%!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Creator: dvips(k) 5.94a p1.6 Copyright 2003 ASCII Corp.(www-ptex@ascii.co.jp) %%+ based on dvips(k) 5.94a Copyright 2003 Radical Eye Software (www.radicaleye.com) %%Title: paper.dvi %%CreationDate: Mon Oct 16 11:16:41 2006 %%Pages: 7 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%BoundingBox: 0 0 596 842 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Bold Times-Roman CMSY10 Times-Italic CMMI10 CMR10 %%+ CMSY7 CMMI7 Symbol Helvetica-BoldOblique Helvetica Helvetica-Bold %%+ Helvetica-Oblique Ryumin-Light-H %%EndComments %DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com) %DVIPSCommandLine: dvips paper.dvi %DVIPSParameters: dpi=600, compressed %DVIPSSource: TeX output 2006.10.16:1116 %%BeginProcSet: texc.pro 0 0 %! /TeXDict 300 dict def TeXDict begin/N{def}def/B{bind def}N/S{exch}N/X{S N}B/A{dup}B/TR{translate}N/isls false N/vsize 11 72 mul N/hsize 8.5 72 mul N/landplus90{false}def/@rigin{isls{[0 landplus90{1 -1}{-1 1}ifelse 0 0 0]concat}if 72 Resolution div 72 VResolution div neg scale isls{ landplus90{VResolution 72 div vsize mul 0 exch}{Resolution -72 div hsize mul 0}ifelse TR}if Resolution VResolution vsize -72 div 1 add mul TR[ matrix currentmatrix{A A round sub abs 0.00001 lt{round}if}forall round exch round exch]setmatrix}N/@landscape{/isls true N}B/@manualfeed{ statusdict/manualfeed true put}B/@copies{/#copies X}B/FMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0] N/FBB[0 0 0 0]N/nn 0 N/IEn 0 N/ctr 0 N/df-tail{/nn 8 dict N nn begin /FontType 3 N/FontMatrix fntrx N/FontBBox FBB N string/base X array /BitMaps X/BuildChar{CharBuilder}N/Encoding IEn N end A{/foo setfont}2 array copy cvx N load 0 nn put/ctr 0 N[}B/sf 0 N/df{/sf 1 N/fntrx FMat N df-tail}B/dfs{div/sf X/fntrx[sf 0 0 sf neg 0 0]N df-tail}B/E{pop nn A definefont setfont}B/Cw{Cd A length 5 sub get}B/Ch{Cd A length 4 sub get }B/Cx{128 Cd A length 3 sub get sub}B/Cy{Cd A length 2 sub get 127 sub} B/Cdx{Cd A length 1 sub get}B/Ci{Cd A type/stringtype ne{ctr get/ctr ctr 1 add N}if}B/id 0 N/rw 0 N/rc 0 N/gp 0 N/cp 0 N/G 0 N/CharBuilder{save 3 1 roll S A/base get 2 index get S/BitMaps get S get/Cd X pop/ctr 0 N Cdx 0 Cx Cy Ch sub Cx Cw add Cy setcachedevice Cw Ch true[1 0 0 -1 -.1 Cx sub Cy .1 sub]/id Ci N/rw Cw 7 add 8 idiv string N/rc 0 N/gp 0 N/cp 0 N{ rc 0 ne{rc 1 sub/rc X rw}{G}ifelse}imagemask restore}B/G{{id gp get/gp gp 1 add N A 18 mod S 18 idiv pl S get exec}loop}B/adv{cp add/cp X}B /chg{rw cp id gp 4 index getinterval putinterval A gp add/gp X adv}B/nd{ /cp 0 N rw exit}B/lsh{rw cp 2 copy get A 0 eq{pop 1}{A 255 eq{pop 254}{ A A add 255 and S 1 and or}ifelse}ifelse put 1 adv}B/rsh{rw cp 2 copy get A 0 eq{pop 128}{A 255 eq{pop 127}{A 2 idiv S 128 and or}ifelse} ifelse put 1 adv}B/clr{rw cp 2 index string putinterval adv}B/set{rw cp fillstr 0 4 index getinterval putinterval adv}B/fillstr 18 string 0 1 17 {2 copy 255 put pop}for N/pl[{adv 1 chg}{adv 1 chg nd}{1 add chg}{1 add chg nd}{adv lsh}{adv lsh nd}{adv rsh}{adv rsh nd}{1 add adv}{/rc X nd}{ 1 add set}{1 add clr}{adv 2 chg}{adv 2 chg nd}{pop nd}]A{bind pop} forall N/D{/cc X A type/stringtype ne{]}if nn/base get cc ctr put nn /BitMaps get S ctr S sf 1 ne{A A length 1 sub A 2 index S get sf div put }if put/ctr ctr 1 add N}B/I{cc 1 add D}B/bop{userdict/bop-hook known{ bop-hook}if/SI save N @rigin 0 0 moveto/V matrix currentmatrix A 1 get A mul exch 0 get A mul add .99 lt{/QV}{/RV}ifelse load def pop pop}N/eop{ SI restore userdict/eop-hook known{eop-hook}if showpage}N/@start{ userdict/start-hook known{start-hook}if pop/VResolution X/Resolution X 1000 div/DVImag X/IEn 256 array N 2 string 0 1 255{IEn S A 360 add 36 4 index cvrs cvn put}for pop 65781.76 div/vsize X 65781.76 div/hsize X}N /dir 0 def/dyy{/dir 0 def}B/dyt{/dir 1 def}B/dty{/dir 2 def}B/dtt{/dir 3 def}B/p{dir 2 eq{-90 rotate show 90 rotate}{dir 3 eq{-90 rotate show 90 rotate}{show}ifelse}ifelse}N/RMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0]N/BDot 260 string N/Rx 0 N/Ry 0 N/V{}B/RV/v{/Ry X/Rx X V}B statusdict begin/product where{pop false[(Display)(NeXT)(LaserWriter 16/600)]{A length product length le{A length product exch 0 exch getinterval eq{pop true exit}if}{pop}ifelse} forall}{false}ifelse end{{gsave TR -.1 .1 TR 1 1 scale Rx Ry false RMat{ BDot}imagemask grestore}}{{gsave TR -.1 .1 TR Rx Ry scale 1 1 false RMat {BDot}imagemask grestore}}ifelse B/QV{gsave newpath transform round exch round exch itransform moveto Rx 0 rlineto 0 Ry neg rlineto Rx neg 0 rlineto fill grestore}B/a{moveto}B/delta 0 N/tail{A/delta X 0 rmoveto}B /M{S p delta add tail}B/b{S p tail}B/c{-4 M}B/d{-3 M}B/e{-2 M}B/f{-1 M} B/g{0 M}B/h{1 M}B/i{2 M}B/j{3 M}B/k{4 M}B/w{0 rmoveto}B/l{p -4 w}B/m{p -3 w}B/n{p -2 w}B/o{p -1 w}B/q{p 1 w}B/r{p 2 w}B/s{p 3 w}B/t{p 4 w}B/x{ 0 S rmoveto}B/y{3 2 roll p a}B/bos{/SS save N}B/eos{SS restore}B end %%EndProcSet %%BeginProcSet: 8r.enc 0 0 % File 8r.enc as of 2002-03-12 for PSNFSS 9 % % This is the encoding vector for Type1 and TrueType fonts to be used % with TeX. This file is part of the PSNFSS bundle, version 9 % % Authors: S. Rahtz, P. MacKay, Alan Jeffrey, B. Horn, K. Berry, W. Schmidt % % Idea is to have all the characters normally included in Type 1 fonts % available for typesetting. This is effectively the characters in Adobe % Standard Encoding + ISO Latin 1 + extra characters from Lucida + Euro. % % Character code assignments were made as follows: % % (1) the Windows ANSI characters are almost all in their Windows ANSI % positions, because some Windows users cannot easily reencode the % fonts, and it makes no difference on other systems. The only Windows % ANSI characters not available are those that make no sense for % typesetting -- rubout (127 decimal), nobreakspace (160), softhyphen % (173). quotesingle and grave are moved just because it's such an % irritation not having them in TeX positions. % % (2) Remaining characters are assigned arbitrarily to the lower part % of the range, avoiding 0, 10 and 13 in case we meet dumb software. % % (3) Y&Y Lucida Bright includes some extra text characters; in the % hopes that other PostScript fonts, perhaps created for public % consumption, will include them, they are included starting at 0x12. % % (4) Remaining positions left undefined are for use in (hopefully) % upward-compatible revisions, if someday more characters are generally % available. % % (5) hyphen appears twice for compatibility with both ASCII and Windows. % % (6) /Euro is assigned to 128, as in Windows ANSI % /TeXBase1Encoding [ % 0x00 (encoded characters from Adobe Standard not in Windows 3.1) /.notdef /dotaccent /fi /fl /fraction /hungarumlaut /Lslash /lslash /ogonek /ring /.notdef /breve /minus /.notdef % These are the only two remaining unencoded characters, so may as % well include them. /Zcaron /zcaron % 0x10 /caron /dotlessi % (unusual TeX characters available in, e.g., Lucida Bright) /dotlessj /ff /ffi /ffl /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef % very contentious; it's so painful not having quoteleft and quoteright % at 96 and 145 that we move the things normally found there down to here. /grave /quotesingle % 0x20 (ASCII begins) /space /exclam /quotedbl /numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quoteright /parenleft /parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash % 0x30 /zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven /eight /nine /colon /semicolon /less /equal /greater /question % 0x40 /at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G /H /I /J /K /L /M /N /O % 0x50 /P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W /X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash /bracketright /asciicircum /underscore % 0x60 /quoteleft /a /b /c /d /e /f /g /h /i /j /k /l /m /n /o % 0x70 /p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w /x /y /z /braceleft /bar /braceright /asciitilde /.notdef % rubout; ASCII ends % 0x80 /Euro /.notdef /quotesinglbase /florin /quotedblbase /ellipsis /dagger /daggerdbl /circumflex /perthousand /Scaron /guilsinglleft /OE /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef % 0x90 /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /quotedblleft /quotedblright /bullet /endash /emdash /tilde /trademark /scaron /guilsinglright /oe /.notdef /.notdef /Ydieresis % 0xA0 /.notdef % nobreakspace /exclamdown /cent /sterling /currency /yen /brokenbar /section /dieresis /copyright /ordfeminine /guillemotleft /logicalnot /hyphen % Y&Y (also at 45); Windows' softhyphen /registered /macron % 0xD0 /degree /plusminus /twosuperior /threesuperior /acute /mu /paragraph /periodcentered /cedilla /onesuperior /ordmasculine /guillemotright /onequarter /onehalf /threequarters /questiondown % 0xC0 /Agrave /Aacute /Acircumflex /Atilde /Adieresis /Aring /AE /Ccedilla /Egrave /Eacute /Ecircumflex /Edieresis /Igrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis % 0xD0 /Eth /Ntilde /Ograve /Oacute /Ocircumflex /Otilde /Odieresis /multiply /Oslash /Ugrave /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Udieresis /Yacute /Thorn /germandbls % 0xE0 /agrave /aacute /acircumflex /atilde /adieresis /aring /ae /ccedilla /egrave /eacute /ecircumflex /edieresis /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis % 0xF0 /eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /divide /oslash /ugrave /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn /ydieresis ] def %%EndProcSet %%BeginProcSet: texps.pro 0 0 %! TeXDict begin/rf{findfont dup length 1 add dict begin{1 index/FID ne 2 index/UniqueID ne and{def}{pop pop}ifelse}forall[1 index 0 6 -1 roll exec 0 exch 5 -1 roll VResolution Resolution div mul neg 0 0]FontType 0 ne{/Metrics exch def dict begin Encoding{exch dup type/integertype ne{ pop pop 1 sub dup 0 le{pop}{[}ifelse}{FontMatrix 0 get div Metrics 0 get div def}ifelse}forall Metrics/Metrics currentdict end def}{{1 index type /nametype eq{exit}if exch pop}loop}ifelse[2 index currentdict end definefont 3 -1 roll makefont/setfont cvx]cvx def}def/ObliqueSlant{dup sin S cos div neg}B/SlantFont{4 index mul add}def/ExtendFont{3 -1 roll mul exch}def/ReEncodeFont{CharStrings rcheck{/Encoding false def dup[ exch{dup CharStrings exch known not{pop/.notdef/Encoding true def}if} forall Encoding{]exch pop}{cleartomark}ifelse}if/Encoding exch def}def end %%EndProcSet %%BeginProcSet: special.pro 0 0 %! TeXDict begin/SDict 200 dict N SDict begin/@SpecialDefaults{/hs 612 N /vs 792 N/ho 0 N/vo 0 N/hsc 1 N/vsc 1 N/ang 0 N/CLIP 0 N/rwiSeen false N /rhiSeen false N/letter{}N/note{}N/a4{}N/legal{}N}B/@scaleunit 100 N /@hscale{@scaleunit div/hsc X}B/@vscale{@scaleunit div/vsc X}B/@hsize{ /hs X/CLIP 1 N}B/@vsize{/vs X/CLIP 1 N}B/@clip{/CLIP 2 N}B/@hoffset{/ho X}B/@voffset{/vo X}B/@angle{/ang X}B/@rwi{10 div/rwi X/rwiSeen true N}B /@rhi{10 div/rhi X/rhiSeen true N}B/@llx{/llx X}B/@lly{/lly X}B/@urx{ /urx X}B/@ury{/ury X}B/magscale true def end/@MacSetUp{userdict/md known {userdict/md get type/dicttype eq{userdict begin md length 10 add md maxlength ge{/md md dup length 20 add dict copy def}if end md begin /letter{}N/note{}N/legal{}N/od{txpose 1 0 mtx defaultmatrix dtransform S atan/pa X newpath clippath mark{transform{itransform moveto}}{transform{ itransform lineto}}{6 -2 roll transform 6 -2 roll transform 6 -2 roll transform{itransform 6 2 roll itransform 6 2 roll itransform 6 2 roll curveto}}{{closepath}}pathforall newpath counttomark array astore/gc xdf pop ct 39 0 put 10 fz 0 fs 2 F/|______Courier fnt invertflag{PaintBlack} if}N/txpose{pxs pys scale ppr aload pop por{noflips{pop S neg S TR pop 1 -1 scale}if xflip yflip and{pop S neg S TR 180 rotate 1 -1 scale ppr 3 get ppr 1 get neg sub neg ppr 2 get ppr 0 get neg sub neg TR}if xflip yflip not and{pop S neg S TR pop 180 rotate ppr 3 get ppr 1 get neg sub neg 0 TR}if yflip xflip not and{ppr 1 get neg ppr 0 get neg TR}if}{ noflips{TR pop pop 270 rotate 1 -1 scale}if xflip yflip and{TR pop pop 90 rotate 1 -1 scale ppr 3 get ppr 1 get neg sub neg ppr 2 get ppr 0 get neg sub neg TR}if xflip yflip not and{TR pop pop 90 rotate ppr 3 get ppr 1 get neg sub neg 0 TR}if yflip xflip not and{TR pop pop 270 rotate ppr 2 get ppr 0 get neg sub neg 0 S TR}if}ifelse scaleby96{ppr aload pop 4 -1 roll add 2 div 3 1 roll add 2 div 2 copy TR .96 dup scale neg S neg S TR}if}N/cp{pop pop showpage pm restore}N end}if}if}N/normalscale{ Resolution 72 div VResolution 72 div neg scale magscale{DVImag dup scale }if 0 setgray}N/psfts{S 65781.76 div N}N/startTexFig{/psf$SavedState save N userdict maxlength dict begin/magscale true def normalscale currentpoint TR/psf$ury psfts/psf$urx psfts/psf$lly psfts/psf$llx psfts /psf$y psfts/psf$x psfts currentpoint/psf$cy X/psf$cx X/psf$sx psf$x psf$urx psf$llx sub div N/psf$sy psf$y psf$ury psf$lly sub div N psf$sx psf$sy scale psf$cx psf$sx div psf$llx sub psf$cy psf$sy div psf$ury sub TR/showpage{}N/erasepage{}N/setpagedevice{pop}N/copypage{}N/p 3 def @MacSetUp}N/doclip{psf$llx psf$lly psf$urx psf$ury currentpoint 6 2 roll newpath 4 copy 4 2 roll moveto 6 -1 roll S lineto S lineto S lineto closepath clip newpath moveto}N/endTexFig{end psf$SavedState restore}N /@beginspecial{SDict begin/SpecialSave save N gsave normalscale currentpoint TR @SpecialDefaults count/ocount X/dcount countdictstack N} N/@setspecial{CLIP 1 eq{newpath 0 0 moveto hs 0 rlineto 0 vs rlineto hs neg 0 rlineto closepath clip}if ho vo TR hsc vsc scale ang rotate rwiSeen{rwi urx llx sub div rhiSeen{rhi ury lly sub div}{dup}ifelse scale llx neg lly neg TR}{rhiSeen{rhi ury lly sub div dup scale llx neg lly neg TR}if}ifelse CLIP 2 eq{newpath llx lly moveto urx lly lineto urx ury lineto llx ury lineto closepath clip}if/showpage{}N/erasepage{}N /setpagedevice{pop}N/copypage{}N newpath}N/@endspecial{count ocount sub{ pop}repeat countdictstack dcount sub{end}repeat grestore SpecialSave restore end}N/@defspecial{SDict begin}N/@fedspecial{end}B/li{lineto}B /rl{rlineto}B/rc{rcurveto}B/np{/SaveX currentpoint/SaveY X N 1 setlinecap newpath}N/st{stroke SaveX SaveY moveto}N/fil{fill SaveX SaveY moveto}N/ellipse{/endangle X/startangle X/yrad X/xrad X/savematrix matrix currentmatrix N TR xrad yrad scale 0 0 1 startangle endangle arc savematrix setmatrix}N end %%EndProcSet %%BeginFont: CMMI7 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI7 1.100 %%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:53 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.100) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMMI7) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.04 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMMI7 