 3693 a(r) l(om) p 3358 3693 a(Understanding) p 3840 3693 a(to) 2001 3772 y(Implic) l(ations) p Fk(.) p 2431 3772 a(PhD) p 2595 3772 a(thesis,) p 2812 3772 a(Colum) n(bia) p 3131 3772 a(Univ.,) p 3343 3772 a(1996.) 1849 3851 y([10]) p 2001 3851 a(D.) p 2101 3851 a(R.) p 2200 3851 a(Co) n(x,) p 2369 3851 a(\\Long-Range) p 2801 3851 a(Dep) r(endence:) p 3229 3851 a(A) p 3309 3851 a(Review,") p 3614 3851 a(in) p Fa 3700 3851 a(Statis-) 2001 3929 y(tics:) p 2160 3929 a(A) n(n) p 2272 3929 a(Appr) l(aisal) p Fk 2585 3929 a(\(H.) p 2703 3929 a(A.) p 2794 3929 a(Da) n(vid) p 2995 3929 a(and) p 3127 3929 a(H.) p 3218 3929 a(T.) p 3307 3929 a(Da) n(vid,) p 3529 3929 a(eds.\),) p 3713 3929 a(pp.) p 3829 3929 a(55) 2001 4008 y({) p 2059 4008 a(74,) p 2173 4008 a(Ames) p 2368 4008 a(\(IA\):) p 2544 4008 a(The) p 2689 4008 a(Io) n(w) n(a) p 2855 4008 a(State) p 3040 4008 a(Univ) n(ersit) n(y) p 3379 4008 a(Press,) p 3585 4008 a(1984.) 1849 4087 y([11]) p 2001 4087 a(M.) p 2114 4087 a(S.) p 2201 4087 a(T) p 2246 4087 a(aqqu,) p 2445 4087 a(V.) p 2546 4087 a(T) p 2591 4087 a(ev) n(ero) n(vsky) p 2882 4087 a(,) p 2933 4087 a(and) p 3075 4087 a(W.) p 3196 4087 a(Willinger,) p 3530 4087 a(\\Estimators) 2001 4166 y(for) p 2114 4166 a(Long-range) p 2489 4166 a(Dep) r(endence:) p 2920 4166 a(An) p 3041 4166 a(Empirical) p 3369 4166 a(Study,") p Fa 3636 4166 a(F) p 3677 4166 a(r) l(actals) p Fk(,) 2001 4245 y(v) n(ol.) p 2134 4245 a(3,) p 2212 4245 a(no.) p 2330 4245 a(4,) p 2408 4245 a(pp.) p 2530 4245 a(785{798,) p 2820 4245 a(1995.) 1849 4324 y([12]) p 2001 4324 a(S.) p 2083 4324 a(Moln\023) p 2242 4324 a(ar,) p 2348 4324 a(A.) p 2444 4324 a(Vid\023) p 2556 4324 a(acs,) p 2694 4324 a(and) p 2831 4324 a(A.) p 2927 4324 a(A.) p 3023 4324 a(Nilsson,) p 3289 4324 a(\\Bottlenec) n(ks) p 3704 4324 a(on) p 3802 4324 a(the) 2001 4403 y(W) p 2067 4403 a(a) n(y) p 2157 4403 a(T) p 2202 4403 a(o) n(w) n(ards) p 2433 4403 a(F) p 2473 4403 a(ractal) p 2668 4403 a(Characterization) p 3201 4403 a(of) p 3276 4403 a(Net) n(w) n(ork) p 3554 4403 a(T) p 3599 4403 a(ra\016c:) p 3801 4403 a(Es-) 2001 4482 y(timation) p 2287 4482 a(and) p 2425 4482 a(In) n(terpretation) p 2880 4482 a(of) p 2961 4482 a(the) p 3083 4482 a(Hurst) p 3281 4482 a(P) n(arameter,") p 3681 4482 a(in) p Fa 3763 4482 a(Pr) l(o-) 2001 4560 y(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) p 2274 4560 a(of) p 2358 4560 a(PMCCN) p Fk(,) p 2668 4560 a(pp.) p 2789 4560 a(125{144,) p 3080 4560 a(No) n(v) n(em) n(b) r(er) p 3413 4560 a(1997.) 1849 4639 y([13]) p 2001 4639 a(M.) p 2108 4639 a(S.) p 2190 4639 a(Borella,) p 2452 4639 a(S.) p 2534 4639 a(Uludag,) p 2799 4639 a(G.) p 2897 4639 a(B.) p 2990 4639 a(Brewster,) p 3307 4639 a(and) p 3444 4639 a(I.) p 3512 4639 a(Sidh) n(u,) p 3729 4639 a(\\Self-) 2001 4718 y(Similarit) n(y) p 2329 4718 a(of) p 2412 4718 a(In) n(ternet) p 2685 4718 a(P) n(ac) n(k) n(et) p 2916 4718 a(Dela) n(y,") p 3173 4718 a(in) p Fa 3258 4718 a(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) p 3641 4718 a(of) p 3728 4718 a(IEEE) 2001 4797 y(ICC) p 2156 4797 a('97) p Fk(,) p 2293 4797 a(pp.) p 2415 4797 a(513{517,) p 2705 4797 a(Jan) n(uary) p 2977 4797 a(1997.) 1849 4876 y([14]) p 2001 4876 a(\\LBNL) p 2261 4876 a(net) n(w) n(ork) p 2541 4876 a(sim) n(ulator) p 2864 4876 a(\(ns\).") p 3104 4876 a(a) n(v) l(ailable) p 3405 4876 a(at) p 3502 4876 a(h) n(ttp://www-) 2001 4955 y(nrg.ee.lbl.go) n(v/ns/.) 1849 5034 y([15]) p 2001 5034 a(N.) p 2141 5034 a(L.) p 2273 5034 a(Jhonson) p 2593 5034 a(and) p 2775 5034 a(S.) p 2901 5034 a(Kotz,) p Fa 3149 5034 a(Continuous) p 3571 5034 a(Univariate) 2001 5113 y(Distributions-1) p Fk(.) p 2516 5113 a(New) p 2675 5113 a(Y) p 2722 5113 a(ork:) p 2873 5113 a(Wiley-in) n(terscience,) p 3475 5113 a(1970.) 1849 5191 y([16]) p 2001 5191 a(M.) p 2119 5191 a(E.) p 2220 5191 a(Cro) n(v) n(ella) p 2507 5191 a(and) p 2654 5191 a(A.) p 2760 5191 a(Besta) n(vros,) p 3114 5191 a(\\Explaining) p 3515 5191 a(W) p 3581 5191 a(orld) p 3737 5191 a(Wide) 2001 5270 y(W) p 2067 5270 a(eb) p 2173 5270 a(T) p 2218 5270 a(ra\016c) p 2406 5270 a(Self-similarit) n(y,") p 2924 5270 a(T) p 2969 5270 a(ec) n(h.) p 3124 5270 a(Rep.) p 3301 5270 a(TR-95-015,) p 3685 5270 a(Boston) 2001 5349 y(Univ.,) p 2212 5349 a(Octob) r(er) p 2485 5349 a(1995.) p eop %%Trailer end userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF