%!PS (but not EPSF; comments have been disabled) %DVIPSCommandLine: dvips -D600 -o paper.ps paper.dvi %DVIPSParameters: dpi=600, compressed, comments removed %DVIPSSource: TeX output 1995.08.16:1449 /TeXDict 250 dict def TeXDict begin /N{def}def /B{bind def}N /S{exch}N /X{S N}B /TR{translate}N /isls false N /vsize 11 72 mul N /hsize 8.5 72 mul N /landplus90{false}def /@rigin{isls{[0 landplus90{1 -1}{-1 1} ifelse 0 0 0]concat}if 72 Resolution div 72 VResolution div neg scale isls{landplus90{VResolution 72 div vsize mul 0 exch}{Resolution -72 div hsize mul 0}ifelse TR}if Resolution VResolution vsize -72 div 1 add mul TR[matrix currentmatrix{dup dup round sub abs 0.00001 lt{round}if} forall round exch round exch]setmatrix}N /@landscape{/isls true N}B /@manualfeed{statusdict /manualfeed true put}B /@copies{/#copies X}B /FMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0]N /FBB[0 0 0 0]N /nn 0 N /IE 0 N /ctr 0 N /df-tail{ /nn 8 dict N nn begin /FontType 3 N /FontMatrix fntrx N /FontBBox FBB N string /base X array /BitMaps 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(Proportional)-360 4995 y(Rate)g(Control)g(Algorithm)g(\(EPRCA\))g(is)g (recently)g(proposed)g(in)g([7],)-360 5095 y(which)17 b(has)f(been)h(adopted)g(by)f(the)h(A)-9 b(TM)17 b(Forum)f(as)h(a)g (standard)f(for)h(the)-360 5195 y(rate-based)22 b(congestion)f(control) h(scheme)f(for)h(ABR)f(service)h(in)f(A)-9 b(TM)-360 5294 y(networks.)-277 5400 y(EPRCA)31 b(de\256nes)g(source)h(and)f (destination)g(end)g(systems')g(beha-)2040 1345 y(vior)m(,)41 b(and)c(suggests)g(three)g(types)g(of)g(switches,)k(EFCI)c(bit)g (setting)2040 1445 y(switch)f(\(EFCI\),)g(Binary)g(Enhanced)h(Switch)f (\(BES\))g(and)g(Explicit)2040 1545 y(Down)14 b(Switch)g(\(EDS\).)g (Each)g(switch)g(has)g(dif)n(ferent)g(functions)g(against)2040 1644 y(network)27 b(congestion.)45 b(In)27 b(the)f(companion)h(paper)g ([1],)h(we)e(have)h(in-)2040 1744 y(troduced)f(and)h(analyzed)f(three)h (types)f(of)h(switches)f(in)h(the)f(above)h(as)2040 1844 y(well)20 b(as)g(the)g(prioritized)f(switch)h(which)g(has)g(a)g (capability)g(to)g(give)f(pri-)2040 1943 y(ority)j(service)f(to)h (control)g(cells)f(over)h(data)g(cells.)30 b(While)22 b(the)f(analysis)2040 2043 y(presented)h(in)45 b([1])23 b(exhibits)f(the)g(ef)o(fectiveness)g(of)h(EPRCA)f(switches)2040 2143 y(in)15 b(steady)f(state,)i(a)f(careful)f(analytic)h(treatment)f (is)h(necessary)g(when)f(the)2040 2242 y(lar)o(ge)25 b(number)h(of)g(connections)g(share)g(the)g(link.)43 b(Since)26 b(the)g(aggreg-)2040 2342 y(ate)d(rate)g(of)h(the)f(active)g (connections)g(is)h(increased)f(rapidly)g(in)g(such)h(a)2040 2441 y(circumstance,)h(the)f(queue)g(length)g(tends)g(to)g(be)g (unacceptably)g(lar)n(ge.)2040 2541 y(This)f(tendency)h(becomes)f (distinguishable)g(when)h(multiple)f(connec-)2040 2641 y(tions)k(start)h(cell)f(transmission)h(at)f(same)h(time.)47 b(This)28 b(is)f(known)h(as)f(a)2040 2740 y(\252lar)o(ge)15 b(VC')l(s)g(problem\272,)i(and)f(is)f(one)h(of)g(serious)f(problems)h (against)g(ef-)2040 2840 y(fective)i(rate-based)h(congestion)f (control,)h(which)f(is)g(our)h(main)f(subject)2040 2940 y(of)j(the)g(current)f(paper)l(.)2123 3044 y(In)26 b(this)f(paper)m(,)h (we)g(analyze)g(an)f(initial)h(transient)f(behavior)h(of)f(the)2040 3144 y(above-mentioned)j(switches)f(by)h(a)f(similar)h(approach)g (taken)f(in)h([1].)2040 3244 y(Dif)o(ferent)20 b(from)h(the)g(one)g(in) g([1],)g(however)m(,)g(we)g(explicitly)g(model)g(the)2040 3343 y(emission)i(time)g(of)f(RM)h(cells)g(to)g(explore)f(the)h (initial)g(transient)g(beha-)2040 3443 y(vior)18 b(of)h(the)f(system.) 27 b(By)19 b(assuming)f(that)h(all)f(connections)g(begin)h(their)2040 3543 y(cell)g(transmission)g(simultaneously)-5 b(,)19 b(we)g(will)g(show)g(a)g(dynamical)g(be-)2040 3642 y(havior)24 b(of)h(EPRCA)f(and)h(a)f(minimum)h(buf)n(fer)g(requirement)f(for)h (each)2040 3742 y(of)c(switches.)2123 3847 y(The)26 b(rest)h(of)f(this) h(paper)f(is)g(or)o(ganized)g(as)h(follows.)44 b(Our)27 b(analytic)2040 3946 y(model)21 b(for)g(EPRCA)g(is)g(presented)f (brie\257y)h(in)g(Section)g(II.)28 b(Section)21 b(III)2040 4046 y(is)g(devoted)g(to)g(the)g(analysis)g(of)f(three)h(switches.)28 b(Our)21 b(concluding)g(re-)2040 4146 y(marks)g(are)g(presented)f(in)h (Section)g(IV.)2580 4372 y Fm(II.)50 b(ANAL)-10 b(YTIC)25 b(MODEL)2040 4498 y Fk(In)g(this)f(paper)m(,)i(we)e(provide)h(the)f (initial)h(transient)g(analysis)f(for)h(three)2040 4598 y(types)c(of)f(EPRCA)h(switches)g(using)f(the)h(same)g(model)f(as)h(in) g(our)g(com-)2040 4697 y(panion)j(paper)g([1].)37 b(For)24 b(details)g(of)g(our)g(analytic)g(model)g(and)g(de\256ni-)2040 4797 y(tions)d(of)g(parameters,)f(refer)h(to)g([1].)2123 4902 y(In)h([1],)h(we)g(have)f(analyzed)h(evolution)f(of)h Fj(AC)6 b(R)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))23 b Fk(\(allowed)f(cell)2040 5001 y(rate)d(for)h(each)f(connection\),)h(and)f Fj(Q)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))h Fk(\(queue)f(length)h(at)f(the)h(switch\))2040 5101 y(in)25 b(steady)f(state.)39 b(As)24 b(shown)h(in)f(that)h(paper)m (,)g(as)g(the)f(number)h(of)f(con-)2040 5201 y(nections)d(becomes)g (lar)o(ge,)g(the)g(queue)g(length)g(tends)g(to)g(be)h(extremely)2040 5300 y(lar)o(ge)i(especially)g(in)h(the)f(case)h(of)f(the)h(EFCI)f (switch.)39 b(This)25 b(tendency)2040 5400 y(becomes)31 b(unacceptable)f(in)h(the)g(case)f(where)h(the)f(lar)o(ge)h(number)f (of)p eop 2 1 bop -360 -217 a Fk(connections)20 b(starts)f(cell)h(transmission)f (at)h(same)f(time.)28 b(It)19 b(depends)h(on)-360 -117 y Fj(I)7 b(M)i(R)20 b Fk(and)g Fj(I)7 b(C)e(R)q Fk(,)20 b(which)g(are)g(initial)g(values)g(of)g Fj(M)9 b(AC)d(R)20 b Fk(and)g Fj(AC)6 b(R)q Fk(,)-360 -18 y(respectively)-5 b(,)28 b(and)e(our)h(analysis)f(in)h(the)f(current)h(paper)f(will)h (exhibit)-360 82 y(the)17 b(ef)o(fect)g(of)h(those)f(parameter)h (values)f(on)g(the)h(initial)f(transient)h(beha-)-360 182 y(vior)j(of)g(the)f(switches.)-277 284 y(Since)f Fj(I)6 b(C)g(R)19 b Fk(can)g(be)g(chosen)f(freely)-5 b(,)19 b(one)g(may)f(consider)h(that)g Fj(I)6 b(C)g(R)-360 384 y Fk(should)24 b(be)f(set)h(to)f(be)h(small)f(enough)h(so)g(that)f (the)h(queue)f(length)h(does)-360 483 y(not)k(become)h(lar)n(ge.)51 b(As)28 b(shown)g(in)h(the)f(numerical)g(examples,)j(it)d(is)-360 583 y(true)18 b(if)g(one)g(can)g(know)g(the)f(number)h(of)g(active)g (connections)g(\()p Fj(N)1533 595 y Fh(V)s(C)1630 583 y Fk(\))g(in)-360 683 y(advance.)41 b(However)m(,)26 b(in)f(the)g(actual)h(network)f(environment,)h(it)f(may)-360 782 y(be)e(dif)n(\256cult.)33 b(Furthermore,)23 b(a)g(smaller)f(value)h (of)f(\256xed)h Fj(I)7 b(C)e(R)24 b Fk(cannot)-360 882 y(achieve)g(high)f(utilization)h(of)g(the)f(link)h(when)f Fj(N)1090 894 y Fh(V)s(C)1211 882 y Fk(is)h(small.)36 b(In)24 b(this)-360 981 y(paper)m(,)19 b(we)g(provide)g(the)h(analysis) f(of)g(an)g(initial)g(transient)g(behavior)h(of)-360 1081 y(rate-based)28 b(congestion)h(control)f(for)h(given)f Fj(N)1066 1093 y Fh(V)s(C)1192 1081 y Fk(and)g Fj(I)7 b(C)f(R)29 b Fk(to)f(ex-)-360 1181 y(ploit)20 b(the)f(suggestive)h (control)g(parameters)f(by)h(assuming)g(that)f(\(1\))h(the)-360 1280 y(switch)f(has)g(in\256nite)h(capacity)f(of)g(the)g(buf)o(fer)m(,) g(and)g(that)h(\(2\))f(the)g(source)-360 1380 y(end)30 b(system)f(always)h(has)g(cells)g(to)f(transmit.)55 b(Therefore,)32 b Fj(AC)6 b(R)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))-360 1480 y Fk(is)24 b(equivalent)f(to)h(the)g(actual)f(cell)h(transmission)f(rate.)37 b(Besides)23 b(three)-360 1579 y(types)28 b(of)h(switches,)h(we)e(will) h(also)f(treat)g(a)h(prioritized)f(EDS)g(switch)-360 1679 y(\(PEDS\).)15 b(As)g(will)g(be)g(shown)g(in)f(numerical)h (examples,)h(the)f(maximum)-360 1778 y(queue)21 b(length)g(can)f(be)h (considerably)g(decreased)g(by)f(PEDS.)-281 1997 y Fm(III.)50 b(INITIAL)25 b(TRANSIENT)g(ST)-8 b(A)d(TE)25 b(ANAL)-10 b(YSIS)-360 2120 y Fk(When)34 b(several)g(connections)h(start)f(their)g (cell)g(transmission)h(at)f(the)-360 2219 y(same)26 b(time,)i(queue)f (length)f(at)h(the)f(switch)g(grows)h(considerably)f(un-)-360 2319 y(less)e(control)h(parameters)f(such)h(as)f Fj(I)7 b(C)f(R)25 b Fk(\(Initial)g(Cell)f(Rate\))h(are)f(set)-360 2418 y(properly)-5 b(.)46 b(This)27 b(tendency)g(becomes)g (unacceptable)g(as)g(the)g(number)-360 2518 y(of)f(connections)h(is)f (lar)n(ge.)44 b(This)27 b(is)f(known)g(as)h(a)f(\252lar)n(ge)h(VC')-5 b(s)26 b(prob-)-360 2618 y(lem\272.)h(It)19 b(can)g(be)h(evaluated)f (by)g(the)g(initial)g(transient)h(analysis,)f(which)-360 2717 y(is)14 b(presented)h(in)f(this)g(section.)26 b(The)14 b(dif)n(ference)h(between)f(the)g(approach)-360 2817 y(taken)i(in)g(the)f(previous)h(paper)g([1])g(and)f(the)h(one)g(in)g (the)f(current)h(paper)g(is)-360 2917 y(that)h(in)h(the)f(initial)g (transient)h(analysis,)g(the)f(transmission)h(time)f(of)g(RM)-360 3016 y(cells)g(should)g(be)f(carefully)h(treated)g(in)g(the)f(analysis) h(to)g(investigate)g(the)-360 3116 y(initial)g(behavior)g(of)h(queue)f (lengths)g(at)g(the)h(switch.)26 b(Especially)-5 b(,)18 b(in)f(the)-360 3215 y(case)h(of)g(EDS)g(switches,)g(transmission)g (times)g(of)g(RM)f(cells)h(are)g(expli-)-360 3315 y(citly)f(taken)h (into)f(account)h(as)f(will)h(be)f(presented)h(in)f(Subsection)h (III-C.)-360 3505 y Fg(A.)42 b(EFCI)20 b(Switch)-360 3610 y Fk(In)27 b(this)h(subsection,)h(we)e(analyze)h(the)f(initial)h (transient)f(behavior)g(of)-360 3709 y(the)c(allowed)f(cell)h(rate)f Fj(AC)6 b(R)q Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))22 b Fk(and)h(the)f(queue)h(length)f Fj(Q)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))h Fk(of)f(the)-360 3809 y(EFCI)16 b(switch)g(for)g(a)g(given)g Fj(I)6 b(C)g(R)17 b Fk(to)f(show)g(that)g (an)g(appropriate)g(choice)-360 3909 y(of)23 b Fj(I)7 b(C)f(R)24 b Fk(plays)f(an)g(important)h(role)f(for)g(achieving)g(ef)o (fective)g(control)-360 4008 y(while)d(suppressing)g(the)f(maximum)h (queue)g(length)g(to)g(an)f(appropriate)-360 4108 y(value.)26 b(The)16 b(latter)g(is)f(important)h(for)g(buf)n(fer)o(-dimensioning)f (in)h(design-)-360 4207 y(ing)21 b(A)-9 b(TM)20 b(switches.)-360 4398 y Fg(1\))42 b(Derivation)20 b(of)h Fj(AC)6 b(R)q Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))p Fg(:)-360 4500 y Fk(Figure)19 b(1)g(show)g(pictorial)h(views)f(of)g Fj(AC)6 b(R)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))20 b Fk(and)f Fj(Q)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))g Fk(of)g(the)g(EFCI)-360 4600 y(switch)k(in)g(the)f(initial)h(transient) g(state)g(for)f Fj(I)7 b(C)f(R)30 b(<)g(B)t(W)s(=)-5 b(N)1458 4612 y Fh(V)s(C)1556 4600 y Fk(.)34 b(The)-360 4700 y(evolution)22 b(of)g Fj(AC)6 b(R)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))22 b Fk(and)g Fj(Q)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))g Fk(is)g(classi\256ed) g(into)f(two)h(categories)-360 4799 y(according)h(to)h(the)f(relation)g (between)h Fj(I)6 b(C)g(R)24 b Fk(and)f Fj(B)t(W)s(=)-5 b(N)1370 4811 y Fh(V)s(C)1468 4799 y Fk(.)35 b(T)-5 b(o)23 b(see)-360 4899 y(this,)h(we)g(will)f(derive)h Fj(AC)6 b(R)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))24 b Fk(and)g Fj(Q)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))f Fk(from)h(now)f(on.)36 b(Here,)25 b(we)-360 4999 y(should)i(note)g(that)g(a)f(more)h(rigorous)g(treatment)g(is)g (required)g(regard-)-360 5098 y(ing)17 b(the)g(above)g (classi\256cation)g(because)g(it)g(should)g(also)f(be)h(af)o(fected)g (by)-360 5198 y(other)k(parameters)g(as)f(will)h(be)g(shown)g(in)f(the) h(below)-5 b(.)-277 5300 y(W)e(e)21 b(\256rst)f(divide)g Fj(AC)6 b(R)q Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))20 b Fk(into)g(phases,)h(each)f(of)g (which)g(has)h(a)f(dif-)-360 5400 y(ferent)29 b(form)g(dependent)g(on)h (the)f(congestion)g(status)g(of)g(the)g(switch.)2078 1958 y @beginspecial -59 @llx 55 @lly 584 @urx 772 @ury 2430 @rwi @setspecial /arrowhead { 0 begin transform originalCTM itransform /taily exch def /tailx exch def transform originalCTM itransform /tipy exch def /tipx exch def /dy tipy taily sub def /dx tipx tailx sub def /angle dx 0 ne dy 0 ne or { dy dx atan } { 90 } ifelse def gsave originalCTM setmatrix tipx tipy translate angle rotate newpath arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div moveto 0 0 lineto arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div neg lineto patternNone not { originalCTM setmatrix /padtip arrowHeight 2 exp 0.25 arrowWidth 2 exp mul add sqrt brushWidth mul arrowWidth div def /padtail brushWidth 2 div def tipx tipy translate angle rotate padtip 0 translate arrowHeight padtip add padtail add arrowHeight div dup scale arrowheadpath ifill } if brushNone not { originalCTM setmatrix tipx tipy translate angle rotate arrowheadpath istroke } if grestore end } dup 0 9 dict put def /arrowheadpath { newpath arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div moveto 0 0 lineto arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div neg lineto } def /leftarrow { 0 begin y exch get /taily exch def x exch get /tailx exch def y exch get /tipy exch def x exch get /tipx exch def brushLeftArrow { tipx tipy tailx taily arrowhead } if end } dup 0 4 dict put def /rightarrow { 0 begin y exch get /tipy exch def x exch get /tipx exch def y exch get /taily exch def x exch get /tailx exch def brushRightArrow { tipx tipy tailx taily arrowhead } if end } dup 0 4 dict put def /arrowHeight 8 def /arrowWidth 4 def /IdrawDict 54 dict def IdrawDict begin /reencodeISO { dup dup findfont dup length dict begin { 1 index /FID ne { def }{ pop pop } ifelse } forall /Encoding ISOLatin1Encoding def currentdict end definefont } def /ISOLatin1Encoding [ /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent/ampersand/quoteright /parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/minus/period/slash /zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon/semicolon /less/equal/greater/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N /O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/bracketleft/backslash/bracketright /asciicircum/underscore/quoteleft/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m /n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/braceleft/bar/braceright/asciitilde /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/dotlessi/grave/acute/circumflex/tilde/macron/breve /dotaccent/dieresis/.notdef/ring/cedilla/.notdef/hungarumlaut /ogonek/caron/space/exclamdown/cent/sterling/currency/yen/brokenbar /section/dieresis/copyright/ordfeminine/guillemotleft/logicalnot /hyphen/registered/macron/degree/plusminus/twosuperior/threesuperior /acute/mu/paragraph/periodcentered/cedilla/onesuperior/ordmasculine /guillemotright/onequarter/onehalf/threequarters/questiondown /Agrave/Aacute/Acircumflex/Atilde/Adieresis/Aring/AE/Ccedilla /Egrave/Eacute/Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute/Icircumflex /Idieresis/Eth/Ntilde/Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis /multiply/Oslash/Ugrave/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute /Thorn/germandbls/agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis /aring/ae/ccedilla/egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave /iacute/icircumflex/idieresis/eth/ntilde/ograve/oacute/ocircumflex /otilde/odieresis/divide/oslash/ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex/udieresis /yacute/thorn/ydieresis ] def /Helvetica reencodeISO def /Helvetica-BoldOblique reencodeISO def /Helvetica-Oblique reencodeISO def /Symbol dup findfont def /none null def /numGraphicParameters 17 def /stringLimit 65535 def /Begin { save numGraphicParameters dict begin } def /End { end restore } def /SetB { dup type /nulltype eq { pop false /brushRightArrow idef false /brushLeftArrow idef true /brushNone idef } { /brushDashOffset idef /brushDashArray idef 0 ne /brushRightArrow idef 0 ne /brushLeftArrow idef /brushWidth idef false /brushNone idef } ifelse } def /SetCFg { /fgblue idef /fggreen idef /fgred idef } def /SetCBg { /bgblue idef /bggreen idef /bgred idef } def /SetF { /printSize idef /printFont idef } def /SetP { dup type /nulltype eq { pop true /patternNone idef } { dup -1 eq { /patternGrayLevel idef /patternString idef } { /patternGrayLevel idef } ifelse false /patternNone idef } ifelse } def /BSpl { 0 begin storexyn newpath n 1 gt { 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 true subspline n 2 gt { 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 false subspline 1 1 n 3 sub { /i exch def i 1 sub dup i dup i 1 add dup i 2 add dup false subspline } for n 3 sub dup n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 2 copy false subspline } if n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 2 copy 2 copy false subspline patternNone not brushLeftArrow not brushRightArrow not and and { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if 0 0 1 1 leftarrow n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup rightarrow } if end } dup 0 4 dict put def /Circ { newpath 0 360 arc patternNone not { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if } def /CBSpl { 0 begin dup 2 gt { storexyn newpath n 1 sub dup 0 0 1 1 2 2 true subspline 1 1 n 3 sub { /i exch def i 1 sub dup i dup i 1 add dup i 2 add dup false subspline } for n 3 sub dup n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 0 0 false subspline n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 0 0 1 1 false subspline patternNone not { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if } { Poly } ifelse end } dup 0 4 dict put def /Elli { 0 begin newpath 4 2 roll translate scale 0 0 1 0 360 arc patternNone not { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if end } dup 0 1 dict put def /Line { 0 begin 2 storexyn newpath x 0 get y 0 get moveto x 1 get y 1 get lineto brushNone not { istroke } if 0 0 1 1 leftarrow 0 0 1 1 rightarrow end } dup 0 4 dict put def /MLine { 0 begin storexyn newpath n 1 gt { x 0 get y 0 get moveto 1 1 n 1 sub { /i exch def x i get y i get lineto } for patternNone not brushLeftArrow not brushRightArrow not and and { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if 0 0 1 1 leftarrow n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup rightarrow } if end } dup 0 4 dict put def /Poly { 3 1 roll newpath moveto -1 add { lineto } repeat closepath patternNone not { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if } def /Rect { 0 begin /t exch def /r exch def /b exch def /l exch def newpath l b moveto l t lineto r t lineto r b lineto closepath patternNone not { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if end } dup 0 4 dict put def /Text { ishow } def /idef { dup where { pop pop pop } { exch def } ifelse } def /ifill { 0 begin gsave patternGrayLevel -1 ne { fgred bgred fgred sub patternGrayLevel mul add fggreen bggreen fggreen sub patternGrayLevel mul add fgblue bgblue fgblue sub patternGrayLevel mul add setrgbcolor eofill } { eoclip originalCTM setmatrix pathbbox /t exch def /r exch def /b exch def /l exch def /w r l sub ceiling cvi def /h t b sub ceiling cvi def /imageByteWidth w 8 div ceiling cvi def /imageHeight h def bgred bggreen bgblue setrgbcolor eofill fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor w 0 gt h 0 gt and { l w add b translate w neg h scale w h true [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] { patternproc } imagemask } if } ifelse grestore end } dup 0 8 dict put def /istroke { gsave brushDashOffset -1 eq { [] 0 setdash 1 setgray } { brushDashArray brushDashOffset setdash fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor } ifelse brushWidth setlinewidth originalCTM setmatrix stroke grestore } def /ishow { 0 begin gsave fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor /fontDict printFont printSize scalefont dup setfont def /descender fontDict begin 0 [FontBBox] 1 get FontMatrix end transform exch pop def /vertoffset 1 printSize sub descender sub def { 0 vertoffset moveto show /vertoffset vertoffset printSize sub def } forall grestore end } dup 0 3 dict put def /patternproc { 0 begin /patternByteLength patternString length def /patternHeight patternByteLength 8 mul sqrt cvi def /patternWidth patternHeight def /patternByteWidth patternWidth 8 idiv def /imageByteMaxLength imageByteWidth imageHeight mul stringLimit patternByteWidth sub min def /imageMaxHeight imageByteMaxLength imageByteWidth idiv patternHeight idiv patternHeight mul patternHeight max def /imageHeight imageHeight imageMaxHeight sub store /imageString imageByteWidth imageMaxHeight mul patternByteWidth add string def 0 1 imageMaxHeight 1 sub { /y exch def /patternRow y patternByteWidth mul patternByteLength mod def /patternRowString patternString patternRow patternByteWidth getinterval def /imageRow y imageByteWidth mul def 0 patternByteWidth imageByteWidth 1 sub { /x exch def imageString imageRow x add patternRowString putinterval } for } for imageString end } dup 0 12 dict put def /min { dup 3 2 roll dup 4 3 roll lt { exch } if pop } def /max { dup 3 2 roll dup 4 3 roll gt { exch } if pop } def /midpoint { 0 begin /y1 exch def /x1 exch def /y0 exch def /x0 exch def x0 x1 add 2 div y0 y1 add 2 div end } dup 0 4 dict put def /thirdpoint { 0 begin /y1 exch def /x1 exch def /y0 exch def /x0 exch def x0 2 mul x1 add 3 div y0 2 mul y1 add 3 div end } dup 0 4 dict put def /subspline { 0 begin /movetoNeeded exch def y exch get /y3 exch def x exch get /x3 exch def y exch get /y2 exch def x exch get /x2 exch def y exch get /y1 exch def x exch get /x1 exch def y exch get /y0 exch def x exch get /x0 exch def x1 y1 x2 y2 thirdpoint /p1y exch def /p1x exch def x2 y2 x1 y1 thirdpoint /p2y exch def /p2x exch def x1 y1 x0 y0 thirdpoint p1x p1y midpoint /p0y exch def /p0x exch def x2 y2 x3 y3 thirdpoint p2x p2y midpoint /p3y exch def /p3x exch def movetoNeeded { p0x p0y moveto } if p1x p1y p2x p2y p3x p3y curveto end } dup 0 17 dict put def /storexyn { /n exch def /y n array def /x n array def n 1 sub -1 0 { /i exch def y i 3 2 roll put x i 3 2 roll put } for } def /SSten { fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor dup true exch 1 0 0 -1 0 6 -1 roll matrix astore } def /FSten { dup 3 -1 roll dup 4 1 roll exch newpath 0 0 moveto dup 0 exch lineto exch dup 3 1 roll exch lineto 0 lineto closepath bgred bggreen bgblue setrgbcolor eofill SSten } def /Rast { exch dup 3 1 roll 1 0 0 -1 0 6 -1 roll matrix astore } def %I Idraw 10 Grid 10 10 Begin %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 0.955325 0 0 0.955325 0 0 ] concat /originalCTM matrix currentmatrix def Begin %I Line %I b 65535 2 1 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -114 -141 ] concat %I 144 861 144 601 Line %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -114 -41 ] concat %I 1 84 881 1 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -60.0001 589 ] concat %I [ (BW/Nvc) ] Text End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 2 0 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -114 -141 ] concat %I 144 601 714 601 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 2 0 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -114 -141 ] concat %I 144 251 714 251 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 2 1 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -116 -493 ] concat %I 144 861 144 601 Line %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -114 -141 ] concat %I 20 284 251 314 271 334 331 354 411 394 451 424 421 444 361 464 301 484 291 504 301 524 361 544 411 574 441 594 411 614 361 634 311 654 301 674 311 694 361 694 361 20 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -114 -141 ] concat %I 3 144 691 154 641 184 631 3 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -30.0001 269 ] concat %I [ (QH) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -60 703 ] concat %I [ (ACR\(t\)) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -50 363 ] concat %I [ (Q\(t\)) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-*-*-*-18-*-*-*-*-*-*-* Helvetica-Oblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 600 447 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-*-*-*-18-*-*-*-*-*-*-* Helvetica-Oblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 600 97 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 313 324 893 324 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 313 284 893 284 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 543 754 543 174 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 633 174 633 564 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 733 174 733 744 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 803 174 803 564 Line %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 4 543 754 553 664 583 584 633 564 4 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 4 633 564 633 654 673 734 733 744 4 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 5 733 744 743 664 753 624 773 584 803 564 5 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 4 803 564 823 664 853 714 883 734 4 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 353 174 353 554 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 313 644 883 644 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -30 229 ] concat %I [ (QL) ] Text End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 7 353 564 373 564 383 574 403 594 433 664 473 744 543 754 7 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 353 564 353 554 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 423 644 453 174 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 453 174 473 724 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 613 284 633 564 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 783 284 803 564 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 523 324 543 754 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 713 324 733 744 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 70 107 ] concat %I [ (t1) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 180 107 ] concat %I [ (t2) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 260 107 ] concat %I [ (t3) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 350 107 ] concat %I [ (t4) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 450 107 ] concat %I [ (t5) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 520 107 ] concat %I [ (t6) ] Text End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 473 834 543 834 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 543 834 633 834 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 633 834 733 834 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 733 834 873 834 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 353 834 473 834 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 313 834 353 834 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 50 797 ] concat %I [ (1) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 130 797 ] concat %I [ (2) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 220 797 ] concat %I [ (3) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 300 797 ] concat %I [ (4) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 390 797 ] concat %I [ (5) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 510 797 ] concat %I [ (6) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--24-* Helvetica 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -50 803 ] concat %I [ (Phase) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 20 757 ] concat %I [ (ACRd) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 110 757 ] concat %I [ (ACRiu) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 210 757 ] concat %I [ (ACRio) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 290 757 ] concat %I [ (ACRd) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 380 757 ] concat %I [ (ACRio) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 500 757 ] concat %I [ (ACRd) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--24-* Helvetica 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -50 766 ] concat %I [ (Type) ] Text End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 473 724 473 174 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 274 -350 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -140 433 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -130 430 ] concat %I [ (sx) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 453 154 473 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 523 154 543 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 613 154 633 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 713 154 733 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 783 154 803 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 313 154 353 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 423 154 453 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 279 -489 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -110 573 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -100 567 ] concat %I [ (xds) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 48 90.9999 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 337 -489 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -110 573 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -100 567 ] concat %I [ (xds) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 429 -488 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -110 573 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -100 567 ] concat %I [ (xds) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 533 -489 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -110 573 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -100 567 ] concat %I [ (xds) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 604 -489 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -110 573 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -100 567 ] concat %I [ (xds) ] Text End End %I eop End %I eop showpage end @endspecial 2094 2141 a(Fig.)21 b(1:)27 b(Pictorial)21 b(V)-5 b(iew)21 b(of)g(EFCI)f(Switch)h(\()p Fj(I)7 b(C)f(R)23 b(<)g(B)5 b(W)r(=)-5 b(N)3939 2153 y Fh(V)s(C)4038 2141 y Fk(\).)2040 2412 y(There)21 b(are)g(three)f(types)h(of)g Fj(AC)6 b(R)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))p Fk(.)2040 2512 y Ff(\017)55 b Fk(T)-5 b(ype)20 b(1:)28 b Fj(AC)6 b(R)2605 2524 y Fh(d)2644 2512 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))2123 2612 y Fj(AC)g(R)q Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))20 b Fk(is)h(decreased)g (exponentially)-6 b(.)2040 2713 y Ff(\017)55 b Fk(T)-5 b(ype)20 b(2:)28 b Fj(AC)6 b(R)2605 2725 y Fh(iu)2672 2713 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))2123 2813 y Fj(AC)g(R)q Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))18 b Fk(is)h(increased)g(and)g(the)f(of)o(fered)h(load)f (to)h(the)g(link)g(is)f(below)2040 2912 y(its)j(capacity)g Fj(B)t(W)11 b Fk(.)2040 3013 y Ff(\017)55 b Fk(T)-5 b(ype)20 b(3:)28 b Fj(AC)6 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y Fh(sx)2040 613 y Fg(4\))42 b(Numerical)20 b(Examples:)2040 720 y Fk(In)42 b(this)g(subsection,)47 b(some)42 b(numerical)g(examples)g(for)g(the)g (EFCI)2040 820 y(switch)26 b(are)g(provided.)44 b(In)26 b(these)g(examples,)h(both)f Fj(Q)3663 832 y Fh(H)3751 820 y Fk(and)g Fj(Q)3963 832 y Fh(L)4039 820 y Fk(are)2040 920 y(identically)18 b(set)g(to)g(500,)g(and)g(other)g(control)g (parameters)g(are)g(set)g(to)g(the)2040 1019 y(suggested)j(values)g (shown)f(in)h([7].)2078 2568 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 266 @urx 201 @ury 2430 @rwi @setspecial /gnudict 50 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt 31.5 def /vpt 31.5 def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup 4 get show dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 4 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /PL { stroke gnulinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 dl 2 dl] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /P { stroke [] 0 setdash currentlinewidth 2 div sub M 0 currentlinewidth V stroke } def /D { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke P } def /A { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /B { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke P } def /C { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /T { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke P } def /S { 2 copy A C} def /F { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add moveto 0 vpt2 neg rlineto hpt2 0 rlineto 0 vpt2 rlineto hpt2 neg 0 rlineto closepath fill } def /I { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add moveto hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul rlineto hpt 2 mul 0 rlineto hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul rlineto closepath fill } def end gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray /Helvetica findfont 140 scalefont setfont newpath LTa 840 351 M 3249 0 V 840 351 M 0 2602 V LTb 840 351 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 351 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1001 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1001 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (500)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1652 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1652 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2302 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2302 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1500)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2953 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2953 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (2000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 840 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1652 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 1652 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (5)] ] -46.7 Cshow 2464 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 2464 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (10)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3277 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 3277 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (15)] ] -46.7 Cshow 4089 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 4089 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (20)] ] -46.7 Cshow 840 351 M 3249 0 V 0 2602 V -3249 0 V 840 351 L stroke 140 1652 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Queue Length: Q\(t\))] ] -46.7 Cshow grestore 2464 71 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Time \(msec\))] ] -46.7 Cshow LT0 3606 2750 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=0.02)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3690 2750 M 252 0 V 856 351 M 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 2 V 16 4 V 16 6 V 16 8 V 17 11 V 16 12 V 16 14 V 16 16 V 17 18 V 16 19 V 16 22 V 16 23 V 17 25 V 16 26 V 16 28 V 16 30 V 17 31 V 16 33 V 16 34 V 16 35 V 17 37 V 16 37 V 16 39 V 16 41 V 17 41 V 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-39 V 16 -39 V 16 -37 V 17 -35 V 16 -13 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 17 2 V 16 3 V 16 5 V 16 6 V 14 6 V stroke grestore end showpage @endspecial 2040 2750 a(Fig.)16 b(2:)26 b(Ef)n(fect)34 b(of)h(Propagation)f(Delay)g(on)g Fj(Q)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))h Fk(in)f(EFCI)g(Switch)2278 2850 y(\()p Fj(N)2373 2862 y Fh(V)s(C)2493 2850 y Fi(=)23 b(10)p Fk(\).)2078 4502 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 266 @urx 201 @ury 2430 @rwi @setspecial /gnudict 50 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt 31.5 def /vpt 31.5 def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup 4 get show dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 4 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /PL { stroke gnulinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 dl 2 dl] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /P { stroke [] 0 setdash currentlinewidth 2 div sub M 0 currentlinewidth V stroke } def /D { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke P } def /A { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /B { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke P } def /C { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /T { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke P } def /S { 2 copy A C} def /F { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add moveto 0 vpt2 neg rlineto hpt2 0 rlineto 0 vpt2 rlineto hpt2 neg 0 rlineto closepath fill } def /I { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add moveto hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul rlineto hpt 2 mul 0 rlineto hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul rlineto closepath fill } def end gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray /Helvetica findfont 140 scalefont setfont newpath LTa 840 351 M 3249 0 V 840 351 M 0 2602 V LTb 840 351 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 351 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 871 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 871 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (2000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1392 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1392 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (4000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1912 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1912 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (6000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2433 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2433 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (8000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2953 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2953 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (10000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 840 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1652 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 1652 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (5)] ] -46.7 Cshow 2464 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 2464 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (10)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3277 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 3277 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (15)] ] -46.7 Cshow 4089 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 4089 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (20)] ] -46.7 Cshow 840 351 M 3249 0 V 0 2602 V -3249 0 V 840 351 L stroke 140 1652 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Queue Length: Q\(t\))] ] -46.7 Cshow grestore 2464 71 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Time \(msec\))] ] -46.7 Cshow LT0 3606 2750 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Nvc=5)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3690 2750 M 252 0 V 856 351 M 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 1 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 17 0 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 17 2 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 1 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 3 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 3 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 3 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 3 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 3 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 18 2 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 17 1 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 17 0 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -2 V 17 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 17 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 0 V 17 -1 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 1 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 27 2 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 0 V 16 -1 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 0 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 19 1 V 16 1 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 17 0 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 0 V 17 -1 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 1 0 V LT1 3606 2610 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Nvc=10)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3690 2610 M 252 0 V 856 351 M 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 3 V 16 2 V 16 4 V 17 3 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 5 V 17 5 V 16 5 V 16 6 V 16 6 V 17 6 V 16 7 V 16 6 V 16 7 V 17 8 V 16 7 V 16 8 V 16 8 V 17 8 V 16 9 V 24 12 V 16 9 V 16 7 V 16 7 V 17 7 V 16 7 V 16 6 V 16 5 V 17 6 V 16 4 V 16 5 V 16 4 V 17 4 V 16 4 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 17 3 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 1 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -1 V 17 -2 V 16 -3 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -2 V 16 -4 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -3 V 16 -4 V 17 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 17 -4 V 16 -5 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 17 -4 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -2 V 17 -2 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 17 1 V 16 2 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 17 3 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 29 8 V 16 5 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 17 3 V 16 4 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 17 2 V 16 3 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 17 0 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -1 V 16 -2 V 17 -2 V 16 -1 V 16 -3 V 16 -2 V 17 -2 V 16 -3 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 17 -1 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 18 4 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 16 2 V 17 3 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 17 0 V 11 0 V LT2 3606 2470 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Nvc=15)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3690 2470 M 252 0 V 856 352 M 16 2 V 17 3 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 5 V 17 5 V 16 6 V 16 7 V 16 7 V 17 8 V 16 9 V 16 9 V 16 10 V 17 10 V 16 10 V 16 12 V 16 11 V 27 20 V 17 12 V 16 11 V 16 11 V 16 11 V 17 10 V 16 9 V 16 10 V 16 9 V 17 8 V 16 8 V 16 8 V 16 8 V 16 7 V 17 7 V 16 6 V 16 6 V 16 6 V 17 6 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 17 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 17 3 V 16 4 V 16 2 V 16 3 V 17 3 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 17 2 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 16 0 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 -2 V 16 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 17 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 17 -3 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -3 V 17 -4 V 16 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 17 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 17 -5 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 16 -4 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 16 -6 V 16 -5 V 16 -6 V 17 -5 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -5 V 17 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 17 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 17 -6 V 16 -5 V 16 -4 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -2 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 0 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 16 3 V 17 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 6 V 31 11 V 16 6 V 16 6 V 16 5 V 17 5 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 17 5 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 17 3 V 16 3 V 16 4 V 16 3 V 17 2 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 1 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 17 0 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 -1 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 17 0 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -2 V 17 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 17 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 16 -2 V 17 -2 V 16 -3 V 16 -2 V 8 -1 V LT3 3606 2330 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Nvc=20)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3690 2330 M 252 0 V 856 355 M 16 6 V 17 6 V 16 8 V 16 8 V 16 10 V 17 10 V 16 11 V 16 12 V 16 12 V 17 14 V 16 14 V 16 15 V 18 17 V 16 15 V 17 14 V 16 14 V 16 14 V 16 13 V 17 13 V 16 12 V 16 12 V 16 12 V 17 11 V 16 11 V 16 11 V 16 10 V 17 10 V 16 10 V 16 9 V 16 9 V 17 8 V 16 9 V 16 8 V 16 7 V 17 8 V 16 7 V 16 7 V 16 6 V 17 7 V 16 6 V 16 5 V 16 6 V 17 5 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 16 4 V 17 5 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 3 V 16 4 V 17 3 V 16 3 V 16 2 V 16 3 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 17 0 V 16 -1 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -1 V 17 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 17 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -2 V 16 -3 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -4 V 17 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -3 V 16 -4 V 17 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 17 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 17 -4 V 16 -5 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -6 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -6 V 16 -5 V 17 -6 V 16 -5 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 17 -5 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 17 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 17 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -7 V 17 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -7 V 16 -6 V 17 -6 V 16 -7 V 16 -6 V 16 -7 V 17 -7 V 16 -6 V 16 -7 V 16 -7 V 16 -6 V 17 -7 V 16 -7 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 17 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 17 -1 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 17 3 V 16 4 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 17 7 V 17 7 V 16 7 V 17 7 V 16 6 V 16 7 V 16 6 V 16 6 V 17 5 V 16 6 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 17 6 V 16 4 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 17 4 V 16 5 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 17 3 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 3 V 17 3 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 17 3 V 13 2 V LT4 3606 2190 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Nvc=50)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3690 2190 M 252 0 V 856 373 M 16 27 V 17 30 V 16 32 V 27 57 V 16 34 V 17 33 V 16 33 V 16 32 V 16 31 V 17 32 V 16 30 V 16 30 V 16 30 V 17 29 V 16 29 V 16 28 V 16 28 V 17 27 V 16 27 V 16 26 V 16 26 V 16 25 V 17 25 V 16 24 V 16 25 V 16 23 V 17 24 V 16 22 V 16 23 V 16 22 V 17 21 V 16 22 V 16 21 V 16 20 V 17 20 V 16 20 V 16 19 V 16 19 V 17 19 V 16 18 V 16 18 V 16 18 V 17 17 V 16 17 V 16 17 V 16 16 V 17 16 V 16 15 V 16 16 V 16 15 V 17 14 V 16 15 V 16 14 V 16 14 V 17 13 V 16 14 V 16 12 V 16 13 V 17 13 V 16 12 V 16 12 V 16 11 V 17 11 V 16 12 V 16 10 V 16 11 V 17 10 V 16 10 V 16 10 V 16 10 V 16 9 V 17 9 V 16 9 V 16 9 V 16 8 V 17 9 V 16 8 V 16 7 V 16 8 V 17 7 V 16 7 V 16 7 V 16 7 V 17 7 V 16 6 V 16 6 V 16 6 V 17 6 V 16 6 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 17 5 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 17 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 17 4 V 16 3 V 16 4 V 16 3 V 17 3 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 16 2 V 17 3 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 3 V 17 1 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 17 2 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 17 1 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 -1 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 -2 V 16 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -1 V 17 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 17 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -2 V 16 -3 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -4 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -3 V 16 -4 V 17 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 17 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 17 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 17 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 16 -4 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 5 -2 V stroke grestore end showpage @endspecial 2040 4685 a(Fig.)16 b(3:)26 b(Ef)n(fect)18 b(of)f Fj(N)2650 4697 y Fh(V)s(C)2766 4685 y Fk(on)h Fj(Q)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))f Fk(in)h(EFCI)f(Switch)h(\()p Fj(\034)32 b Fi(=)23 b(0)p Fj(:)p Fi(02)18 b Fk(msec\).)2123 4902 y(The)25 b(ef)o(fects)g(of)g(the)g(propagation)g(delays)g(on)g Fj(Q)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))g Fk(are)h(displayed)2040 5001 y(in)32 b(Fig.)h(2)f(for)g Fj(N)2570 5013 y Fh(V)s(C)2730 5001 y Fi(=)62 b(10)p Fk(.)g(Since)32 b(a)g(lar)o(ger)g(value)g(of)g Fj(\034)42 b Fk(causes)2040 5101 y(slower)23 b(congestion)g (noti\256cation,)g(the)g(queue)g(length)g(is)g(built)g(up)g(ini-)2040 5201 y(tially)-5 b(.)26 b(Therefore,)16 b(it)g(is)f(hard)h(to)f (directly)h(apply)f(EFCI)h(switches)f(in)h(the)2040 5300 y(case)22 b(where)g(we)g(interconnect)g(LANs)g(located)g(in)g(the)g (long)g(distance.)2040 5400 y(After)f(then,)g(the)f(queue)h(length)g (is)g(cyclically)f(\257uctuated.)p eop 4 3 bop -277 -217 a Fk(Figure)41 b(3)g(shows)f Fj(Q)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))h Fk(for)g(dif)n(ferent)g(values)g(of)g Fj(N)1405 -205 y Fh(V)s(C)1502 -217 y Fk(.)88 b(The)-360 -117 y(propagation)24 b(delay)g(between)g(the)f(source)h(and)g (destination)g(end)g(sys-)-360 -18 y(tems)f(are)g(set)g(to)g(be)g(0.05) g(ms)g(\(around)g(2)g(km\))g(as)g(a)g(typical)g(value)g(for)-360 82 y(a)e(LAN)f(environment.)28 b(It)20 b(is)h(obvious)f(that)h(the)f (lar)o(ge)g Fj(N)1306 94 y Fh(V)s(C)1424 82 y Fk(causes)h(an)-360 182 y(increase)e(of)h(the)f(maximum)h(queue)f(length)h(even)f(in)h(the) f(case)h(of)f(short)-360 281 y(propagation)i(delays.)-322 1870 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 266 @urx 201 @ury 2430 @rwi @setspecial /gnudict 50 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt 31.5 def /vpt 31.5 def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup 4 get show dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 4 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /PL { stroke gnulinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 dl 2 dl] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /P { stroke [] 0 setdash currentlinewidth 2 div sub M 0 currentlinewidth V stroke } def /D { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke P } def /A { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /B { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke P } def /C { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /T { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke P } def /S { 2 copy A C} def /F { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add moveto 0 vpt2 neg rlineto hpt2 0 rlineto 0 vpt2 rlineto hpt2 neg 0 rlineto closepath fill } def /I { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add moveto hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul rlineto hpt 2 mul 0 rlineto hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul rlineto closepath fill } def end gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray /Helvetica findfont 140 scalefont setfont newpath LTa 840 351 M 3249 0 V 840 351 M 0 2602 V LTb 840 351 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 351 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 871 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 871 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (2000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1392 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1392 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (4000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1912 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1912 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (6000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2433 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2433 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (8000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2953 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2953 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (10000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 840 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1652 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 1652 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (5)] ] -46.7 Cshow 2464 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 2464 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (10)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3277 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 3277 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (15)] ] -46.7 Cshow 4089 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 4089 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (20)] ] -46.7 Cshow 840 351 M 3249 0 V 0 2602 V -3249 0 V 840 351 L stroke 140 1652 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Queue Length: Q\(t\))] ] -46.7 Cshow grestore 2464 71 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Time \(msec\))] ] -46.7 Cshow LT0 3602 1132 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (ICR = BW)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (/10)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3686 1132 M 252 0 V 856 394 M 16 50 V 30 94 V 16 51 V 16 50 V 17 49 V 16 48 V 16 46 V 16 46 V 17 45 V 16 44 V 16 42 V 16 42 V 17 41 V 16 40 V 16 39 V 16 39 V 17 37 V 16 37 V 16 35 V 16 35 V 17 34 V 16 34 V 16 32 V 16 32 V 17 31 V 16 31 V 16 29 V 16 29 V 17 29 V 16 27 V 16 27 V 16 27 V 17 25 V 16 25 V 16 25 V 16 24 V 17 23 V 16 23 V 16 22 V 16 21 V 17 21 V 16 21 V 16 20 V 16 19 V 17 19 V 16 18 V 16 18 V 16 18 V 17 17 V 16 16 V 16 16 V 16 16 V 16 15 V 17 14 V 16 15 V 16 14 V 16 13 V 17 13 V 16 13 V 16 12 V 16 12 V 17 11 V 16 12 V 16 10 V 16 11 V 17 10 V 16 10 V 16 9 V 16 9 V 17 9 V 16 8 V 16 8 V 16 8 V 17 8 V 16 7 V 16 7 V 16 6 V 17 7 V 16 6 V 16 6 V 16 5 V 17 6 V 16 5 V 16 4 V 16 5 V 17 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 17 3 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 17 3 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 1 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -2 V 17 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 17 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -2 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 17 -2 V 16 -4 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -3 V 16 -4 V 17 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 17 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 17 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -4 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -6 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -6 V 16 -5 V 17 -6 V 16 -5 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 17 -6 V 16 -5 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 17 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 17 -7 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 16 -6 V 17 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5 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 17 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 17 4 V 16 3 V 16 4 V 16 3 V 17 3 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 16 2 V 17 3 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 3 V 17 1 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 17 2 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 17 1 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 -1 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 17 -2 V 16 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -1 V 17 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 17 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -2 V 16 -3 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -4 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 17 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -3 V 16 -4 V 17 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 17 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 17 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 17 -4 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 16 -4 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 17 -5 V 5 -2 V LT2 3602 852 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (ICR = BW)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (/30)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3686 852 M 252 0 V 856 366 M 16 20 V 17 22 V 16 24 V 16 27 V 31 55 V 16 29 V 16 29 V 16 28 V 17 28 V 16 28 V 16 27 V 16 27 V 17 26 V 16 26 V 16 25 V 16 26 V 17 24 V 16 25 V 16 24 V 16 23 V 17 23 V 16 23 V 16 23 V 16 22 V 17 22 V 16 21 V 16 21 V 16 21 V 16 20 V 17 20 V 16 20 V 16 20 V 16 19 V 17 18 V 16 19 V 16 18 V 16 18 V 17 17 V 16 18 V 16 17 V 16 16 V 17 16 V 16 17 V 16 15 V 16 16 V 17 15 V 16 15 V 16 15 V 16 14 V 17 14 V 16 14 V 16 14 V 16 13 V 17 13 V 16 13 V 16 13 V 16 12 V 17 12 V 16 12 V 16 12 V 16 11 V 17 11 V 16 11 V 16 11 V 16 10 V 17 11 V 16 10 V 16 10 V 16 9 V 17 10 V 16 9 V 16 9 V 16 9 V 17 8 V 16 9 V 16 8 V 16 8 V 17 8 V 16 7 V 16 8 V 16 7 V 16 7 V 17 7 V 16 7 V 16 6 V 16 7 V 17 6 V 16 6 V 16 6 V 16 5 V 17 6 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 16 6 V 17 4 V 16 5 V 16 5 V 16 4 V 17 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 16 4 V 17 4 V 16 4 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 17 3 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 17 2 V 16 3 V 16 2 V 16 2 V 17 3 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 17 2 V 16 1 V 16 2 V 16 1 V 17 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 16 1 V 17 0 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 16 0 V 17 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stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /PL { stroke gnulinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 dl 2 dl] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /P { stroke [] 0 setdash currentlinewidth 2 div sub M 0 currentlinewidth V stroke } def /D { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke P } def /A { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /B { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke P } def /C { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /T { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke P } def /S { 2 copy A C} def /F { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add moveto 0 vpt2 neg rlineto hpt2 0 rlineto 0 vpt2 rlineto hpt2 neg 0 rlineto closepath fill } def /I { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add moveto hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul rlineto hpt 2 mul 0 rlineto hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul rlineto closepath fill } def end gnudict begin gsave 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V stroke 840 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1652 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 1652 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (5)] ] -46.7 Cshow 2464 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 2464 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (10)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3277 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 3277 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (15)] ] -46.7 Cshow 4089 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 4089 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (20)] ] -46.7 Cshow 840 351 M 3249 0 V 0 2602 V -3249 0 V 840 351 L stroke 140 1652 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Queue Length: Q\(t\))] ] -46.7 Cshow grestore 2464 71 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Time \(msec\))] ] -46.7 Cshow LT0 3606 2750 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=0.02)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3690 2750 M 252 0 V 856 351 M 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 3 V 16 5 V 16 8 V 16 11 V 17 13 V 16 16 V 16 19 V 16 21 V 17 24 V 16 26 V 16 29 V 16 30 V 17 34 V 16 35 V 16 37 V 16 39 V 17 42 V 16 43 V 16 45 V 16 47 V 17 49 V 16 50 V 16 53 V 16 53 V 17 55 V 16 57 V 23 80 V 16 54 V 16 50 V 16 48 V 17 46 V 16 42 V 16 40 V 16 38 V 17 35 V 16 33 V 16 30 V 16 28 V 17 26 V 16 24 V 16 22 V 16 19 V 17 18 V 16 16 V 16 14 V 16 12 V 17 10 V 16 8 V 16 7 V 16 5 V 17 4 V 16 2 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 17 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 16 -7 V 17 -8 V 16 -9 V 16 -10 V 16 -12 V 17 -13 V 16 -14 V 16 -15 V 16 -17 V 17 -17 V 16 -18 V 16 -20 V 16 -20 V 16 -21 V 17 -23 V 16 -23 V 16 -24 V 16 -25 V 17 -25 V 16 -27 V 16 -27 V 16 -29 V 17 -28 V 16 -30 V 16 -31 V 16 -31 V 17 -31 V 16 -33 V 16 -33 V 16 -34 V 17 -34 V 16 -31 V 16 -29 V 16 -26 V 17 -22 V 16 -20 V 16 -16 V 16 -14 V 17 -10 V 16 -7 V 16 -5 V 16 -2 V 17 2 V 16 4 V 16 7 V 16 10 V 17 12 V 16 15 V 16 18 V 16 20 V 17 23 V 16 25 V 16 28 V 16 30 V 18 33 V 16 29 V 16 27 V 17 25 V 16 24 V 16 22 V 16 21 V 17 19 V 16 17 V 16 16 V 16 15 V 17 13 V 16 11 V 16 11 V 16 9 V 17 7 V 16 7 V 16 5 V 16 4 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 17 -2 V 16 -3 V 16 -5 V 16 -5 V 17 -6 V 16 -7 V 16 -9 V 16 -9 V 17 -10 V 16 -12 V 16 -12 V 16 -13 V 16 -14 V 17 -14 V 16 -16 V 16 -17 V 16 -17 V 17 -18 V 16 -19 V 16 -20 V 16 -20 V 17 -21 V 16 -22 V 16 -23 V 16 -21 V 17 -19 V 16 -16 V 16 -13 V 16 -10 V 17 -7 V 16 -4 V 16 -1 V 16 2 V 17 5 V 16 8 V 16 10 V 16 13 V 17 16 V 16 18 V 30 38 V 16 20 V 16 19 V 17 17 V 16 15 V 16 15 V 16 13 V 17 12 V 16 10 V 16 10 V 16 8 V 17 7 V 16 6 V 16 5 V 16 4 V 17 2 V 16 2 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 11 -1 V LT1 3606 2610 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=0.20)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3690 2610 M 252 0 V 856 351 M 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 3 V 17 6 V 16 9 V 16 11 V 16 14 V 17 17 V 16 20 V 16 22 V 16 24 V 17 27 V 16 29 V 16 32 V 16 33 V 17 36 V 16 38 V 16 40 V 16 42 V 17 44 V 16 45 V 16 48 V 16 49 V 17 51 V 16 53 V 16 54 V 16 55 V 17 57 V 18 66 V 16 56 V 17 53 V 16 49 V 16 47 V 16 45 V 17 41 V 16 39 V 16 37 V 16 34 V 17 32 V 16 30 V 16 27 V 16 25 V 17 23 V 16 21 V 16 18 V 16 17 V 17 15 V 16 13 V 16 11 V 16 10 V 17 7 V 16 6 V 16 5 V 16 3 V 17 1 V 16 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -4 V 16 -4 V 17 -6 V 16 -8 V 16 -8 V 16 -10 V 17 -12 V 16 -12 V 16 -13 V 16 -15 V 17 -16 V 16 -17 V 16 -18 V 16 -19 V 17 -20 V 16 -20 V 16 -22 V 16 -23 V 17 -24 V 16 -24 V 16 -26 V 16 -26 V 17 -27 V 16 -28 V 16 -29 V 16 -29 V 17 -30 V 16 -31 V 16 -32 V 16 -32 V 17 -33 V 16 -33 V 16 -34 V 16 -35 V 17 -35 V 16 -32 V 16 -29 V 16 -27 V 17 -23 V 16 -20 V 16 -17 V 16 -14 V 17 -11 V 16 -8 V 16 -5 V 16 -2 V 17 1 V 16 3 V 16 7 V 16 9 V 16 12 V 17 15 V 16 17 V 16 20 V 16 22 V 17 25 V 16 27 V 16 29 V 16 32 V 18 37 V 16 32 V 17 31 V 16 28 V 16 27 V 16 25 V 17 24 V 16 22 V 16 20 V 16 18 V 17 17 V 16 16 V 16 14 V 16 12 V 17 11 V 16 10 V 16 8 V 16 7 V 17 6 V 16 4 V 16 3 V 16 2 V 17 1 V 16 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -2 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -6 V 16 -7 V 17 -8 V 16 -10 V 16 -10 V 16 -11 V 17 -12 V 16 -14 V 16 -14 V 16 -15 V 17 -15 V 16 -17 V 16 -18 V 16 -18 V 17 -19 V 16 -20 V 16 -21 V 16 -21 V 16 -22 V 17 -23 V 16 -24 V 16 -24 V 16 -25 V 17 -23 V 16 -20 V 16 -17 V 16 -14 V 17 -11 V 16 -8 V 16 -5 V 16 -2 V 17 1 V 16 3 V 16 7 V 16 9 V 17 12 V 16 15 V 16 17 V 16 20 V 17 22 V 23 37 V 17 24 V 16 23 V 16 21 V 16 20 V 17 18 V 16 17 V 16 16 V 5 4 V LT2 3606 2470 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=0.50)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3690 2470 M 252 0 V 872 351 M 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 8 V 16 10 V 16 13 V 17 16 V 16 18 V 16 21 V 16 23 V 17 25 V 16 28 V 16 31 V 16 32 V 17 35 V 16 37 V 16 39 V 16 41 V 17 43 V 16 45 V 16 47 V 16 48 V 17 50 V 16 52 V 16 53 V 16 55 V 17 56 V 44 159 V 16 56 V 16 53 V 16 50 V 17 47 V 16 44 V 16 42 V 16 39 V 17 37 V 16 34 V 16 32 V 16 30 V 17 27 V 16 25 V 16 23 V 16 20 V 17 19 V 16 17 V 16 15 V 16 13 V 17 11 V 16 9 V 16 7 V 16 6 V 17 4 V 16 3 V 16 1 V 16 -1 V 17 -2 V 16 -3 V 16 -5 V 16 -6 V 17 -8 V 16 -9 V 16 -10 V 16 -11 V 16 -13 V 17 -14 V 16 -15 V 16 -16 V 16 -17 V 17 -18 V 16 -20 V 16 -20 V 16 -21 V 17 -22 V 16 -23 V 16 -24 V 16 -25 V 17 -26 V 16 -26 V 16 -28 V 16 -28 V 17 -29 V 16 -30 V 16 -30 V 16 -31 V 17 -32 V 16 -32 V 16 -34 V 16 -33 V 17 -35 V 16 -35 V 16 -35 V 16 -37 V 17 -36 V 16 -34 V 16 -31 V 16 -29 V 17 -25 V 16 -21 V 16 -19 V 16 -16 V 17 -13 V 16 -10 V 16 -7 V 16 -4 V 17 -1 V 16 2 V 16 5 V 16 8 V 17 10 V 16 13 V 16 15 V 16 19 V 16 20 V 17 24 V 16 25 V 16 28 V 16 31 V 17 32 V 16 35 V 33 76 V 16 36 V 16 34 V 17 32 V 16 30 V 16 29 V 16 26 V 17 24 V 16 23 V 16 21 V 16 20 V 17 17 V 16 17 V 16 14 V 16 13 V 17 12 V 16 10 V 16 8 V 16 7 V 17 6 V 16 4 V 16 3 V 16 2 V 17 1 V 16 -1 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -5 V 16 -5 V 16 -7 V 16 -7 V 17 -9 V 16 -10 V 16 -11 V 16 -12 V 17 -13 V 16 -13 V 16 -15 V 16 -16 V 17 -16 V 16 -18 V 16 -18 V 16 -19 V 16 -20 V 17 -21 V 16 -21 V 16 -23 V 16 -23 V 17 -24 V 16 -24 V 16 -26 V 16 -26 V 17 -26 V 16 -28 V 16 -27 V 16 -28 V 17 -25 V 16 -22 V 16 -19 V 16 -15 V 17 -13 V 16 -10 V 16 -7 V 16 -3 V 17 -1 V 16 2 V 4 1 V LT3 3606 2330 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=1.00)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3690 2330 M 252 0 V 889 351 M 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 1 V 16 9 V 16 12 V 16 15 V 17 18 V 16 19 V 16 23 V 16 25 V 17 27 V 16 30 V 16 31 V 16 34 V 17 37 V 16 38 V 16 40 V 16 43 V 17 44 V 16 46 V 16 48 V 16 49 V 17 51 V 16 53 V 16 54 V 16 56 V 17 57 V 50 187 V 16 58 V 17 55 V 16 53 V 16 49 V 16 46 V 17 44 V 16 41 V 16 38 V 16 36 V 17 33 V 16 31 V 16 29 V 16 26 V 17 25 V 16 21 V 16 20 V 16 18 V 17 16 V 16 14 V 16 12 V 16 10 V 17 8 V 16 7 V 16 5 V 16 3 V 17 2 V 16 0 V 16 -2 V 16 -3 V 17 -4 V 16 -6 V 16 -7 V 16 -9 V 17 -9 V 16 -12 V 16 -12 V 16 -13 V 16 -15 V 17 -16 V 16 -17 V 16 -18 V 16 -19 V 17 -20 V 16 -21 V 16 -22 V 16 -23 V 17 -24 V 16 -25 V 16 -25 V 16 -27 V 17 -27 V 16 -28 V 16 -29 V 16 -30 V 17 -30 V 16 -31 V 16 -32 V 16 -33 V 17 -33 V 16 -34 V 16 -34 V 16 -35 V 17 -36 V 16 -36 V 16 -37 V 16 -37 V 17 -38 V 16 -39 V 16 -39 V 16 -36 V 17 -34 V 16 -30 V 16 -28 V 16 -24 V 17 -22 V 16 -18 V 16 -15 V 16 -12 V 17 -10 V 16 -6 V 16 -3 V 16 -1 V 17 3 V 16 5 V 16 8 V 16 11 V 16 14 V 17 16 V 16 19 V 16 21 V 16 24 V 17 26 V 16 28 V 16 31 V 16 33 V 17 35 V 16 38 V 63 163 V 16 43 V 17 40 V 16 38 V 16 36 V 16 34 V 16 32 V 17 29 V 16 28 V 16 26 V 16 23 V 17 22 V 16 20 V 16 19 V 16 16 V 17 15 V 16 13 V 16 12 V 16 10 V 17 9 V 16 7 V 16 5 V 16 4 V 17 3 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 16 -1 V 17 -3 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 16 -6 V 17 -8 V 16 -9 V 16 -9 V 16 -11 V 17 -12 V 16 -13 V 16 -14 V 16 -15 V 17 -16 V 16 -17 V 16 -18 V 16 -19 V 17 -20 V 16 -20 V 16 -22 V 16 -22 V 17 -23 V 16 -24 V 16 -24 V LT4 3606 2190 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=2.00)] ] -46.7 Rshow 3690 2190 M 252 0 V 921 351 M 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 2 V 16 4 V 17 5 V 16 8 V 16 9 V 16 11 V 17 14 V 16 15 V 16 17 V 16 19 V 17 22 V 16 25 V 16 26 V 16 30 V 17 31 V 16 34 V 16 36 V 16 37 V 16 40 V 17 42 V 16 44 V 16 46 V 16 47 V 17 50 V 16 50 V 16 53 V 16 54 V 17 55 V 93 344 V 16 62 V 16 59 V 16 56 V 17 52 V 16 50 V 16 46 V 16 44 V 17 42 V 16 38 V 16 36 V 16 33 V 17 31 V 16 29 V 16 26 V 16 24 V 17 22 V 16 19 V 16 18 V 16 16 V 17 13 V 16 12 V 16 9 V 16 8 V 16 7 V 17 4 V 16 3 V 16 1 V 16 0 V 17 -2 V 16 -4 V 16 -5 V 16 -6 V 17 -8 V 16 -9 V 16 -10 V 16 -12 V 17 -13 V 16 -14 V 16 -15 V 16 -17 V 17 -17 V 16 -19 V 16 -20 V 16 -20 V 17 -22 V 16 -23 V 16 -23 V 16 -25 V 17 -25 V 16 -27 V 16 -27 V 16 -28 V 17 -28 V 16 -30 V 16 -30 V 16 -31 V 17 -32 V 16 -32 V 16 -34 V 16 -33 V 17 -35 V 16 -35 V 16 -35 V 16 -37 V 17 -37 V 16 -37 V 16 -38 V 16 -38 V 17 -39 V 16 -40 V 16 -40 V 16 -40 V 16 -41 V 17 -42 V 16 -41 V 16 -43 V 16 -41 V 17 -39 V 16 -36 V 16 -33 V 16 -29 V 17 -27 V 16 -23 V 16 -21 V 16 -17 V 17 -15 V 16 -11 V 16 -8 V 16 -6 V 17 -2 V 16 0 V 16 4 V 16 6 V 17 9 V 16 11 V 16 15 V 16 16 V 17 20 V 16 22 V 16 24 V 16 27 V 17 29 V 16 32 V 16 34 V 16 35 V 17 38 V 16 40 V 16 42 V 16 44 V 17 46 V 84 266 V 17 54 V 16 51 V 16 48 V 16 46 V 17 43 V 16 40 V 16 38 V 16 36 V 17 33 V 16 31 V 16 29 V 16 26 V 17 25 V 16 22 V 16 21 V 16 18 V 17 17 V 16 14 V 16 13 V 1 1 V stroke grestore end showpage @endspecial 2040 1298 a(Fig.)16 b(5:)26 b(Ef)n(fect)38 b(of)f(Propagation)h(Delay)g(on)g Fj(Q)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))f Fk(in)h(BES)g(Switch)2278 1398 y(\()p Fj(N)2373 1410 y Fh(V)s(C)2493 1398 y Fi(=)23 b(10)p Fk(\).)2040 1671 y Fg(2\))42 b(Numerical)20 b(Examples:)2040 1776 y Fk(T)-6 b(o)37 b(see)g(the)g(ef)n(fect)g(of)g(fast)g(congestion)g (noti\256cation)g(of)g(the)f(BES)2040 1875 y(switch,)27 b(the)e(dif)o(ferent)h(values)f(of)h(the)f(propagation)h(delays)g(are)f (used)2040 1975 y(to)h(illustrate)g(Fig.)h(5.)44 b(Here)26 b(the)g(propagation)g(delays)g Fj(\034)3724 1987 y Fh(sx)3823 1975 y Fk(\(from)g(the)2040 2075 y(source)18 b(end)g(system)g(to)g(the) g(switch\))g(and)g Fj(\034)3300 2087 y Fh(xd)3395 2075 y Fk(\(from)g(the)g(switch)g(to)g(the)2040 2174 y(destination)i(end)h (system\))f(are)h(set)f(to)h(be)f(identical.)28 b(The)20 b(initial)h(value)2040 2274 y(of)29 b Fj(M)9 b(AC)d(R)q Fk(,)31 b Fj(I)6 b(M)j(R)q Fk(,)31 b(is)e(set)g(to)g Fj(B)5 b(W)11 b Fk(.)53 b(As)29 b(described)g(in)g(the)g(previ-)2040 2373 y(ous)16 b(subsection,)g(the)g(threshold)f(values)h Fj(Q)3294 2385 y Fh(H)3372 2373 y Fk(is)g(not)f(meaningful)h(in)f(the) 2040 2473 y(current)20 b(analysis,)g(and)f Fj(D)s(QT)31 b Fk(is)19 b(set)h(to)g(be)f(500)h(which)g(is)f(identical)h(to)2040 2573 y Fj(Q)2106 2585 y Fh(H)2187 2573 y Fk(of)f(the)f(EFCI)h(switch.) 27 b(By)19 b(comparing)f(with)h(Fig.)g(2)g(for)f(the)h(EFCI)2040 2672 y(switch,)j(superiority)g(of)g(the)g(BES)g(switch)g(is)g(obvious.) 