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 21 /lambda put dup 82 /R put dup 83 /S put dup 105 /i put readonly def /FontBBox{0 -250 1171 750}readonly def /UniqueID 5087382 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMSY7 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY7 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:21:52 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMSY7) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.035 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMSY7 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 0 /minus put readonly def /FontBBox{-15 -951 1252 782}readonly def /UniqueID 5000817 def currentdict end currentfile eexec D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA052F09F9C8ADE9D907C058B87E9B6964 7D53359E51216774A4EAA1E2B58EC3176BD1184A633B951372B4198D4E8C5EF4 A213ACB58AA0A658908035BF2ED8531779838A960DFE2B27EA49C37156989C85 E21B3ABF72E39A89232CD9F4237FC80C9E64E8425AA3BEF7DED60B122A52922A 221A37D9A807DD01161779DDE7D251491EBF65A98C9FE2B1CF8D725A70281949 8F4AFFE638BBA6B12386C7F32BA350D62EA218D5B24EE612C2C20F43CD3BFD0D F02B185B692D7B27BEC7290EEFDCF92F95DDEB507068DE0B0B0351E3ECB8E443 E611BE0A41A1F8C89C3BC16B352C3443AB6F665EAC5E0CC4229DECFC58E15765 424C919C273E7FA240BE7B2E951AB789D127625BBCB7033E005050EB2E12B1C8 E5F3AD1F44A71957AD2CC53D917BFD09235601155886EE36D0C3DD6E7AA2EF9C C402C77FF1549E609A711FC3C211E64E8F263D60A57E9F2B47E3480B978AAF63 868AEA25DA3D5413467B76D2F02F8097D2841EDA6677731A6ACFEC0BABF1016A 089B2D24F47B9D66B677886B90AA787AD865B5F78EE434AA47B7B0F1244A4215 251FDCC670FD01A92226E2C667C2344298D001575BDF782D969D836ECA11E229 C7A17E28F70F9B17273FF243452DA885068A8BCB5165534F3996CBD8D97307DB 593D606C197AFC259E691C242F6E1E651575B6852AAD54567905E6F542DCA109 7F6DA24DC9112FBF7CE48B387953787B2BCB841873AED2DFA83339D39E14F4DD 3A51584527AC3A93630D121E2AE0C89D9C3F2FFA767743B1276BE1E648041010 0FD510F1A8 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMSY10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY10 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:20:57 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMSY10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.035 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMSY10 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 32 /arrowleft put dup 47 /proportional put dup 50 /element put dup 56 /universal put dup 70 /F put dup 102 /braceleft put dup 103 /braceright put dup 106 /bar put readonly def /FontBBox{-29 -960 1116 775}readonly def /UniqueID 5000820 def currentdict end currentfile eexec D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA052F09F9C8ADE9D907C058B87E9B6964 7D53359E51216774A4EAA1E2B58EC3176BD1184A633B951372B4198D4E8C5EF4 A213ACB58AA0A658908035BF2ED8531779838A960DFE2B27EA49C37156989C85 E21B3ABF72E39A89232CD9F4237FC80C9E64E8425AA3BEF7DED60B122A52922A 221A37D9A807DD01161779DDE7D31FF2B87F97C73D63EECDDA4C49501773468A 27D1663E0B62F461F6E40A5D6676D1D12B51E641C1D4E8E2771864FC104F8CBF 5B78EC1D88228725F1C453A678F58A7E1B7BD7CA700717D288EB8DA1F57C4F09 0ABF1D42C5DDD0C384C7E22F8F8047BE1D4C1CC8E33368FB1AC82B4E96146730 DE3302B2E6B819CB6AE455B1AF3187FFE8071AA57EF8A6616B9CB7941D44EC7A 71A7BB3DF755178D7D2E4BB69859EFA4BBC30BD6BB1531133FD4D9438FF99F09 4ECC068A324D75B5F696B8688EEB2F17E5ED34CCD6D047A4E3806D000C199D7C 515DB70A8D4F6146FE068DC1E5DE8BC5703C1951831CFD3569BF1CC312382F4A 9021A393923311A32E00A30B4FE229C9AE5937EC1C38D50EAFDBF446F542FBB3 2E0339F6564DBF7320961ACACF568F6D5A87077D70EA6884D1F54A8D75038C82 6AA3C9E4A22F3EFC2A540C9586A16A55375329461C5223850FC7BE9049BA9C23 23FFCF88D43C19AFBC34852E8872E410B43DB6EEADDF3272936618C5D89615D4 0239CC07F338BDE3EE374657FB088D32825EE4C56D3C77C52E83516F4374A301 FE99FD7A3E08E1F869A4666E60DD0F6F0BF0C4F03047120331AA7E61D2262A98 B81E334261E74E22E22A092510BFBA44FA26DC17DD108FFBF7E48912091FF9B1 283184A3459F69A1882AAC0452DDC564C85359C21755187E8A49416991E62345 DA8F8C9CF1461185A94CA40BA4C1038DA93CEC6AF80C4626B813B699C15C5E1F 35521219D1E4783DFF386CEB80618958F758F37D5DA28A48880036C4392E4DE5 9A935E586300F576EB11E606F1201714B2569D60CF58449A3C4AD686BE690AAE 76D4395149EF708CB4CDF0F3524F1726F308605848CEDE78B9E16A805822EB86 683EF53E47D3732EC25D578ADFEB1001986BDF7E69A68F4855D42F25967104CC DAB48DFDA92EFB089CA158D7F160DC944C82AAEF0C9D49EBD89E60DCA081724E 8EAF86F06B7BD77496D733E8B8F90C46B82D69ED71BD85DEC7E869AB4AF41B76 4BE8F12D8556022437D3693BBE5C0E7D659D4F71047B7DCC0C07AF8A7DA94F65 7EC3293943679C24FDF9C384D15FA7B1E72A77593FCBE2CFBCD022FE625817F2 4DC1DC281E2C796E0441170C719C893912BBE02111B54D5859FFB25E8768133B C4C0CC86018730A5CBF6CF7C751AF08E2BC03508C6CB42BCBDA07C29335BB420 5433DE097275E8A1284AE39C896A1BA1B3067A147F3CE6A3FFB69B3C8BEFF687 9AEB07FB113BE1658BD3AD1E99D4C2E1283FA0C69E1EE4D065ABFE07CF7002BE BED9D38E4A3DCB791A1CD66ADF7E4828C1978ACE233C5C49828E1101F46FABE5 4941C93E2101B464100C26C4F14FCB946BC9770588A8304CBCAFEC0EC7F44E95 0D9D88B5A68EAF2A67A5885B65EAFBE8AA3868A76F8D970AAF009BDF63C0BFB2 94A1A4817F43992660D1AA407DA6BFAFFCBD416C1E3B2670A730AC03E0FB471C 52147266C238FA1C859A304533F9B06D5170684951186D00DD92C022C1E89DF2 91483DDD00DB346DAEBE23DD24F6A92FE26C8C7CFD3A74098598B4D30E96AAFF 59A70B6545DB76DF8360C327BDACB2F85A1AD54C5B117DA429BF2B73486AD355 25CFE86E4048C9AB40FD1D4D3BDA8E2A376CD7C5A26F2BABDFDA7D2B188C1F42 1419315BF855B45BD198C025AB60D8AECE4034CEE30043A8912B03FB9E19294D BE1DFEAB5C4D912B4CEC222F7DCC724233F82BB3B3D77883BF57CE1258BC269B DE238699AEA559DE9EDC827B4C1EB03BF7F596B067ED8B008A15D938BF7E26EC 281A646A077EA1D0C3F4A1C48ED40BAA7BAA35D8786C420D58E2AC57AE722B4C 6BFDC000423DB8417F6283C37F34B19FB397A823F0D19113A8E1FD9E10D6CF6B 40E9F96C99C8D1BA4978A67962D22A6F9DDA2B21EF2E5E58DE5151574B2F4B70 82C80644DE86FAF49478D6B8738531A68267393FC8542D74E928437428C5ED43 D7E5A60B5EAF0B005FEB957EB44C2C5A44A7339060BE3C661DA46A6183DF6AA9 86B1DCF56106C6936B47ECAECC958849D90CC1F09E9B421C98CFA1BADEA108FC 718196D5AF961623E64534B9CB3CE26C023FEB01ED936A81D9B986E9C311EF99 74A4D6935CEB5FDB090843104A4B3B890E8AAC16F213463EBF83FF6505E41187 17DE01D1DAD4C3EEEE1E9E01FC47CA03D0BF73A5481A1AA95D988E2AD4C83A27 A35F117545DCB4A5CE0F78C0CCDB1E38C1F53B18AC52788AF864B9939DBF6C65 CBCA5200A03106571815B7CECE4A 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMR10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR10 1.00B %%CreationDate: 1992 Feb 19 19:54:52 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.00B) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMR10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMR10 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 1 /Delta put dup 40 /parenleft put dup 41 /parenright put dup 43 /plus put dup 48 /zero put dup 49 /one put dup 50 /two put dup 51 /three put dup 53 /five put dup 61 /equal put dup 103 /g put dup 108 /l put dup 111 /o put readonly def /FontBBox{-251 -250 1009 969}readonly def /UniqueID 5000793 def currentdict end currentfile eexec D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA052A014267B7904EB3C0D3BD0B83D891 016CA6CA4B712ADEB258FAAB9A130EE605E61F77FC1B738ABC7C51CD46EF8171 9098D5FEE67660E69A7AB91B58F29A4D79E57022F783EB0FBBB6D4F4EC35014F D2DECBA99459A4C59DF0C6EBA150284454E707DC2100C15B76B4C19B84363758 469A6C558785B226332152109871A9883487DD7710949204DDCF837E6A8708B8 2BDBF16FBC7512FAA308A093FE5CF7158F1163BC1F3352E22A1452E73FECA8A4 87100FB1FFC4C8AF409B2067537220E605DA0852CA49839E1386AF9D7A1A455F D1F017CE45884D76EF2CB9BC5821FD25365DDEA6E45F332B5F68A44AD8A530F0 92A36FAC8D27F9087AFEEA2096F839A2BC4B937F24E080EF7C0F9374A18D565C 295A05210DB96A23175AC59A9BD0147A310EF49C551A417E0A22703F94FF7B75 409A5D417DA6730A69E310FA6A4229FC7E4F620B0FC4C63C50E99E179EB51E4C 4BC45217722F1E8E40F1E1428E792EAFE05C5A50D38C52114DFCD24D54027CBF 2512DD116F0463DE4052A7AD53B641A27E81E481947884CE35661B49153FA19E 0A2A860C7B61558671303DE6AE06A80E4E450E17067676E6BBB42A9A24ACBC3E B0CA7B7A3BFEA84FED39CCFB6D545BB2BCC49E5E16976407AB9D94556CD4F008 24EF579B6800B6DC3AAF840B3FC6822872368E3B4274DD06CA36AF8F6346C11B 43C772CC242F3B212C4BD7018D71A1A74C9A94ED0093A5FB6557F4E0751047AF D72098ECA301B8AE68110F983796E581F106144951DF5B750432A230FDA3B575 5A38B5E7972AABC12306A01A99FCF8189D71B8DBF49550BAEA9CF1B97CBFC7CC 96498ECC938B1A1710B670657DE923A659DB8757147B140A48067328E7E3F9C3 7D1888B284904301450CE0BC15EEEA00E48CCD6388F3FC3BE69673F79C90307B 434AFA1C9B6E1333128BDB6332FA2FCB7879D67DF71EA7F061CBE404D9EAE9B9 0595D1372D35C0FF5C49F1385F04B9B7B8664903D7E973E74B0DBCAE290D4AB1 AA8DB8F8DE76BD237BBF9F3FA25FFA4F3241FE193633A7FBAC0213E32680D477 72F7F63D27EE5371111ACA14E65B2048632B08F94953ECED7571EA83A7E87994 79C0B57A332D8273DED975BD53607ED94253CB78FFAD6ED31AAF3BFABAFE773F 095BA4D5A0F9607E25DC31311B59B12516816675EF303FE4F01F1F84DE922D60 B9A32F971FDC88ED8244072D111FAF3B29F82B6608AAA990E81BE87FEA27BCD1 382A83DC20215D1BA029E3DC9063F4DFF450CF263B5C9CC18EFB659E748562A8 2BEA336E043FF1EB660F261482EA4A2A26440001055D27B9479396116CB75D37 35842F6E706AEF546768BA33610DA9AFCC96BB51D59C946E05361A8CEEB26CB7 4AA53AEA80D28BB5B1029160BC23DD78518B47DD0E03D0292499329D2EA83CA2 8817780A2E85A4E0740F8195CF1E01B75ABA1EB5C901DEF3E16541D2EC156142 17201237410D8284D4122ADA4925B110FFE2CE039BB11F45B52068CE5B5826A3 576D58ECCFC7E5658DA00E281EE23F44BA04A75CA357C3415525CA05E017F6EA 82A48179FEB0BFBB6DC2FA129B42E2142611ED0A8ACAC6E8EBFCB731F6D39DA4 0442E648D10AADA23516331D6DEDA7709AC97CCD001D327840DF12896F122727 523D6AFD44DF10D14402EBEDFF0B144B1C9BD22D737951B6DF7B36E865797879 DD5D854A04EB3F5AF5E709F5FA6936ED5F15962D7DBEBEBC3D2667ABFED58E96 F6D2C6DBC1969B03B1A6869409543B20D1038C4F5F67B3F28E9E83EF1C03E693 32773BB3392AD630F185A2F9049B0DDE72B9F10BF392EEB7EB8AED2B53A6F2E2 666A90905DD3ACA41690216DF0AE3DDCA1D950E0F1042F643A212E29617C2CFE BA5A6386B82D3FE9CE7CB3850C2F8157822D3062A6D0E9ADA972C00BAF637D9B CD6E9930859DA2A2A173D26626371F75F8CE48689E4DC62F57E228B79E0A0876 8E1A6553F08CBA4C2DFA793D7263DE9325F467559726B6EE1D92FF8654916E97 B8006B5AC77D70D08327D21A227AF52A265D109CA5FF876737605A8A8CFEDDBC 06270A84ABA3529FF97162135D85CC9A174A2814080D052571034D6B2117E976 C133D2F7467F1933087FC6EE8AC01385E94BE367EAC212F530AD9F937BBE4092 401258FFD17291AA2029EA8ADEC8CE89DB03690C685E715B293A1D1088EA5FF8 837956F43037A281FCCA47A8274558BB318E3D1090734559E49CDF70BB3D454D 3B962F8401787048607501AC88A5BEB6E94B6AFAEF744B0C17E80DD39589DF1D E38261AEAF13B891C7080F77E3C6E95854956797457BF10A31ED2CE76D6ACA36 5C651DB42A867F04957A8BD2283B4284CABF1A5A88F909063A598F313AD1EAF9 B8FEE12AA2A34A7AA68AB548BDF3980117DF58CC81280C34B762477BD4E16B4A 437A9CF73CE2BADB6F795D424E9E0E4AE4078A6DA34CDD530A5C6630A861BF4A 993D712C0ADBFD74A5EE1308506258D6EA3B19D4CA1489B12BEB415FD9E90FE5 7B924BA2888828502189C46F3F8F7C125ABDF5EEA98654A70B42EC8488A69754 EECB89C21C2F6E2E95F2C57CC106D2DC62E93041CB4290610594278781158926 C50575B49C144A5C7DB4B3301DFDC7651282E64D67CFCAA27C2F767E2112194F AC74CB9444C5555AC5B025BC7E446981E250800AAFED2BBF39C7565BFC0C89E2 6F984D61B191721C57494349A06CB9CA2E4F991C92DC91B64A890470F78FFAE5 E8D2D55CBF2743D10CFE27B05C9ACCB697A869103E9BC089831906F9588DFA37 99DFA40AB5CE7B474C99927102960CE170C056CD7984572D5019FB5095F93CAC 4D33C8A2218AEA7ABDF2C4808F45EC0FF93DF321B65811912753188F711082B8 4C0C3C526FA3B8ACC9FAE4D8DB565FAD0767461155F49B91D602A7173B92DA04 8548F6026E072D8BEBD3F9C71BD400D6A1A4D87FC5E251C015201BF241EDE3A0 DE95BFE57AAA4BD4BE54B4A64912E0E460A6B8A5CC34535A6EA673F3821B7F63 56F2470869E6F608B0F6786B0DE9964615CB0937B4153DA30B76CF8354938A7D F958A740BF130D77A9472D9669BBDFE6A78EC507AD8CD091B78352ED22A87038 F205FC4179371C59B4D02DA5EB1D80F4AACEB23B48FB7965C9F13A3939D4298B 354901B6789CF399B8ED60706AC3FD9EB50C03B6A909BF935B28F5BDDD04C0E6 8491B5B90B3864C5BF0919D3822E73BC40FA5DE065BEFD6DAB9FF4E0000EF05F 86A97D800C01BD49BD1FE8A392364284462C03822FB70F0EF7F7C2F593E4E1C7 576043C94B6332BA844BC74045AC9CC424E25713C827290949852A7453F1A4BF FF80971C8B1E7AD32F94648A55A565FED78CBE94C8C4D127FC2D4D89509AC9DF E5C70141FE2A2B7A3EBB80AC2055756ACE6E82E0D15C8F18B30EFE2260AC3250 DAB0F42863BCC26ADE42E83714EB2626F64B4A2DAA3139A3F8C75475871DC67D 163040496EE892EFFF40FC30851A7102E89A207E6A7A441BE5FF37159548A812 C2F025FA07F16631622E449B3AD60B9B96D4AE2B7A9F7372023D96D9B72B2F15 E4DC42709672695839C55831C7E45379EBA3A38E8179B126EDF402956B6A1F97 443DAC315BEC46E6912BE77C6B7FECC37CC553E6E073F48606978044FF814EE0 C3ACAB09D6266428B624730E92BF7B6816138AC9E613DEA38F566D88E813D63A 1D5348357042B026402353408B3BD733518CDB38433E101862863D54A679F674 9CB78F452C40A5B625601E7D063CBDBEAA97246A08ABB55D86B3EDB8B8413FB4 BD2F78E86D12E5D606DAB3658634339B966557E73090CAE68A1041624B1AE2AA 526B7D46724FF42EAB9ED154309937B115F3FEEECBA191E943DFC0F2D99D0C1D 1FA2A68E205EFE4E1EBACC669C2E293347E91C6246492DB5D81A304244EAD77A E5906023E4626591A89F2353B48C1516A42781544EB3244204F9F66CCD931D3D 4DE558A5DE0A3576C1352747B74CF51538DC643E111A10E57527C3196732CD27 ADE142C18EC86FEAAAE201004624917E59A46CA7F392FBA7F3F6576C6B832D90 E970D4B7D593ED90B5B22FDDBB6885FF2413E8CD79EBABCC40E3FF337DE55316 2ACC70935E9E5061A6739FC7360E16942F81167B53287FDC1562609303DA3E41 327F0806ED7CD73BD55E960A32D8B75A53E4CE150DDD6BC617F1A856F2556846 2E50EDD7B05DDB4AE01E72F6BB956224EAF23020E0BEF9B96726543CBADD804F C20A4EA00686D882A5C24E87CFF88B74DF22C4BEB702C1FDEFE0834216C13A8C AB24E78749D9D93D2957871DED106CEFAEDBC4C1B24786DE253C3A826DA35CE3 773C3008D44BE1CAA17E9A653729FE2BB61711684BD1D0926C7CA538FE1D9B07 77CE23DD48DF545867D3A6013037EBAF8EFCA18B905284B4CD368C5E20E60A2D 4E80FFA6A8E8C452E60AF254D0D7B0DFCF508D5E72E32BA7672DA36D9CB92C7C FDA9009190C79CAB1C6592CF0711F18AFEFA57286ADCD8F3D7065CA605F09B39 428582BC03A691CD2D752D85EE13A0D617F42D0CDBE5B550CABBA52EBFA61D11 FCD61897EB2FE1F50250E2B7327763EAE559E5164A3D4A0A08DBE8E9B78940B6 A5C18E491495B47992E191E22F4EEBFFACA593C519E71CF1ED1B55FC6773BA65 0FC662308687F23EE5952AED106AF2C513EDF629B4F53BCA57B740067E33CA38 D64222DE53DB0408F6F9A2EE35A054D8AA1DE5373B010DEB1E6A7CC03AE81F9F 5C40A0BE90F253D39189FB14D57DA206F39DF1F87356AB86118053A293CC5681 2113E96373D6E0E0314004A78B468E5D1452626D6A9CBC75FDDD1641BCCA14CB 5CFA3B924C0B4CF880AA7E3E82EB072D0216473E564247B50410121711B27C96 7C37A5881D9D3A1C81D44F5166517EE2709EEF9A4DD811 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMMI10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI10 1.100 %%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:57 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.100) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMMI10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.04 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMMI10 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 21 /lambda put dup 26 /rho put dup 58 /period put dup 59 /comma put dup 60 /less put dup 61 /slash put dup 66 /B put dup 69 /E put dup 71 /G put dup 76 /L put dup 78 /N put dup 80 /P put dup 