31 b(For)22 b(example,)2040 2772 y(the)c(maximum)f(queue)h(length)g (can)g(be)f(decreased)h(from)g(1700)f(to)h(1200)2040 2872 y(when)j Fj(\034)32 b Fi(=)23 b(2)p Fj(:)p Fi(0)p Fk(ms.)2078 4397 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 266 @urx 201 @ury 2430 @rwi @setspecial /gnudict 50 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt 31.5 def /vpt 31.5 def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup 4 get show dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 4 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke gnulinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /PL { stroke gnulinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 dl 2 dl] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /P { stroke [] 0 setdash currentlinewidth 2 div sub M 0 currentlinewidth V stroke } def /D { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke P } def /A { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /B { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke P } def /C { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /T { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke P } def /S { 2 copy A C} def /F { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add moveto 0 vpt2 neg rlineto hpt2 0 rlineto 0 vpt2 rlineto hpt2 neg 0 rlineto closepath fill } def /I { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add moveto hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul rlineto hpt 2 mul 0 rlineto hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul rlineto closepath fill } def end gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray /Helvetica findfont 140 scalefont setfont newpath LTa 840 351 M 3249 0 V 840 351 M 0 2602 V LTb 840 351 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 351 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 698 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 698 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (200)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1045 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1045 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (400)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1392 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1392 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (600)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1739 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1739 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (800)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2086 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2086 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2433 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2433 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1200)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2780 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2780 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (1400)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 840 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1652 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 1652 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (5)] ] -46.7 Cshow 2464 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 2464 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (10)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3277 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 3277 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (15)] ] -46.7 Cshow 4089 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 4089 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (20)] ] -46.7 Cshow 840 351 M 3249 0 V 0 2602 V -3249 0 V 840 351 L stroke 140 1652 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Queue Length: Q\(t\))] ] -46.7 Cshow grestore 2464 71 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Time \(msec\))] ] -46.7 Cshow LT0 3606 2750 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica-Oblique) 112.0 -42.0 true (sx)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=0.10)] ] -32.7 Rshow 3690 2750 M 252 0 V 856 351 M 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 6 V 16 18 V 17 21 V 16 23 V 16 25 V 16 28 V 17 30 V 16 32 V 16 35 V 16 37 V 16 38 V 17 41 V 16 43 V 16 44 V 16 47 V 17 48 V 16 50 V 16 52 V 16 53 V 17 54 V 16 56 V 16 58 V 24 88 V 17 59 V 16 55 V 16 53 V 16 50 V 17 46 V 16 45 V 16 41 V 16 39 V 17 37 V 16 33 V 16 32 V 16 29 V 16 27 V 17 25 V 16 22 V 16 21 V 16 18 V 17 17 V 16 14 V 16 13 V 16 10 V 17 9 V 16 8 V 16 5 V 16 4 V 17 2 V 16 1 V 16 -1 V 16 -2 V 17 -4 V 16 -5 V 16 -7 V 16 -8 V 17 -9 V 16 -11 V 16 -11 V 16 -13 V 17 -14 V 16 -16 V 16 -16 V 16 -17 V 17 -19 V 16 -19 V 16 -21 V 16 -21 V 17 -23 V 16 -23 V 16 -24 V 16 -25 V 17 -26 V 16 -27 V 16 -28 V 16 -28 V 17 -29 V 16 -30 V 16 -31 V 16 -31 V 17 -32 V 16 -33 V 16 -34 V 16 -34 V 16 -34 V 17 -35 V 16 -36 V 16 -37 V 16 -34 V 17 -32 V 16 -29 V 16 -26 V 16 -22 V 17 -20 V 16 -16 V 16 -14 V 16 -10 V 17 -8 V 16 -4 V 16 -2 V 16 1 V 17 4 V 16 7 V 16 10 V 16 12 V 17 15 V 16 18 V 16 20 V 16 23 V 17 25 V 16 28 V 16 29 V 16 33 V 32 68 V 16 36 V 16 34 V 16 33 V 17 30 V 16 29 V 16 27 V 16 25 V 17 23 V 16 22 V 16 20 V 16 18 V 17 16 V 16 15 V 16 14 V 16 12 V 17 11 V 16 9 V 16 7 V 16 7 V 17 5 V 16 3 V 16 3 V 16 1 V 17 -1 V 16 -1 V 16 -3 V 16 -3 V 16 -5 V 17 -6 V 16 -7 V 16 -9 V 16 -9 V 17 -10 V 16 -11 V 16 -13 V 16 -13 V 17 -14 V 16 -15 V 16 -16 V 16 -17 V 17 -18 V 16 -18 V 16 -20 V 16 -20 V 10 -12 V LT1 3606 2610 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica-Oblique) 112.0 -42.0 true (sx)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=0.30)] ] -32.7 Rshow 3690 2610 M 252 0 V 889 351 M 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 16 0 V 17 0 V 16 0 V 16 9 V 16 11 V 17 14 V 16 15 V 16 17 V 16 19 V 17 22 V 16 25 V 16 26 V 16 30 V 17 31 V 16 34 V 16 36 V 16 37 V 16 40 V 17 42 V 16 44 V 16 46 V 16 47 V 17 50 V 16 50 V 16 53 V 16 54 V 17 56 V 16 56 V 49 183 V 17 60 V 16 57 V 16 53 V 16 51 V 17 49 V 16 45 V 16 42 V 16 40 V 17 37 V 16 35 V 16 33 V 16 30 V 17 27 V 16 26 V 16 23 V 16 21 V 17 19 V 16 17 V 16 14 V 16 13 V 17 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Fi(\))3719 536 y Fh(N)3772 544 y Fb(V)q(C)3856 536 y Fe(\000)p Fd(1)3945 570 y Fi(\))2853 695 y(+\(1)g Ff(\000)h Fj(AV)f Fi(\))3254 660 y Fh(N)3307 668 y Fb(V)q(C)3395 695 y Fj(M)9 b(AC)d(R)q Fi(\()p Fj(t)3738 660 y Fe(0)3738 715 y Fh(n)3784 695 y Ff(\000)p Fi(\))p Fj(;)140 b Fk(\(1\))2040 884 y(where)18 b Fj(AV)36 b Fk(is)18 b(an)g(average)g(factor)-5 b(.)27 b(Note)18 b(that)f Fj(M)9 b(AC)d(R)q Fi(\()p Fj(t)3754 854 y Fe(0)3754 905 y Fh(n)3799 884 y Fi(\))18 b Fk(becomes)2040 984 y(identical)f(to)h Fj(AC)6 b(R)2616 954 y Fe(0)2640 984 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)2702 954 y Fe(0)2702 1004 y Fh(n)2747 984 y Fi(\))17 b Fk(when)h Fj(N)3061 996 y Fh(V)s(C)3182 984 y Fi(=)23 b Ff(1)p Fk(.)k(W)-7 b(e)17 b(have)g Fj(M)10 b(AC)5 b(R)3979 996 y Fh(n)4025 984 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))p Fk(,)2040 1083 y(which)15 b(is)h(de\256ned)f(as)h Fj(M)9 b(AC)d(R)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))16 b Fk(for)f Fj(t)3206 1095 y Fh(n)3256 1083 y Ff(\000)t Fj(\034)3361 1095 y Fh(sx)3438 1083 y Ff(\000)t Fi(2)p Fj(\034)3585 1095 y Fh(xd)3684 1083 y Ff(\024)23 b Fj(t)g(<)g(t)3942 1095 y Fh(n)p Fd(+1)4075 1083 y Ff(\000)2040 1183 y Fj(\034)2076 1195 y Fh(sx)2168 1183 y Ff(\000)18 b Fi(2)p Fj(\034)2329 1195 y Fh(xd)2426 1183 y Fk(as)2084 1372 y Fj(M)9 b(AC)d(R)2364 1384 y Fd(1)2401 1372 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))23 b(=)g Fj(I)7 b(M)i(R;)97 b Fi(0)23 b Ff(\024)g Fj(t)g(<)g(t)3245 1384 y Fd(2)3301 1372 y Ff(\000)18 b Fj(\034)3420 1384 y Fh(sx)3512 1372 y Ff(\000)g Fi(2)p Fj(\034)3673 1384 y Fh(xd)3749 1372 y Fj(;)2084 1497 y(M)9 b(AC)d(R)2364 1509 y Fh(n)2409 1497 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))23 b(=)2250 1622 y Fj(AC)6 b(R)2441 1587 y Fe(0)2464 1622 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)2526 1634 y Fh(n)2590 1622 y Ff(\000)18 b Fj(\034)2709 1634 y Fh(sx)2801 1622 y Ff(\000)g Fi(2)p Fj(\034)2962 1634 y Fh(xd)3038 1622 y Fi(\))3084 1554 y Fc(\000)3122 1622 y Fi(1)g Ff(\000)h Fi(\(1)f Ff(\000)h Fj(AV)f Fi(\))3602 1587 y Fh(N)3655 1595 y Fb(V)q(C)3739 1587 y Fe(\000)p Fd(1)3828 1554 y Fc(\001)2250 1758 y Fi(+\(1)g Ff(\000)h Fj(AV)f Fi(\))2651 1723 y Fh(N)2704 1731 y Fb(V)q(C)2792 1758 y Fj(M)9 b(AC)d(R)q Fi(\()p Fj(t)3135 1770 y Fh(n)3198 1758 y Ff(\000)18 b Fj(\034)3317 1770 y Fh(sx)3409 1758 y Ff(\000)g Fi(2)p Fj(\034)3570 1770 y Fh(xd)3646 1758 y Fi(\))2333 1882 y Fj(n)23 b Ff(\025)g Fi(2)p Fj(;)97 b(t)2685 1894 y Fh(n)2748 1882 y Ff(\000)18 b Fj(\034)2867 1894 y Fh(sx)2959 1882 y Ff(\000)g Fi(2)p Fj(\034)3120 1894 y Fh(xd)3219 1882 y Ff(\024)23 b Fj(t)g(<)g(t)3478 1894 y Fh(n)p Fd(+1)3625 1882 y Ff(\000)18 b Fj(\034)3744 1894 y Fh(sx)3836 1882 y Ff(\000)g Fi(2)p Fj(\034)3997 1894 y Fh(xd)4073 1882 y Fj(:)2078 4223 y @beginspecial -59 @llx 53 @lly 626 @urx 772 @ury 2430 @rwi @setspecial /arrowhead { 0 begin transform originalCTM itransform /taily exch def /tailx exch def transform originalCTM itransform /tipy exch def /tipx exch def /dy tipy taily sub def /dx tipx tailx sub def /angle dx 0 ne dy 0 ne or { dy dx atan } { 90 } ifelse def gsave originalCTM setmatrix tipx tipy translate angle rotate newpath arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div moveto 0 0 lineto arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div neg lineto patternNone not { originalCTM setmatrix /padtip arrowHeight 2 exp 0.25 arrowWidth 2 exp mul add sqrt brushWidth mul arrowWidth div def /padtail brushWidth 2 div def tipx tipy translate angle rotate padtip 0 translate arrowHeight padtip add padtail add arrowHeight div dup scale arrowheadpath ifill } if brushNone not { originalCTM setmatrix tipx tipy translate angle rotate arrowheadpath istroke } if grestore end } dup 0 9 dict put def /arrowheadpath { newpath arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div moveto 0 0 lineto arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div neg lineto } def /leftarrow { 0 begin y exch get /taily exch def x exch get /tailx exch def y exch get /tipy exch def x exch get /tipx exch def brushLeftArrow { tipx tipy tailx taily arrowhead } if end } dup 0 4 dict put def /rightarrow { 0 begin y exch get /tipy exch def x exch get /tipx exch def y exch get /taily exch def x exch get /tailx exch def brushRightArrow { tipx tipy tailx taily arrowhead } if end } dup 0 4 dict put def /arrowHeight 8 def /arrowWidth 4 def /IdrawDict 54 dict def IdrawDict begin /reencodeISO { dup dup findfont dup length dict begin { 1 index /FID ne { def }{ pop pop } ifelse } forall /Encoding ISOLatin1Encoding def currentdict end definefont } def /ISOLatin1Encoding [ /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent/ampersand/quoteright /parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/minus/period/slash /zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon/semicolon /less/equal/greater/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N /O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/bracketleft/backslash/bracketright /asciicircum/underscore/quoteleft/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m /n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/braceleft/bar/braceright/asciitilde /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/dotlessi/grave/acute/circumflex/tilde/macron/breve /dotaccent/dieresis/.notdef/ring/cedilla/.notdef/hungarumlaut /ogonek/caron/space/exclamdown/cent/sterling/currency/yen/brokenbar /section/dieresis/copyright/ordfeminine/guillemotleft/logicalnot /hyphen/registered/macron/degree/plusminus/twosuperior/threesuperior /acute/mu/paragraph/periodcentered/cedilla/onesuperior/ordmasculine /guillemotright/onequarter/onehalf/threequarters/questiondown /Agrave/Aacute/Acircumflex/Atilde/Adieresis/Aring/AE/Ccedilla /Egrave/Eacute/Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute/Icircumflex /Idieresis/Eth/Ntilde/Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis /multiply/Oslash/Ugrave/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute /Thorn/germandbls/agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis /aring/ae/ccedilla/egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave /iacute/icircumflex/idieresis/eth/ntilde/ograve/oacute/ocircumflex /otilde/odieresis/divide/oslash/ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex/udieresis /yacute/thorn/ydieresis ] def /Helvetica reencodeISO def /Helvetica-BoldOblique reencodeISO def /Helvetica-Oblique reencodeISO def /Symbol dup findfont def /none null def /numGraphicParameters 17 def /stringLimit 65535 def /Begin { save numGraphicParameters dict begin } def /End { end restore } def /SetB { dup type /nulltype eq { pop false /brushRightArrow idef false /brushLeftArrow idef true /brushNone idef } { /brushDashOffset idef /brushDashArray idef 0 ne /brushRightArrow idef 0 ne /brushLeftArrow idef /brushWidth idef false /brushNone idef } ifelse } def /SetCFg { /fgblue idef /fggreen idef /fgred idef } def /SetCBg { /bgblue idef /bggreen idef /bgred idef } def /SetF { /printSize idef /printFont idef } def /SetP { dup type /nulltype eq { pop true /patternNone idef } { dup -1 eq { /patternGrayLevel idef /patternString idef } { /patternGrayLevel idef } ifelse false /patternNone idef } ifelse } def /BSpl { 0 begin storexyn newpath n 1 gt { 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 true subspline n 2 gt { 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 false subspline 1 1 n 3 sub { /i exch def i 1 sub dup i dup i 1 add dup i 2 add dup false subspline } for n 3 sub dup n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 2 copy false subspline } if n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 2 copy 2 copy false subspline patternNone not brushLeftArrow not brushRightArrow not and and { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if 0 0 1 1 leftarrow n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup rightarrow } if end } dup 0 4 dict put def /Circ { newpath 0 360 arc patternNone not { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if } def /CBSpl { 0 begin dup 2 gt { storexyn newpath n 1 sub dup 0 0 1 1 2 2 true subspline 1 1 n 3 sub { /i exch def i 1 sub dup i dup i 1 add dup i 2 add dup false subspline } for n 3 sub dup n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 0 0 false subspline n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 0 0 1 1 false subspline patternNone not { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if } { Poly } ifelse end } dup 0 4 dict put def /Elli { 0 begin newpath 4 2 roll translate scale 0 0 1 0 360 arc patternNone not { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if end } dup 0 1 dict put def /Line { 0 begin 2 storexyn newpath x 0 get y 0 get moveto x 1 get y 1 get lineto brushNone not { istroke } if 0 0 1 1 leftarrow 0 0 1 1 rightarrow end } dup 0 4 dict put def /MLine { 0 begin storexyn newpath n 1 gt { x 0 get y 0 get moveto 1 1 n 1 sub { /i