84 /T put dup 86 /V put dup 105 /i put dup 107 /k put dup 108 /l put dup 112 /p put dup 114 /r put readonly def /FontBBox{-32 -250 1048 750}readonly def /UniqueID 5087385 def currentdict end currentfile eexec D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA0529731C99A784CCBE85B4993B2EEBDE 3B12D472B7CF54651EF21185116A69AB1096ED4BAD2F646635E019B6417CC77B 532F85D811C70D1429A19A5307EF63EB5C5E02C89FC6C20F6D9D89E7D91FE470 B72BEFDA23F5DF76BE05AF4CE93137A219ED8A04A9D7D6FDF37E6B7FCDE0D90B 986423E5960A5D9FBB4C956556E8DF90CBFAEC476FA36FD9A5C8175C9AF513FE D919C2DDD26BDC0D99398B9F4D03D5993DFC0930297866E1CD0A319B6B1FD958 9E394A533A081C36D456A09920001A3D2199583EB9B84B4DEE08E3D12939E321 990CD249827D9648574955F61BAAA11263A91B6C3D47A5190165B0C25ABF6D3E 6EC187E4B05182126BB0D0323D943170B795255260F9FD25F2248D04F45DFBFB DEF7FF8B19BFEF637B210018AE02572B389B3F76282BEB29CC301905D388C721 59616893E774413F48DE0B408BC66DCE3FE17CB9F84D205839D58014D6A88823 D9320AE93AF96D97A02C4D5A2BB2B8C7925C4578003959C46E3CE1A2F0EAC4BF 8B9B325E46435BDE60BC54D72BC8ACB5C0A34413AC87045DC7B84646A324B808 6FD8E34217213E131C3B1510415CE45420688ED9C1D27890EC68BD7C1235FAF9 1DAB3A369DD2FC3BE5CF9655C7B7EDA7361D7E05E5831B6B8E2EEC542A7B38EE 03BE4BAC6079D038ACB3C7C916279764547C2D51976BABA94BA9866D79F13909 95AA39B0F03103A07CBDF441B8C5669F729020AF284B7FF52A29C6255FCAACF1 74109050FBA2602E72593FBCBFC26E726EE4AEF97B7632BC4F5F353B5C67FED2 3EA752A4A57B8F7FEFF1D7341D895F0A3A0BE1D8E3391970457A967EFF84F6D8 47750B1145B8CC5BD96EE7AA99DDC9E06939E383BDA41175233D58AD263EBF19 AFC0E2F840512D321166547B306C592B8A01E1FA2564B9A26DAC14256414E4C8 42616728D918C74D13C349F4186EC7B9708B86467425A6FDB3A396562F7EE4D8 40B43621744CF8A23A6E532649B66C2A0002DD04F8F39618E4F572819DD34837 B5A08E643FDCA1505AF6A1FA3DDFD1FA758013CAED8ACDDBBB334D664DFF5B53 9560176676BB9AD2D52669C33EC6C6406E358D20B25A8275BFCCA3DD51D48F45 022A9F9101C860CA9205BC38D2D91E648401F63631EB8258814A6AC91AD28A70 E60B15046E8D0D70D0CFB549F969FBA1473F7A2965C333504A391388D87F6420 02441798CA40C289843A0D8AA57E528187D477BF7434896589691CC0F6901460 7EEF9A606A5690545535EB6B90606D8E005046C6CA15AD401BE727D544683CBC 0708CD7F33E0F151399EDCA7265181548ACE78FA2493B0CB1C7235D96C0E6C5E DF89A9119A3A0A62B867993684CBF5879556A6BD3653B53671E722281EBC1FDB 283A3D6FAD3D3AEB177D32D8F3C7BB29C078933FB16B0721B84D8FD23DC6A992 935D977F969012A0E7948B4829ADF511C5D10F5A7A85432CFC36E6D87C64C8DF 32ABF55AE1C4238CD87EA00C4F488D51782A151CB30DC352B236E6B15E737AC1 314D63A0AAE4771909560508AB91176284C71AFECE356142761B09F6F464781C C4D46232EAB17834F7234FDF09B45D67B1BAAB33A355B8956C7938E43F383267 825A3097A05877ECA520CA6C47135990F436633F6FCA22DA1A2386D9DA13236B 0EFE543DF20D60F11C0AC54F9810814817748CC6D59FB78C823157A6D830E880 21F50A5BD1A1D66308D44299C1B330C97979885C0113512D4989BA8A21BC5A3F 10BC9A3F96F1197C8D2FED444782DCF736B6F48EB3E54E49C941D59C9BF9F486 4EBE0AF98504D3D753B17C96E0EB02E649F76D17AB083867EF06A2F14C0131AF D6667457BBD1A6DAD8E0D9C2556A780CC1263D3C8380C6CB0C8F03A7D7EAB41D 8CF7318F5D9D47F4D9A4E2DFFCF74348A34B6D87E2C4E01A1AB357C0D391C7E8 958319628975976C48E9615274AEC12CB598CAAFA0A7300D4B9574290D8EBDD1 91BA43EBDE76F1C448F7F3824464B1AF732B9C22AA22C4D49800F372C1A453FE A6CEA20F05D5940B49BBDBEB1D576AE0F2CE8EEF63DE016DC2D07A0E2EA0699F 5B376D7960B84B992F45DD2E01ADD3D8DE2510BC96F985417EAAFDF7358E50C3 80BD2B83EC42B8FFA7499D7A5A636747754A23304EFE3DA6AE6943174634348B 8B8287248C4E303C8FA44731432D497AFEF28DBDE91FF2214388898E9E09991F AF687AE2636380A91C6F564C75F93CAC4B6D8D39F70F36EB6501F72FB0915F98 268FCAFFB5B3B5D37A9671797A051539F40F6928E16F7E8CB454223BA531D65A 46A5CAACC22E978488B682ED64359DE8C7684819AB419E9CFB83A95921E2FF42 2EB3FFDE61A1990AB2F5F30BED0B0346E0F78DD65EDDA7DE83B6C610EA24B7F0 0A9E12948AA1D81DBA55892037BFB650348D5D7C55E0F5BEF2C019C9E58A773B BFDC4494BB7FEA20810D2AA08169DE20102EDB96772A46F7EAA5C1D38A9FFA72 30FD618EE7C6F20DA3953877A812BA5FE70D6776CCC8AD2BCB276F57D22C7823 8991E755D637A598F6A59B41224A1B121ECC822D0E57A937DB5381F887E6CFA8 5BAA722E769C52633B6FB22F1F46C96D574ECEF03B0E0980CE3689DC57DACB8B 2E543FF184AB3F19BD079F156A1A60F35611A27A991392B6FC4552F1C4825EA6 E5229164D4EF2E11180E4FBDE13D63334C596419202072E312C2118D19A91163 EE8633968CE156B4611EDFECA268E6B2A911CFA7FAC785EFAA4BAEE666CD3C26 694C3A5C1A27EA2DB352DFAB30C05A9F336D443B306821D8F8E5F1883C4B69D4 A325AC4F49569119A19B03F346288DC192F3CE5AD2616A9864AD7B8FC8CAE43E 17B33A784DF0FF6E2F97E08C61D52B0A4B1068F887C09E416D303CBD8A129945 1A591E5544F2CB8C2CA9002AC68DF3ABCE5AE0080B463A4048B6158402AC2B53 DDFB84491F071BAEEBA9BBE6BA03516C35E4EDEFD11A98DE4A09F98468C6DB80 AD4B942012EF83F2A5FE2155EF2870BB16FAEABF5106315251AF343F136B2990 9CDDC62EF32A251CFC1B987ACB9F3A9CD5458479DFD024C162766B20B1B2F742 8EF520023414BED74C29B9DDC8FE3D7F991C4CD7EC369CDB9B7F587527DD76A1 2C70247967AC2A9B987967B84C0B0C236ADA061874BFB0D5FD4517E7C07C9B6A 09FC62BFB593DB39182B4DFEB2B5A0E138B547F6A3B0F7ABD1FDDA8659AC179E DFA35EA5FEE7F890EFB0FFA94770AF8A908BC1C5D8EAAC86E116F310D965D9CA DC775559C8C19CFCA6D8AD63D1957DD955049267DA5D277D05A06C5898533733 F2CA703ACE60957EC999E504117D2BBAC4A9C9D8C46E40276857E58559F10543 06D0F7DA19D3A2A782CCB25925CD3B782BFFB92801E6CA091F17E2F689666C50 5088EF8C2BA294749FF436FCDCC6EBEEEBFC0036BE3B1F766AA76326BF6BC55B 09C0561E3ACAB5C2A6BE829CF706E764517239DED553F5837C9A9324FE1697F1 A054AB6EA4593E1A3CC56BE4E86325468A88680FA719EA1BA426A31BF1663899 D471F1C5AA528D70F53FAE01A6AF9789BC6CB41A38BF55446573436954FAEC48 05BE424BB5144196689E7F19AA49457BB178AD045DDB25C17773FDACBB608A3E 4641291D1E7FDF0F0EDABF6A97C0AF283B26A1F8FA0FA00045B978DCCFDE28BB 9F54BF2FF997032BAD60EBA0ED1FE0D955873277D7047633548878E63E9EF47B 902979A71A4C99C0D2683083753D08FC5542A86A6ED347297A068443239BA965 31983BBC5C7D9C88B82CFC3CCF6AAAE79CC189B5AC05938F94003F70C324BE26 8B4A18EE4CD9EDFD049D7B86DAD57E17303B9F78FE964471305DE1ABD5216256 5435328F4AB553CF8DEB48ABAA47B6960FAA817E922BE63F6C0C5F254034BC7D 2EE3ECD27E42E4F2622A206BCF888D8999E13106F5967721A87A45D079606998 E7C22E8EF9D92F77C97FFB6F6465EDAF5F2F7AB691069D27B71EE5CF0A145E66 EC9D3E1CCA3A8F6D41788098D408886B33C9FAAA4AF765C05B484F182D79EAE1 478256ECC572C4A2EEFAF360B7C2A4DE531CC1649616D63A5DA9A40A08687BD9 752E84614A1ED88CBBFF40D50FB6EEDDF6AE135B5486178943EAF5D9F079516A 1D15CDC6E32A330E15C7660DEB09210E3F05EF85BCE05F5D56B67787244D4FCB 22F57A6074D4C265D2C5D87EE1A669A2E22B3DD2BBE18C01174C2AE3DB5277CA 9BB41F04A28EC9FFAD2AEAE9970C1BA1E91276C328349535D250975058B828C8 220DEA446D7CEF37DBA7B9F520A1A69E433C7F91322A76DCE44CD146D63D5617 50F561475885877A199968A7B4BF34A30ABB19EDD601D9CCEBD9878630A6D25B 2C833FF790F2996EEB471EB461C87BD8ECC1E7C60E2477A77BAF378EE55B79C1 144976C7847B921102C67C89C3F9833719DCD3B8281238BECA457313B81B4DCC 9DC8ACC2733D4C895FE8A159ED160E89FDCFDF2397C54589C2A135E50E553AAB C20989FA5DBE3220D692D1FB2AC84136CDC02B012D51CEA860DB6D899DFC6555 9CE04882A0351F2637DDD6B11AC883E4479730D5F982CD7B33BDC68F836D45F9 E608493226095D998D23B34136EEC8CB08B0C9BB4BB8366C97C4754B39C7CFDD A739E235C8AF77262ECF7A77C41795B2C8F000303EBDDF8B1DA17629C30FCDE0 787A341B4808BC23C01950FCE3567740022617C8D4B2FEB5977999EDF97635B0 56299885AABB89E11768CC92A387603C9C508375CB9C131C07BF31F622BB2CC9 E7B2A183779B1508F0CD1410B4B09BFE122BCFF2104AC06AB0DB1FEAC2C32D7C BBA8F290BA83C75C2200418E39ED2A308F3BEEFA10F7CC9BAC8E69D9439C8139 84FF18C97E1FD4D4E3AC6BD2DBE863B26A57A7D80F6B25A54AAE82E30D6B5B3D 20FEF5FB1DF2553FA1B3B2C4EBCCD31700A2E8048F0A13A0A076DFD269C730B3 6AF3A268BCE37EFE9D20F67A2CFAA6AC30E96B0B905762AC303BDB479E537E82 43277EE3A01493417029418345621DB3F8409F59F2ED82D94547A0BBD24F120C 2A5526B5461A8CFA1B41244A3B15F823156B9E3110483C6AF886F899FDB1A324 B0EE12B0BD3D4063303EF9296B2061FCFE93832DB6011FC46531F9A6EC147BB6 7C8594680594AB636587E9894C24917480475FFED345398F71D233014870BB64 ED793E93E97C0D22BFED04B72CF4074D39FCEB66ECBB046240368071480C91FC C80C9FDA9A54CB83F2FCB71DE80BF1F9E071FCAB429E5CD176840405D6D81921 81B055673D3124662E8C2ED3B7E73BC86EE1F8947BF80EDC5391267FAA84162C F1FE074A31D75093CD90352D05B3261DCCB6FDA63B391B18192A668058D2F35F 9F91F53225BE716C576EC7FA0ECD0A29DAF99A5E956BD131A7AFCB9D3065CCAF 9F650B241138CDCC3F5261342FC0260E7BF205BF1CB635622BFA364B32005DC8 770E65038842D8FFD828D36D1851AFA904CC178B2BBAC2B8781085F53C33FC5E 80302AC1FB4B99A52851BB0B11B439887E8FD14A71D88406C72C07D265C2C7FE F0CCCE50E3355FA836A503A7DF3EAF06A347F94F8597482482908D07F8A24D4D 80B478FB5B9F32F1228BD262A0A409A51305E3E51D0FFD1A533EE4626ECBC04C C3D403251C9262064BA882033D9E85D333F383144C0B4F591C36B26D5C8FD4B8 017EB098C76B65310B6DCC9543F307F7F19C354D173DD623D9B7FAEF228A44E9 CDC8E5D777F6CB097CB3558136693BBFF7409243F87C33A352135D888039A94D 0752424496015ABD86749C72C2FBDF3058B5AE894027376CFAFDACE88009448E AC213B8A3F381347E3386939D917A4140C399204AA362C625A1B7B60676D7B3A 6808251D038A863BA47A9046DF5A9933E2E973B696EC79C0D85C493FB7C80A3F 60CD17F3E2B91F157549AF8359D6737A1CDD0521FCEBE9EB668E581A8DDDAFA3 727A0FAA19052E4FA313B456026830B65A76D751F52260FE10B3EA00A30A65B8 6C83E080F9C15AAA7E3F40CE12831FC4047F34D1C3BB1E65FAA73CE48C3511D3 9EA871EBD7B298431DFC468B02FB8A3C709755A3656788808336FF46904FAEF5 1E20E83AEF392AE7C2B5DE92341BAEE816F4A6F237BBAB2939C7EE299B3A9D82 B1942A0F2DC265062F3AA2800D78A75E1DAF3B6D5590EDE561547DD1C78523A6 2F68D22BD79BE0D2EE132407B42E79D50F08D29572335EACE2222D1008 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark %%EndFont TeXDict begin 39158280 55380996 1000 600 600 (paper.dvi) @start /Fa 134[ 33 33 50 33 37 21 29 29 1[ 37 37 37 54 21 33 1[ 21 37 37 21 33 37 33 1[ 37 11[ 54 42 37 46 1[ 46 54 50 62 42 1[ 33 25 1[ 54 1[ 46 54 50 46 46 18[ 19 4[ 25 25 40[{ TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont} 42 74.7198 /Times-Italic rf /Fb 105[ 37 27[ 33 37 37 54 37 37 21 29 25 37 37 37 37 58 21 37 1[ 21 37 37 25 33 37 33 37 33 3[ 25 1[ 25 1[ 54 2[ 54 54 46 42 50 1[ 42 54 54 66 46 54 29 25 54 54 42 46 54 50 50 54 1[ 33 4[ 21 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 1[ 19 25 19 2[ 25 25 36[ 42 42 2[{ TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont} 69 74.7198 /Times-Roman rf /Fc 152[ 64 75[ 64 24[ 64 2[{ } 3 63.908 /Ryumin-Light-H rf /Fd 105[ 33 96[ 33 3[ 33 33 3[ 17 44[{ TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont} 5 66.4176 /Times-Roman rf /Fe 133[ 42 46 46 65 46 51 28 46 32 1[ 51 51 51 74 23 46 1[ 23 51 51 28 46 51 46 51 46 3[ 28 1[ 28 4[ 55 8[ 69 6[ 51 2[ 60 1[ 60 7[ 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 1[ 23 23 28 23 2[ 28 28 23 35[ 51 3[{ TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont} 48 83.022 /Helvetica-Bold rf /Ff 150[ 23 21[ 41 50 60[ 39 21[{ } 4 58.1154 /CMMI7 rf /Fg 255[ 52{ } 1 58.1154 /CMSY7 rf /Fh 149[ 23 35[ 60 13[ 46 5[ 55 2[ 65 14[ 83 32[{ } 6 83.022 /CMSY10 rf /Fi 144[ 42 2[ 23 4[ 42 41[ 65 7[ 42 1[ 42 42 42 42 4[ 65 1[ 32 32 38[ 69 1[{ } 13 83.022 /CMR10 rf /Fj 141[ 37 1[ 42 3[ 25 43 1[ 29 18[ 48 1[ 49 3[ 53 1[ 67 1[ 57 4[ 65 1[ 61 2[ 63 4[ 42 65 23 23 31[ 43 4[ 48 21[{ } 19 83.022 /CMMI10 rf /Fk 105[ 42 27[ 37 42 42 60 42 42 23 32 28 42 42 42 42 65 23 42 1[ 23 42 42 28 37 42 37 42 37 3[ 28 1[ 28 3[ 78 1[ 60 51 46 55 1[ 46 60 60 74 3[ 28 60 1[ 46 51 60 55 55 60 3[ 47 1[ 23 23 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 23 21 28 21 2[ 28 28 2[ 69 33[ 46 46 2[{ TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont} 67 83.022 /Times-Roman rf /Fl 134[ 42 1[ 60 3[ 32 37 2[ 42 3[ 46 5[ 37 46 41[ 28 58[{ TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont} 9 83.022 /Times-Bold rf /Fm 134[ 37 37 55 37 42 23 32 32 42 42 42 42 60 23 37 1[ 23 42 42 23 37 42 37 42 42 9[ 69 7[ 60 5[ 28 5[ 55 1[ 51 18[ 21 28 21 2[ 28 28 36[ 42 3[{ TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont} 35 83.022 /Times-Italic rf /Fn 134[ 50 50 72 1[ 55 33 39 44 1[ 55 50 55 83 28 55 1[ 28 55 50 33 44 55 44 55 50 9[ 100 2[ 66 55 72 3[ 72 94 3[ 39 2[ 61 66 1[ 72 1[ 72 10[ 50 50 50 50 50 50 2[ 25 33 45[{ TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont} 41 99.6264 /Times-Bold rf /Fo 152[ 50 50 102[{ } 2 99.6264 /CMSY10 rf /Fp 134[ 50 2[ 50 50 28 39 33 1[ 50 50 50 78 28 50 28 28 50 50 33 44 50 44 1[ 44 7[ 72 3[ 72 61 55 3[ 72 1[ 89 1[ 72 39 33 72 72 1[ 61 4[ 92 5[ 28 11[ 25 33 25 44[{ TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont} 38 99.6264 /Times-Roman rf /Fq 134[ 60 1[ 86 1[ 66 40 1[ 53 1[ 66 60 66 100 33 66 2[ 66 60 40 53 66 53 1[ 60 12[ 80 66 2[ 73 93 86 7[ 73 80 23[ 40 45[{ TeXBase1Encoding ReEncodeFont} 26 119.552 /Times-Bold rf end %%EndProlog %%BeginSetup %%Feature: *Resolution 600dpi TeXDict begin %%PaperSize: A4 end %%EndSetup %%Page: 1 1 TeXDict begin 1 0 bop Fq 381 374 a(On) 30 b(the) h(Effect) e(of) g (Scale-Fr) n(ee) i(Structur) n(e) g(of) e(Netw) o(ork) i(T) -11 b(opology) 1156 524 y(on) 30 b(End-to-End) g(P) n(erf) m(ormance) p Fp 886 839 a(Hiro) o(yuki) 24 b(Ohsaki,) g(K) m(otaro) g(Y) -10 b(agi,) 24 b(and) h(Mak) o(oto) f(Imase) 744 956 y(Graduate) h(School) f (of) h(Information) f(Science) i(and) f(T) -7 b(echnology) 1400 1072 y(Osaka) 25 b(Uni) n(v) m(ersity) -6 b(,) 24 b(Japan) 852 1188 y(E-mail:) p Fo 24 w(f) p Fp(oosaki,k) o(ou) n(-yagi,imase) p Fo(g) p Fp(@ist) n(.osaka-u.ac.jp) p Fn 617 1505 a(Abstract) p Fm -83 1704 a(In) j(r) m(ecent) g(year) o(s,) h(it) g(has) f(been) g(r) m(eported) f(that) h(se) o(ver) o(al) g(e) n(xist-) -182 1804 y(ing) i(networks) h(includ) n(ing) f(the) h(Interne) n(t) h(hav) n (e) f(scale-fr) m(ee) g(struc-) -182 1904 y(tur) m(e) o(.) j(In) h (this) h(pap) n(er) -9 b(,) 35 b(thr) l(oug) n(h) g(a) f(simple) g (numerical) f(analysis,) -182 2003 y(we) 28 b(in) m(vestiga) n(te) g (ef) o(fect) f(of) h(the) f(scale-fr) m(ee) g(structur) m(e) h(of) f (commu-) -182 2103 y(nicatio) n(n) 20 b(networks) g(on) f(their) h (end-to) n(-end) f(performanc) n(e) o(.) h(As) g(net-) -182 2203 y(work) 31 b(topolo) m(gies,) g(a) g(r) o(ando) n(m) h(network) f (and) f(a) h(scale-fr) m(ee) f(net-) -182 2302 y(work) 19 b(with) h(the) f(equal) g(numb) n(er) h(of) f(nodes) g(and) f(the) h (equal) g(numb) n(er) -182 2402 y(of) 28 b(links) h(ar) m(e) g(used.) f (W) -8 b(e) 29 b(compar) m(e) f(end-) n(to-end) f(performance) h(of) -182 2501 y(\003ows) d(\(i.e) o(.,) g(thr) l(ough) n(put\)) g(in) h (both) f(r) o(and) n(om) h(and) f(scale-fr) m(ee) g(net-) -182 2601 y(works.) 30 b(Conseque) n(ntly) -5 b(,) 30 b(we) h(show) f(that) f (when) h(the) g(aver) o(a) m(g) o(e) g(de-) -182 2701 y(gr) m(ee) 20 b(of) h(a) g(network) g(is) g(small) g(\(i.e) o(.,) f (whah) g(the) h(number) f(of) h(links) g(is) -182 2800 y(small\),) 16 b(a) g(scale-fr) m(ee) g(network) g(shows) h(better) f (end-to-) n(end) g(perfor) n(-) -182 2900 y(manc) n(e) o(.) 