exch def x i get y i get lineto } for patternNone not brushLeftArrow not brushRightArrow not and and { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if 0 0 1 1 leftarrow n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup rightarrow } if end } dup 0 4 dict put def /Poly { 3 1 roll newpath moveto -1 add { lineto } repeat closepath patternNone not { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if } def /Rect { 0 begin /t exch def /r exch def /b exch def /l exch def newpath l b moveto l t lineto r t lineto r b lineto closepath patternNone not { ifill } if brushNone not { istroke } if end } dup 0 4 dict put def /Text { ishow } def /idef { dup where { pop pop pop } { exch def } ifelse } def /ifill { 0 begin gsave patternGrayLevel -1 ne { fgred bgred fgred sub patternGrayLevel mul add fggreen bggreen fggreen sub patternGrayLevel mul add fgblue bgblue fgblue sub patternGrayLevel mul add setrgbcolor eofill } { eoclip originalCTM setmatrix pathbbox /t exch def /r exch def /b exch def /l exch def /w r l sub ceiling cvi def /h t b sub ceiling cvi def /imageByteWidth w 8 div ceiling cvi def /imageHeight h def bgred bggreen bgblue setrgbcolor eofill fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor w 0 gt h 0 gt and { l w add b translate w neg h scale w h true [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] { patternproc } imagemask } if } ifelse grestore end } dup 0 8 dict put def /istroke { gsave brushDashOffset -1 eq { [] 0 setdash 1 setgray } { brushDashArray brushDashOffset setdash fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor } ifelse brushWidth setlinewidth originalCTM setmatrix stroke grestore } def /ishow { 0 begin gsave fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor /fontDict printFont printSize scalefont dup setfont def /descender fontDict begin 0 [FontBBox] 1 get FontMatrix end transform exch pop def /vertoffset 1 printSize sub descender sub def { 0 vertoffset moveto show /vertoffset vertoffset printSize sub def } forall grestore end } dup 0 3 dict put def /patternproc { 0 begin /patternByteLength patternString length def /patternHeight patternByteLength 8 mul sqrt cvi def /patternWidth patternHeight def /patternByteWidth patternWidth 8 idiv def /imageByteMaxLength imageByteWidth imageHeight mul stringLimit patternByteWidth sub min def /imageMaxHeight imageByteMaxLength imageByteWidth idiv patternHeight idiv patternHeight mul patternHeight max def /imageHeight imageHeight imageMaxHeight sub store /imageString imageByteWidth imageMaxHeight mul patternByteWidth add string def 0 1 imageMaxHeight 1 sub { /y exch def /patternRow y patternByteWidth mul patternByteLength mod def /patternRowString patternString patternRow patternByteWidth getinterval def /imageRow y imageByteWidth mul def 0 patternByteWidth imageByteWidth 1 sub { /x exch def imageString imageRow x add patternRowString putinterval } for } for imageString end } dup 0 12 dict put def /min { dup 3 2 roll dup 4 3 roll lt { exch } if pop } def /max { dup 3 2 roll dup 4 3 roll gt { exch } if pop } def /midpoint { 0 begin /y1 exch def /x1 exch def /y0 exch def /x0 exch def x0 x1 add 2 div y0 y1 add 2 div end } dup 0 4 dict put def /thirdpoint { 0 begin /y1 exch def /x1 exch def /y0 exch def /x0 exch def x0 2 mul x1 add 3 div y0 2 mul y1 add 3 div end } dup 0 4 dict put def /subspline { 0 begin /movetoNeeded exch def y exch get /y3 exch def x exch get /x3 exch def y exch get /y2 exch def x exch get /x2 exch def y exch get /y1 exch def x exch get /x1 exch def y exch get /y0 exch def x exch get /x0 exch def x1 y1 x2 y2 thirdpoint /p1y exch def /p1x exch def x2 y2 x1 y1 thirdpoint /p2y exch def /p2x exch def x1 y1 x0 y0 thirdpoint p1x p1y midpoint /p0y exch def /p0x exch def x2 y2 x3 y3 thirdpoint p2x p2y midpoint /p3y exch def /p3x exch def movetoNeeded { p0x p0y moveto } if p1x p1y p2x p2y p3x p3y curveto end } dup 0 17 dict put def /storexyn { /n exch def /y n array def /x n array def n 1 sub -1 0 { /i exch def y i 3 2 roll put x i 3 2 roll put } for } def /SSten { fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor dup true exch 1 0 0 -1 0 6 -1 roll matrix astore } def /FSten { dup 3 -1 roll dup 4 1 roll exch newpath 0 0 moveto dup 0 exch lineto exch dup 3 1 roll exch lineto 0 lineto closepath bgred bggreen bgblue setrgbcolor eofill SSten } def /Rast { exch dup 3 1 roll 1 0 0 -1 0 6 -1 roll matrix astore } def %I Idraw 10 Grid 10 10 Begin %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 0.955325 0 0 0.955325 0 0 ] concat /originalCTM matrix currentmatrix def Begin %I Line %I b 65535 2 1 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -114 -141 ] concat %I 144 861 144 601 Line %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -114 -41 ] concat %I 1 84 881 1 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -60.0001 589 ] concat %I [ (BW/Nvc) ] Text End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 2 0 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -114 -141 ] concat %I 144 601 714 601 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 2 0 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -114 -141 ] concat %I 144 251 714 251 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 2 1 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -116 -493 ] concat %I 144 861 144 601 Line %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -114 -141 ] concat %I 3 144 691 154 641 184 631 3 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -30.0001 269 ] concat %I [ (QH) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -60 703 ] concat %I [ (ACR\(t\)) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -50 363 ] concat %I [ (Q\(t\)) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-*-*-*-18-*-*-*-*-*-*-* Helvetica-Oblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 600 447 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-*-*-*-18-*-*-*-*-*-*-* Helvetica-Oblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 600 97 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 313 324 893 324 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 313 284 893 284 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 543 754 543 174 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 633 174 633 564 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 733 174 733 744 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 803 174 803 564 Line %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 4 633 564 633 654 673 734 733 744 4 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 4 803 564 823 664 853 714 883 734 4 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 353 174 353 554 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 313 644 883 644 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -30 229 ] concat %I [ (QL) ] Text End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 7 353 564 373 564 383 574 403 594 433 664 473 744 543 754 7 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 353 564 353 554 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 423 644 453 174 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 453 174 473 724 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 613 284 633 564 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 783 284 803 564 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 523 324 543 754 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 713 324 733 744 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 70 107 ] concat %I [ (t1) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 180 107 ] concat %I [ (t2) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 260 107 ] concat %I [ (t3) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 350 107 ] concat %I [ (t4) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 450 107 ] concat %I [ (t5) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 520 107 ] concat %I [ (t6) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--24-* Helvetica 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -50 803 ] concat %I [ (Phase) ] Text End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 473 724 473 174 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 274 -350 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -140 433 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -130 430 ] concat %I [ (sx) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 453 154 473 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 523 154 543 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 613 154 633 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 713 154 733 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 783 154 803 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 313 154 353 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 423 154 453 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 279 -489 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -110 573 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -100 567 ] concat %I [ (xds) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 48 90.9999 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 325 -492 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -110 573 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -100 567 ] concat %I [ (xds) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 442 -491 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -110 573 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -100 567 ] concat %I [ (xds) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 520 -490 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -110 573 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -100 567 ] concat %I [ (xds) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 614 -488 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -110 573 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -100 567 ] concat %I [ (xds) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 0 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 313 354 883 354 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -30 297 ] concat %I [ (DQT) ] Text End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 2 543 754 563 744 2 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 2 563 744 563 614 2 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 4 563 614 573 574 593 554 633 554 4 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 20 453 174 483 194 503 254 523 334 563 374 593 344 613 284 633 224 653 214 673 224 693 284 713 334 743 374 763 334 783 284 803 234 823 224 843 234 863 284 863 284 20 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 2 733 744 753 734 2 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 2 753 734 753 614 2 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 2 0 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 4 753 614 753 574 773 564 803 554 4 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 543 354 563 744 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 13107 1 0 1 [2 2] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 733 354 753 734 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 313 844 353 844 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 353 844 473 844 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 473 844 543 844 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 543 844 563 844 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 563 844 633 844 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 633 844 733 844 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 733 844 753 844 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 753 844 803 844 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 0 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 803 844 883 844 Line %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 0 0 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 3 793 784 663 784 563 704 3 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I BSpl %I b 65535 0 0 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -283 -64 ] concat %I 3 793 774 773 744 753 694 3 BSpl %I 1 End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 520 727 ] concat %I [ (Major Reduction) ] Text End Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -264 -64 ] concat %I 523 154 543 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 375 -492 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -110 573 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -100 567 ] concat %I [ (xds) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Line %I b 65535 0 1 1 [] 0 SetB %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I cbg White 1 1 1 SetCBg none SetP %I p n %I t [ 1 -0 -0 1 -262 -64 ] concat %I 713 154 733 154 Line %I 1 End Begin %I Pict %I b u %I cfg u %I cbg u %I f u %I p u %I t [ 1 0 0 1 565 -489 ] concat Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-24-* Symbol 24 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -110 573 ] concat %I [ (t) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-o-*--18-* Helvetica-BoldOblique 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 -100 567 ] concat %I [ (xds) ] Text End End %I eop Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 49 801 ] concat %I [ (1) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 120 802 ] concat %I [ (2) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 219 801 ] concat %I [ (3) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 273 801 ] concat %I [ (4) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 310 801 ] concat %I [ (5) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 388 800 ] concat %I [ (6) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 453 801 ] concat %I [ (7) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 495 800 ] concat %I [ (8) ] Text End Begin %I Text %I cfg Black 0 0 0 SetCFg %I f -adobe-helvetica-medium-r-*--18-* Helvetica 18 SetF %I t [ 1 0 0 1 554 800 ] concat %I [ (9) ] Text End End %I eop showpage end @endspecial 2103 4406 a Fk(Fig.)j(7:)27 b(Pictrial)21 b(V)-5 b(iew)21 b(of)g(EDS)f(Switch)h(with)g(Major)g(Reduction.)2123 4611 y(Using)c(the)g(above)h(functions,)f(we)h(now)f(obtain)g Fj(AC)6 b(R)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))18 b Fk(and)f