23 b(On) g(the) g(con) n(tr) o(ary) -5 b(,) 24 b(when) e(the) h(aver) o(a) o(g) m(e) h(de) m(g) n(r) m(ee) g(of) e(a) h(net-) -182 3000 y(work) 28 b(is) g(lar) m(g) o(e) f(\(i.e) o(.,) g(when) g(the) h (numb) n(er) g(of) g(links) g(is) g(lar) m(g) o(e\),) f(we) -182 3099 y(show) f(that) f(a) h(r) o(and) n(om) g(network) g(shows) g (better) g(end-) n(to-end) f(per) n(-) -182 3199 y(forman) n(ce) o(.) p Fl -83 3398 a(k) o(eyw) o(ords:) p Fk 50 w(Random) e(Netw) o(ork,) h (Scale-fre) n(e) h(Netw) o(ork,) f(B) m(A) -182 3498 y(\(Baraba) n(si-Albert\)) c(Model,) f(End-to) n(-End) g(Perform) n (ance) p Fn -182 3722 a(1.) 69 b(Intr) n(oduc) r(tion) p Fk -83 3930 a(In) 29 b(recent) g(years,) g(scale) h(e) o(xpan) n(sion) g (and) f(comp) n(lication) g(of) g(a) -182 4030 y(netw) o(or) n(k) 22 b(has) g(been) g(rapid) n(ly) g(prog) n(ressing) g([10) o(].) g(Amon) n (g) g(v) n(ariou) n(s) -182 4129 y(arti\002cial) 29 b(systems) h(that) f (e) o(xist) g(actually) -5 b(,) 28 b(the) h(Intern) n(et) h(is) g(one) e (of) -182 4229 y(the) 23 b(most) f(complicated) g(systems.) h(Since) g (the) g(scale) g(of) g(the) g(Inter) l(-) -182 4329 y(net) 31 b(has) g(been) g(contin) n(uously) g(e) o(xp) n(anding) n(,) h(it) g (is) g(dif) n(\002cult) f(to) g(in-) -182 4428 y(tuiti) n(v) o(e) n(ly) f(under) n(stand) g(its) g(beha) n(vio) n(r) -5 b(.) 30 b(F) o(or) f(clarifying) f(character) l(-) -182 4528 y(istics) f(of) f(such) f(a) i(lar) o(g) n(e-scale) g(system,) f (research) f(on) g(lar) o(ge-) n(scale) -182 4628 y(and) 19 b(comple) o(x) g(systems) h(has) h(been) e(acti) n(v) o(ely) g(perfo) n (rmed) h([12) n(,) h(22) o(].) -83 4727 y(Among) 39 b(those) h (researches,) g(in) g(particular) -5 b(,) 41 b(attention) e(to) h(a) -182 4827 y(topo) n(logy) 25 b(of) h(lar) o(ge) n(-scale) g(commun) n (ication) f(netw) o(orks) g(has) i(been) -182 4926 y(increa) n(sing) 17 b([1) o(].) f(Studies) h(on) f(a) g(topolog) n(y) h(of) f(comm) n (unication) f(net-) -182 5026 y(w) o(ork) n(s) 25 b(ha) n(v) o(e) e (long) f(history) h([17) o(,) h(2) o(],) g(b) n(ut) f(those) h(con) m (v) m(ention) n(al) g(re-) -182 5126 y(searche) n(s) 30 b(ha) n(v) o(e) f(focu) n(sed) g(on) g(comp) n(arati) n(v) o(ely) f (small-scale) h(com-) -182 5225 y(mun) n(ication) f(netw) o(ork) n(s.) h (In) f(the) g(late) h(199) n(0s,) f(it) h(w) o(as) g(disco) o(v) o(e) n (red) -182 5325 y(that) d(se) n(v) o(era) n(l) h(real) f(netw) o(ork) n (s) h(such) f(as) h(the) f(topo) n(logy) f(of) h(Intern) n(et) 1974 1505 y(ASs) 19 b(and) f(the) g(hyp) n(erlink) g(structur) n(e) h(of) f (W) -7 b(eb) 19 b(pages) f(e) o(xh) n(ibit) h(scale-) 1974 1605 y(free) h(structur) n(e) h([12) o(].) 2073 1713 y(Such) 29 b(\002nding) g(causes) g(increasing) f(concer) n(n) i(on) f (the) g(optimal) 1974 1813 y(topo) n(logy) g(of,) g(in) g(particular) m (,) f(lar) o(ge) n(-scale) i(commu) n(nication) f(net-) 1974 1912 y(w) o(orks.) k(Most) i(con) m(v) m(ention) n(al) g(research) n (es) g(on) f(a) g(topolo) n(gical) g(of) 1974 2012 y(comm) n(unication) 18 b(netw) o(or) n(ks) i(ha) n(v) o(e) e(focu) n(sed) h(on) g(re) o(gu) n(lar) g(netw) o(ork) n(s) 1974 2111 y(such) c(as) h(star) m(,) f (ring,) f(and) h(mesh,) g(and) g(rand) n(om) g(netw) o(ork) n(s) h (where) f(the) 1974 2211 y(prob) n(ability) 23 b(that) h(a) g(link) g (e) o(xists) g(between) e(arbitrary) g(node) h(pair) g(is) 1974 2311 y(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) e(by) f(unif) n(orm) g(distrib) n(ution) n(.) h(Ho) n(we) n(v) m(er) m(,) f(as) h(se) n(v) o(eral) f(interest-) 1974 2410 y(ing) e(chara) n(cteristics) h(of) f(a) h(scale-fr) n(ee) g(netw) o(ork) e(becom) n(e) i(clear) m(,) e(the) 1974 2510 y(relation) 30 b(between) h(a) g(commu) n(nication) f(netw) o(ork) g(and) h(its) h (scale-) 1974 2610 y(free) 20 b(structur) n(e) h(w) o(as) g(been) e (attracting) h(much) f(attention.) 2073 2718 y(Notable) 27 b(character) n(istics) i(of) e(a) g(scale-free) f(netw) o(ork) g (include,) 1974 2817 y(for) 32 b(instance,) g(that) h(the) f(a) n(v) o (erage) g(distance) g(of) g(a) h(netw) o(ork) f(\(i.e.,) 1974 2917 y(the) 22 b(a) n(v) o(era) n(ge) g(of) f(shortest) h(path) f (lengths) g(between) g(arbitrar) n(y) h(node) 1974 3017 y(pair\)) 27 b(is) j(much) d(smaller) h(than) g(that) h(of) f(a) g (rando) n(m) h(netw) o(ork) n(,) g(and) 1974 3116 y(that) k(a) g (scale-free) g(netw) o(or) n(k) g(is) h(more) e(rob) n(ust) h(to) g (rando) n(m) g(node) 1974 3216 y(f) o(ailures) 20 b(\(i.e.,) f(conn) n (ecti) n(vity) h(among) f(nod) n(es) i(is) g(more) e(lik) o(ely) h(to) g (be) 1974 3315 y(preserv) m(ed\).) k(Hence,) g(researches) h(on) f(a) h (topolo) n(gy) g(of) g(lar) o(g) n(e-scale) 1974 3415 y(comm) n(unication) 19 b(netw) o(orks) h(for) g(impro) m(ving) g (reliability) f([21) o(]) i(and) 1974 3515 y(for) g(impro) o(v) n(ing) h (pack) m(et) h(transfer) e(ef) n(\002cienc) o(y) g([20) o(,) h(13) o(]) g(ha) n(v) o(e) g(been) 1974 3614 y(perfo) n(rmed.) 2073 3722 y(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(er) -5 b(,) 44 b(con) m(v) m(entional) f (researches) h(ha) n(v) o(e) f(focused) g(only) 1974 3822 y(on) 32 b(netw) o(or) n(k-le) n(v) o(el) f(perfor) n(mance) h (\(e.g) n(.,) h(reliability) -5 b(,) 31 b(resilience,) 1974 3922 y(and) 73 b(per) n(-link) f(transfer) h(ef) n(\002cienc) o(y) n (\);) h(end-) n(to-end) f(perf) n(or) n(-) 1974 4021 y(mance,) 18 b(which) g(should) g(be) h(the) g(most) f(importan) n(t) i (metric) e(to) h(users,) 1974 4121 y(has) h(not) g(been) g(fully) f(in) m(v) o(estiga) n(ted.) 2073 4229 y(The) 33 b(character) n(istic) h(of) f (a) g(scale-free) f(netw) o(ork) f(that) i(the) g(a) n(v-) 1974 4329 y(erage) f(distance) h(of) g(a) g(netw) o(ork) f(is) i(small) f (is) h(adv) n(antag) n(eous) f(for) 1974 4428 y(perfo) n(rming) 18 b(inform) n(ation) h(retrie) n(v) n(al) f([15) o(]) i(or) f(maintain) n (ing) g(reach-) 1974 4528 y(ability) 34 b([19) n(].) g(Ho) n(we) n(v) o (er) -5 b(,) 34 b(considerin) n(g) g(pack) o(et) g(transfer) f(o) o(v) o (e) n(r) i(a) 1974 4628 y(comm) n(unication) 26 b(netw) o(ork) n(,) i (such) f(a) h(small) g(a) n(v) o(er) n(age) g(distance) e(of) 1974 4727 y(a) 37 b(scale-free) f(netw) o(ork) f(implies) i(traf) n(\002c) g (conc) n(entration) f(at) h(hub) 1974 4827 y(nod) n(es.) 29 b(If) e(traf) n(\002c) h(is) h(conc) n(entrated) e(at) i(hub) d(nodes,) h(those) h(nod) n(es) 1974 4926 y(w) o(ould) 23 b(beco) n(me) h(the) f (bottlenec) n(k) h(of) f(the) g(netw) o(ork,) f(and) h(limit) h(the) 1974 5026 y(perfo) n(rmanc) n(e) 30 b(of) e(the) h(entire) f(netw) o (ork) n(.) h(Namely) -5 b(,) 28 b(from) g(a) h(vie) n(w-) 1974 5126 y(poin) n(t) g(of) f(the) h(end-) n(to-end) e(perfo) n(rmance,) g (a) i(small) g(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g(dis-) 1974 5225 y(tance) j(of) h(a) g(scale-fre) n(e) h(netw) o(or) n(k) f(and) f(traf) n(\002c) h(con) n(centration) f(at) 1974 5325 y(hub) 27 b(nodes) h(should) f(ha) n(v) o(e) h(opp) n(osite) h(ef) n(fects) f(on) g(the) g(end-) n(to-end) p dyy eop end %%Page: 2 2 TeXDict begin 2 1 bop Fk -182 83 a(perf) n(orman) n(ce.) -40 194 y(In) p -40 227 70 4 v 29 227 43 4 v 72 227 120 4 v 42 w(this) p 192 227 43 4 v 235 227 202 4 v 43 w(pap) n(er) m(,) p 436 227 43 4 v 479 227 259 4 v 42 w(throu) n(gh) p 737 227 43 4 v 780 227 37 4 v 42 w(a) p 817 227 43 4 v 860 227 222 4 v 43 w(simple) p 1081 227 43 4 v 1124 227 333 4 v 42 w(nu) n(merical) p 1455 227 43 4 v 1498 227 289 4 v 42 w(analysis,) p -182 327 97 4 v -182 293 a(we) p -86 327 69 4 v -17 327 355 4 v 68 