Fj(Q)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))p Fk(.)2040 4710 y(Let)h Fj(AC)6 b(R)2359 4722 y Fh(n)2405 4710 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))18 b Fk(be)g Fj(AC)6 b(R)q Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))18 b Fk(for)h Fj(t)3063 4722 y Fh(n)3131 4710 y Ff(\024)k Fj(t)g Ff(\024)g Fj(t)3390 4722 y Fh(n)p Fd(+1)3519 4710 y Fi(\()p Fj(n)g Ff(\025)g Fi(0\))p Fk(.)k(Then,)19 b(we)2040 4810 y(have)i(\(see)g (Fig.7\))2040 5021 y Fj(AC)6 b(R)2230 5033 y Fh(n)2276 5021 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))23 b(=)g Fj(AC)6 b(R)2671 5033 y Fh(n)2717 5021 y Fi(\(0\))p Fj(e)2862 4987 y Fe(\000)2923 4957 y Fb(AC)s(R)3053 4965 y(n)3094 4957 y Fa(\(0\))p 2923 4974 244 4 v 2993 5007 a Fb(M)f(D)3177 4987 y Fd(\()p Fh(t)p Fe(\000)p Fh(t)3305 4995 y Fb(n)3346 4987 y Fd(\))3376 5021 y Fj(;)97 b(t)3526 5033 y Fh(n)3594 5021 y Ff(\024)23 b Fj(t)g(<)g(t)3852 5033 y Fh(n)p Fd(+1)2040 5211 y Fk(where)e(the)g (initial)f(values)h Fj(AC)6 b(R)3023 5223 y Fh(n)3069 5211 y Fi(\(0\))21 b Fk(are)g(given)f(as)2048 5400 y Fj(AC)6 b(R)2238 5412 y Fd(0)2276 5400 y Fi(\(0\))83 b(=)g Fj(I)7 b(C)e(R)q(;)1290 b Fk(\(2\))p eop 6 5 bop -352 -80 a Fj(AC)6 b(R)-162 -68 y Fd(1)-124 -80 y Fi(\(0\))83 b(=)157 -300 y Fc(8)157 -225 y(>)157 -200 y(>)157 -175 y(<)157 -26 y(>)157 -1 y(>)157 24 y(:)272 -230 y Fj(M)9 b(AC)d(R)552 -218 y Fd(1)590 -230 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)652 -218 y Fh(n)716 -230 y Ff(\000)18 b Fj(\034)835 -218 y Fh(sx)908 -230 y Fi(\))g Ff(\002)h Fj(M)9 b(R)q(F)r(;)355 -131 y Fk(if)21 b Fj(Q)493 -119 y Fd(0)530 -131 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)592 -119 y Fd(1)648 -131 y Ff(\000)d Fj(\034)767 -119 y Fh(sx)840 -131 y Fi(\))23 b Ff(\025)g Fj(D)r(QT)272 -31 y(AC)6 b(R)q Fi(\(2)p Fj(\034)573 -19 y Fh(sx)665 -31 y Fi(+)18 b Fj(\034)784 -19 y Fh(xd)861 -31 y Fi(\))g(+)h Fj(N)1051 -19 y Fh(RM)1174 -31 y Fi(\()p Fj(AI)7 b(R)19 b Fi(+)f Fj(AD)r(R)q Fi(\))p Fj(;)355 69 y Fk(otherwise)1698 -80 y(\(3\))-360 352 y Fj(AC)6 b(R)-170 364 y Fh(n)-124 352 y Fi(\(0\))83 b(=)157 132 y Fc(8)157 206 y(>)157 231 y(>)157 256 y(<)157 406 y(>)157 431 y(>)157 456 y(:)272 201 y Fj(M)9 b(AC)d(R)552 213 y Fh(n)598 201 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)660 213 y Fh(n)724 201 y Ff(\000)18 b Fj(\034)843 213 y Fh(sx)916 201 y Fi(\))g Ff(\002)h Fj(M)9 b(R)q(F)r(;)438 301 y Fk(if)21 b Fj(Q)576 313 y Fh(n)p Fe(\000)p Fd(1)706 301 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)768 313 y Fh(n)832 301 y Ff(\000)d Fj(\034)951 313 y Fh(sx)1024 301 y Fi(\))23 b Ff(\025)g Fj(D)r(QT)272 401 y(AC)6 b(R)462 413 y Fh(n)p Fe(\000)p Fd(1)593 401 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)655 413 y Fh(n)701 401 y Fi(\))p Fj(;)438 500 y Fk(otherwise)1698 352 y(\(4\))-360 677 y(Here,)27 b(we)f(should)f(take)h(account)g(of)f(possibilities)h (of)g(major)f(rate)h(re-)-360 777 y(duction.)-277 877 y(The)21 b(corresponding)g(queue)f(length)h(is)g(determined)g(as)-360 1113 y Fj(Q)-294 1125 y Fd(0)-257 1113 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))i(=)-52 1000 y Fc(Z)31 1021 y Fh(t)-6 1189 y(\034)25 1197 y Fb(sx)108 996 y Fc(\032)180 1057 y Fj(N)236 1069 y Fh(RM)378 1057 y Fi(+)18 b(1)p 180 1094 323 4 v 251 1170 a Fj(N)307 1182 y Fh(RM)512 1113 y Fj(N)579 1125 y Fh(V)s(C)677 1113 y Fj(AC)6 b(R)867 1125 y Fd(0)905 1113 y Fi(\()p Fj(x)18 b Ff(\000)h Fj(\034)1122 1125 y Fh(sx)1195 1113 y Fi(\))f Ff(\000)h Fj(B)t(W)1486 996 y Fc(\033)1562 1113 y Fj(dx;)-111 1283 y(\034)-75 1295 y Fh(sx)22 1283 y Ff(\024)k Fj(t)g(<)g(t)280 1295 y Fd(1)336 1283 y Fi(+)18 b Fj(\034)455 1295 y Fh(sx)528 1283 y Fj(;)-360 1408 y(Q)-294 1420 y Fh(n)-249 1408 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))23 b(=)g Fj(Q)22 1420 y Fh(n)p Fe(\000)p Fd(1)152 1408 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)214 1420 y Fh(n)278 1408 y Fi(+)18 b Fj(\034)397 1420 y Fh(sx)470 1408 y Fi(\))-194 1590 y(+)-115 1477 y Fc(Z)-33 1498 y Fh(t)-69 1666 y(t)-44 1674 y Fb(n)-4 1666 y Fd(+)p Fh(\034)78 1674 y Fb(sx)161 1473 y Fc(\032)233 1534 y Fj(N)289 1546 y Fh(RM)431 1534 y Fi(+)g(1)p 233 1571 V 304 1647 a Fj(N)360 1659 y Fh(RM)565 1590 y Fj(N)632 1602 y Fh(V)s(C)730 1590 y Fj(AC)6 b(R)920 1602 y Fh(n)966 1590 y Fi(\()p Fj(x)18 b Ff(\000)h Fj(\034)1183 1602 y Fh(sx)1256 1590 y Fi(\))f Ff(\000)h Fj(B)t(W)1547 1473 y Fc(\033)1623 1590 y Fj(dx;)-111 1760 y(t)-81 1772 y Fh(n)-17 1760 y Fi(+)f Fj(\034)102 1772 y Fh(sx)198 1760 y Ff(\024)23 b Fj(t)g(<)g(t)457 1772 y Fh(n)p Fd(+1)604 1760 y Fi(+)18 b Fj(\034)723 1772 y Fh(sx)797 1760 y Fj(:)-277 1942 y Fk(In)23 b(the)f(below)-5 b(,)23 b(we)g(will)f(derive) h(an)f(formula)h(for)g(the)f(queue)h(length)-360 2042 y(just)18 b(before)g(the)g(\256rst)g(major)g(reduction,)g(which)g(is)g (likely)g(to)g(happen)g(at)-360 2141 y(time)j Fj(t)-161 2153 y 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b(priority)g(discipline,)h(i.e.,)h(the)e(RM)g (cells)g(are)g(always)2040 -117 y(served)e(if)h(any)f(at)h(the)f (switch)h(buf)n(fer)l(.)41 b(The)26 b(additional)f(assumptions)2040 -18 y(for)c(the)g(analysis)f(to)h(be)g(tractable)g(are)f(described)h (below)-5 b(.)2123 82 y(\(1\))20 b(The)g(bandwidth)g(available)f(to)h (the)g(data)g(cells)g(is)g(given)g(by)f(sub-)2040 182 y(tracting)i(the)g(bandwidth)g(for)g(high)g(priority)f(RM)h(cells)g (from)g(the)g(total)2040 281 y(bandwidth,)g(i.e.,)2746 488 y Fj(B)t(W)2984 432 y(N)3040 444 y Fh(RM)p 2913 469 323 4 v 2913 545 a Fj(N)2969 557 y Fh(RM)3111 545 y Fi(+)d(1)3245 488 y Fj(:)2123 703 y Fk(\(2\))c Fj(AC)6 b(R)2425 672 y Fe(0)2449 703 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))14 b Fk(equals)g(to)h Fj(AC)6 b(R)p Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))14 b Fk(at)h(time)f Fj(t)q Ff(\000)q Fj(\034)3531 715 y Fh(sx)3618 703 y Fk(because)g(of)g(pref-)2040 802 y(erential)j(service)f(to)h(RM)f (cells,)h(that)g(is,)g(the)g(RM)f(cell)h(is)f(processed)h(im-)2040 902 y(mediately)k(on)g(its)f(arrival)h(at)g(the)g(switch.)2549 1076 y Fj(AC)6 b(R)2740 1041 y Fe(0)2763 1076 y Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))23 b(=)g Fj(AC)6 b(R)q Fi(\()p Fj(t)18 b Ff(\000)h Fj(\034)3359 1088 y Fh(sx)3433 1076 y Fi(\))2040 1249 y Fk(Therefore,)28 b(we)f(neglect)g(the)g(delay)g(due)g(to)g (contention)g(among)g(RM)2040 1349 y(cells.)2123 1449 y(\(3\))21 b Fj(n)p Fk(-th)g(backward)g(RM)g(cell)g(arrives)g(at)g(the) g(switch)g(at)g(time)g Fj(t)4006 1461 y Fh(n)4075 1449 y Fi(=)2040 1548 y Fj(s)2079 1560 y Fh(n)2143 1548 y Fi(+)d Fj(\034)31 b Fk(where)20 b Fj(s)2555 1560 y Fh(n)2620 1548 y Fk(satis\256es)2449 1648 y Fc(Z)2532 1668 y Fh(s)2563 1676 y Fb(n)2495 1836 y Fd(0)2622 1761 y Fj(AC)6 b(R)q Fi(\()p Fj(t)p Fi(\))p Fj(dt)23 b Fi(=)g(\()p Fj(n)18 b Ff(\000)h Fi(1\))13 b Fj(N)3419 1773 y Fh(RM)3542 1761 y Fj(:)478 b Fk(\(6\))2040 1975 y(That)21 b(is,)f(we)h(need)g(not)g (take)f(account)h(of)g(queuing)f(delay)h(of)g(RM)g(cells)2040 2075 y(due)g(to)g(its)f(priority)h(service.)2123 2174 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neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /T { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke P } def /S { 2 copy A C} def /F { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add moveto 0 vpt2 neg rlineto hpt2 0 rlineto 0 vpt2 rlineto hpt2 neg 0 rlineto closepath fill } def /I { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add moveto hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul rlineto hpt 2 mul 0 rlineto hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul rlineto closepath fill } def end gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray /Helvetica findfont 140 scalefont setfont newpath LTa 840 351 M 3249 0 V LTb 840 351 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 351 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (0)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1001 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1001 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (5000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 1652 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 1652 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (10000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2302 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2302 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (15000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 2953 M 63 0 V 3186 0 R -63 0 V stroke 756 2953 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (20000)] ] -46.7 Rshow 840 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 840 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (40)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1381 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 1381 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (50)] ] -46.7 Cshow 1923 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 1923 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (60)] ] -46.7 Cshow 2464 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 2464 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (70)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3006 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 3006 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (80)] ] -46.7 Cshow 3547 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 3547 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (90)] ] -46.7 Cshow 4089 351 M 0 63 V 0 2539 R 0 -63 V stroke 4089 211 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (100)] ] -46.7 Cshow 840 351 M 3249 0 V 0 2602 V -3249 0 V 840 351 L stroke 140 1652 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Maximum Queue Length)] ] -46.7 Cshow grestore 2464 71 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (Number of VCs)] ] -46.7 Cshow LT0 2194 2823 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (EFCI )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=0.20)] ] -46.7 Rshow 2278 2823 M 252 0 V 840 1017 M 1083 488 V 1083 537 V 1083 567 V 2362 2823 D 840 1017 D 1923 1505 D 3006 2042 D 4089 2609 D LT1 2194 2683 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (EFCI )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=0.02)] ] -46.7 Rshow 2278 2683 M 252 0 V 840 984 M 1083 479 V 1083 529 V 1083 559 V 2362 2683 A 840 984 A 1923 1463 A 3006 1992 A 4089 2551 A LT2 2194 2543 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (EDS )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=0.20)] ] -46.7 Rshow 2278 2543 M 252 0 V 840 654 M 1923 833 L 1083 474 V 1083 744 V 2362 2543 B 840 654 B 1923 833 B 3006 1307 B 4089 2051 B LT3 2194 2403 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (EDS )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=0.02)] ] -46.7 Rshow 2278 2403 M 252 0 V 840 648 M 1923 818 L 1083 453 V 1083 700 V 2362 2403 C 840 648 C 1923 818 C 3006 1271 C 4089 1971 C LT4 2194 2263 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (PEDS )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=0.20)] ] -46.7 Rshow 2278 2263 M 252 0 V 840 475 M 1083 10 V 1083 87 V 1083 87 V 2362 2263 T 840 475 T 1923 485 T 3006 572 T 4089 659 T LT5 2194 2123 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (PEDS )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true (=0.02)] ] -46.7 Rshow 2278 2123 M 252 0 V 840 464 M 1083 -1 V 1083 84 V 1083 85 V 2362 2123 S 840 464 S 1923 463 S 3006 547 S 4089 632 S stroke grestore end showpage @endspecial 2237 1298 a(Fig.)21 b(9:)27 b(Ef)o(fect)21 b(of)f Fj(N)2861 1310 y Fh(V)s(C)2979 1298 y Fk(on)h(Maximum)g(Queue)f (Length.)2424 1565 y Fm(IV)-13 b(.)50 b(CONCLUDING)25 b(REMARKS)2040 1683 y Fk(For)g(further)g(works,)h(some)f(mechanism)g (to)g(estimate)f(the)h(initial)g(cell)2040 1783 y(rate)15 b(appropriately)g(according)h(to)f(the)g(number)g(of)h(active)f (connections)2040 1883 y(should)29 b(be)f(investigated.)51 b(In)29 b(general,)h(it)f(is)f(not)h(easy)f(to)h(know)f(the)2040 1982 y(number)c(of)g(active)h(connections)f(in)g(advance.)38 b(However)m(,)25 b(an)f(appro-)2040 2082 y(priate)d(signalling)g (protocol)f(may)h(realize)g(such)g(a)f(mechanism.)2777 2291 y Fm(REFERENCES)2040 2409 y Fk([1])42 b(H.)61 b(Ohsaki,)73 b(M.)62 b(Murata,)72 b(H.)62 b(Suzuki,)72 b(C.)62 b(Ikeda,)72 b(and)2178 2509 y(H.)48 b(Miyahara,)56 b(\252Analysis)48 b(of)g(rate-based)h(congestion)f(con-)2178 2609 y(trol)38 b(methods)g(in)g(A)-9 b(TM)38 b(networks)g(\320)g(part)g(1:)62 b(Steady)38 b(state)2178 2708 y(analysis)21 b(\320,\272)g Fg(to)f(be)h(pr)m(esented)g(at)f(GLOBECOM)h('95)p Fk(,)g(1995.)2040 2808 y([2])42 b(H.)61 b(Ohsaki,)73 b(M.)62 b(Murata,)72 b(H.)62 b(Suzuki,)72 b(C.)62 b(Ikeda,)72 b(and)2178 2908 y(H.)44 b(Miyahara,)50 b(\252Rate-based)44 b(congestion)g(control)f (for)h(A)-9 b(TM)2178 3007 y(networks,\272)49 b Fg(ACM)43 b(SIGCOMM)h(Computer)f(Communication)2178 3107 y(Review)p Fk(,)21 b(vol.)g(25,)f(April)h(1995.)2040 3206 y([3])42 b(J.-C.)15 b(Bolot)g(and)g(A.)g(U.)g(Shankar)l(,)i(\252Dynamical)e (behavior)g(of)g(rate-)2178 3306 y(based)32 b(\257ow)f(control)h (mechanisms,\272)i Fg(Computer)e(Communica-)2178 3406 y(tion)21 b(Review)p Fk(,)g(vol.)f(20,)h(pp.)g(35\26149,)g(4)f(1990.) 2040 3505 y([4])42 b(K.)i(K.)g(Ramakrishnan)h(and)f(R.)h(Jain,)50 b(\252A)45 b(binary)f(feedback)2178 3605 y(scheme)30 b(for)g(congestion)g(avoidance)g(in)g(computer)f(networks,\272)2178 3705 y Fg(ACM)37 b(T)-5 b(ransactions)37 b(on)g(Computer)g(Systems)p Fk(,)k(vol.)c(8,)k(no.)c(2,)2178 3804 y(pp.)21 b(158\261181,)g(1990.) 2040 3904 y([5])42 b(N.)19 b(Y)-5 b(in)20 b(and)g(M.)f(G.)h(Hluchyj,)f (\252On)h(closed-loop)f(rate)h(control)f(for)2178 4003 y(A)-9 b(TM)27 b(cell)g(relay)g(networks,\272)i Fg(IEEE)e(INFOCOM)h ('94)p Fk(,)g(pp.)g(99\261)2178 4103 y(109,)21 b(June)g(1994.)2040 4203 y([6])42 b(J.)19 b(C.)h(R.)f(Bennett)h(and)g(G.)f(T)-6 b(.)20 b(D.)g(Jardins,)f(\252Failure)h(modes)g(of)f(the)2178 4302 y(baseline)27 b(rate)g(based)g(congestion)h(control)f(plan,\272)i Fg(A)l(TM)f(Forum)2178 4402 y(Contribution)21 b(94-0682)p Fk(,)g(July)f(1994.)2040 4502 y([7])42 b(L.)19 b(Roberts,)h (\252Enhanced)f(PRCA)h(\(proportional)f(rate-control)h(al-)2178 4601 y(gorithm\),\272)35 b Fg(A)m(TM)d(Forum)g(Contribution)g (94-0735R1)p Fk(,)j(August)2178 4701 y(1994.)p eop end userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if