w(in) m(v) o(estiga) n(te) p 338 327 69 4 v 407 327 162 4 v 69 w(what) p 568 327 69 4 v 637 327 187 4 v 68 w(ef) n(fect) p 824 327 69 4 v 893 327 102 4 v 68 w(the) p 994 327 69 4 v 1063 327 166 4 v 68 w(scale) p 1229 327 69 4 v 1298 327 130 4 v 69 w(free) p 1427 327 69 4 v 1496 327 291 4 v 68 w(structur) n(e) p -182 426 70 4 v -182 393 a(of) p -113 426 75 4 v -38 426 517 4 v 74 w(com) n(municatio) n(n) p 478 426 75 4 v 553 426 304 4 v 75 w(netw) o(or) n(ks) p 856 426 75 4 v 931 426 111 4 v 75 w(has) p 1041 426 75 4 v 1116 426 84 4 v 74 w(on) p 1199 426 75 4 v 1274 426 79 4 v 74 w(its) p 1352 426 75 4 v 1427 426 360 4 v 75 w(end-) n(to-end) p -182 526 441 4 v -182 493 a(perf) n(orman) n(ce.) p 258 526 58 4 v 316 526 93 4 v 58 w(As) p 407 526 58 4 v 465 526 346 4 v 57 w(topolo) n(gies) p 811 526 58 4 v 869 526 70 4 v 58 w(of) p 937 526 58 4 v 995 526 37 4 v 56 w(a) p 1032 526 58 4 v 1090 526 292 4 v 58 w(ne) n(tw) o(ork,) p 1381 526 58 4 v 1439 526 37 4 v 57 w(a) p 1475 526 58 4 v 1533 526 254 4 v 57 w(rand) n(om) p -182 625 272 4 v -182 592 a(netw) o(or) n(k) p 89 625 22 4 v 111 625 120 4 v 22 w(and) p 230 625 22 4 v 252 625 37 4 v 20 w(a) p 289 625 22 4 v 311 625 323 4 v 22 w(scale-fre) n(e) p 633 625 22 4 v 655 625 272 4 v 22 w(netw) o(ork) p 926 625 22 4 v 948 625 148 4 v 20 w(with) p 1096 625 22 4 v 1118 625 102 4 v 22 w(the) p 1219 625 22 4 v 1241 625 180 4 v 21 w(equ) n(al) p 1420 625 22 4 v 1442 625 254 4 v 22 w(num) n(ber) p 1695 625 22 4 v 1717 625 70 4 v 21 w(of) p -182 725 194 4 v -182 692 a(nod) n(es) p 11 725 23 4 v 34 725 120 4 v 23 w(and) p 153 725 23 4 v 176 725 102 4 v 21 w(the) p 277 725 23 4 v 300 725 180 4 v 22 w(eq) n(ual) p 479 725 23 4 v 502 725 254 4 v 23 w(n) n(umber) p 754 725 23 4 v 777 725 70 4 v 21 w(of) p 846 725 23 4 v 869 725 162 4 v 22 w(lin) n(ks) p 1029 725 23 4 v 1052 725 102 4 v 23 w(are) p 1153 725 23 4 v 1176 725 173 4 v 22 w(u) n(sed.) p 1348 725 23 4 v 1371 725 109 4 v 23 w(W) -7 b(e) p 1478 725 23 4 v 1501 725 286 4 v 22 w(com) n(pare) p -182 825 360 4 v -182 792 a(end) n(-to-end) p 177 825 27 4 v 204 825 420 4 v 25 w(perfo) n(rmance) p 624 825 27 4 v 651 825 70 4 v 26 w(of) p 720 825 27 4 v 747 825 178 4 v 26 w(\003o) n(ws) p 925 825 27 4 v 952 825 150 4 v 27 w(\(i.e.,) p 1101 825 27 4 v 1128 825 393 4 v 25 w(throug) n(hput\)) p 1520 825 27 4 v 1547 825 65 4 v 25 w(in) p 1612 825 27 4 v 1639 825 148 4 v 27 w(both) p -182 924 254 4 v -182 891 a(rand) n(om) p 71 924 35 4 v 106 924 120 4 v 34 w(and) p 226 924 35 4 v 261 924 323 4 v 34 w(scale-f) n(ree) p 583 924 35 4 v 618 924 325 4 v 35 w(n) n(etw) o(orks.) p 941 924 35 4 v 976 924 472 4 v 34 w(Consequ) n(ently) i(,) p 1448 924 35 4 v 1483 924 97 4 v 34 w(we) p 1579 924 35 4 v 1614 924 174 4 v 34 w(sho) l(w) p -182 1024 125 4 v -182 991 a(that) p -58 1024 33 4 v -25 1024 180 4 v 32 w(when) p 154 1024 33 4 v 187 1024 102 4 v 31 w(the) p 288 1024 33 4 v 321 1024 256 4 v 32 w(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) p 576 1024 33 4 v 609 1024 221 4 v 33 w(de) o(g) n(ree) p 829 1024 33 4 v 862 1024 70 4 v 33 w(of) p 930 1024 33 4 v 963 1024 37 4 v 31 w(a) p 1000 1024 33 4 v 1033 1024 272 4 v 33 w(netw) o(o) n(rk) p 1304 1024 33 4 v 1337 1024 56 4 v 33 w(is) p 1392 1024 33 4 v 1425 1024 180 4 v 33 w(small) p 1604 1024 33 4 v 1637 1024 150 4 v 32 w(\(i.e.,) p -182 1124 102 4 v -182 1090 a(the) p -81 1124 30 4 v -51 1124 254 4 v 29 w(nu) n(mber) p 202 1124 30 4 v 232 1124 70 4 v 29 w(of) p 300 1124 30 4 v 330 1124 162 4 v 28 w(links) p 491 1124 30 4 v 521 1124 56 4 v 29 w(is) p 576 1124 30 4 v 606 1124 229 4 v 30 w(small\)) n(,) p 833 1124 30 4 v 863 1124 37 4 v 30 w(a) p 899 1124 30 4 v 929 1124 323 4 v 29 w(scale-fr) n(ee) p 1251 1124 30 4 v 1281 1124 272 4 v 30 w(netw) o(o) n(rk) p 1552 1124 30 4 v 1582 1124 206 4 v 30 w(sho) l(ws) p -182 1223 190 4 v -182 1190 a(better) p 7 1223 30 4 v 37 1223 360 4 v 29 w(en) n(d-to-) n(end) p 395 1223 30 4 v 425 1223 441 4 v 29 w(per) n(forman) n(ce.) p 865 1223 30 4 v 895 1223 102 4 v 30 w(On) p 995 1223 30 4 v 1025 1223 102 4 v 28 w(the) p 1126 1223 30 4 v 1156 1223 292 4 v 29 w(co) n(ntrary) g(,) p 1447 1223 30 4 v 1477 1223 180 4 v 28 w(wh) n(en) p 1656 1223 30 4 v 1686 1223 102 4 v 30 w(th) n(e) p -182 1323 256 4 v -182 1290 a(a) n(v) o(era) n(ge) p 73 1323 33 4 v 106 1323 221 4 v 33 w(de) m(gree) p 325 1323 33 4 v 358 1323 70 4 v 32 w(of) p 426 1323 33 4 v 459 1323 37 4 v 31 w(a) p 496 1323 33 4 v 529 1323 272 4 v 33 w(n) n(etw) o(ork) p 799 1323 33 4 v 832 1323 56 4 v 32 w(is) p 887 1323 33 4 v 920 1323 165 4 v 33 w(lar) m(ge) p 1083 1323 33 4 v 1116 1323 150 4 v 32 w(\(i.e.,) p 1265 1323 33 4 v 1298 1323 102 4 v 31 w(the) p 1399 1323 33 4 v 1432 1323 254 4 v 32 w(nu) n(mber) p 1685 1323 33 4 v 1718 1323 70 4 v 32 w(of) p -182 1422 162 4 v -182 1389 a(links) p -21 1422 19 4 v -2 1422 56 4 v 18 w(is) p 53 1422 19 4 v 72 1422 213 4 v 19 w(lar) o(ge\)) n(,) p 285 1422 19 4 v 304 1422 97 4 v 19 w(we) p 401 1422 19 4 v 420 1422 174 4 v 19 w(sho) n(w) p 593 1422 19 4 v 612 1422 125 4 v 18 w(that) p 736 1422 19 4 v 755 1422 37 4 v 18 w(a) p 792 1422 19 4 v 811 1422 254 4 v 19 w(rand) n(om) p 1064 1422 19 4 v 1083 1422 272 4 v 18 w(netw) o(ork) p 1354 1422 19 4 v 1373 1422 206 4 v 17 w(sho) n(ws) p 1578 1422 19 4 v 1597 1422 190 4 v 18 w(better) p -182 1522 360 4 v -182 1489 a(end) n(-to-end) p 177 1522 21 4 v 198 1522 441 4 v 19 w(perfo) n(rmance.) -822 b(1\226) -182 1589 y(1) -83 1600 y(The) 32 b(or) o(g) n(anization) f(of) h(this) h (paper) e(is) j(as) f(follo) l(ws.) g(First,) g(re-) -182 1699 y(lated) 28 b(w) o(orks) h(are) g(introd) n(uced) g(in) g(Section) f(2.) h(Section) g(3) g(brie\003y) -182 1799 y(e) o(xp) n(lains) g(fun) n(damental) f(char) n(acteristics) h(of) f(a) h(rand) n(om) f(netw) o (ork) -182 1899 y(and) h(a) h(scale-free) f(netw) o(ork.) g(In) h (Section) f(4,) h(by) f(simple) h(numer) l(-) -182 1998 y(ical) e(comp) n(utations,) f(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) h(of) g(each) f (\003o) n(w) h(is) g(obtained) e(by) -182 2098 y(assuming) f(that) h (the) g(bandwid) n(th) h(allocation) e(to) h(each) g(\003o) n(w) g (satis-) -182 2197 y(\002es) c(Max-Min) f(f) o(airness) h([4) o(].) f (In) h(Section) f(5,) h(ef) n(fect) f(of) h(scale-fre) n(e) -182 2297 y(structur) n(e) 17 b(of) g(a) g(netw) o(or) n(k) g(on) f(its) i (end-) n(to-end) e(perf) n(orman) n(ce) h(is) h(clar) n(-) -182 2397 y(i\002ed) i(by) g(some) h(num) n(erical) g(e) o(xam) n(ples.) g (Finally) f(in) h(Section) f(6,) h(we) -182 2496 y(con) n(clude) f (this) h(paper) e(and) h(discuss) g(future) f(w) o(orks.) p Fn -182 2762 a(2.) 69 b(Related) 25 b(W) -7 b(orks) p Fk -83 3011 a(In) 20 b([14) o(],) g(the) h(ef) n(fect) f(of) g (scale-free) g(structur) n(e) h(of) f(a) h(netw) o(ork) e(on) -182 3111 y(rou) n(ter) 26 b(load) e(is) j(in) m(v) m(estigated,) d(where) p Fm 25 w(r) l(outer) h(load) p Fk 25 w(is) h(de\002ned) e(as) -182 3211 y(the) 31 b(num) n(ber) g(of) g(pack) m(ets) h(processed) e(at) i (a) f(router) -7 b(.) 32 b(The) f(autho) n(rs) -182 3310 y(of) g([14) o(]) h(sho) n(w) f(that) h(the) g(distrib) n(ution) f(of) g (router) g(loads) g(follo) n(ws) -182 3410 y(po) n(w) n(er) n(-la) o(w) 37 b(under) f(the) i(follo) l(wing) f(conditio) n(ns:) h(\(1\)) f(all) h (nod) n(es) -182 3509 y(gen) n(erate) 29 b(pack) o(ets) g(unifo) n (rmly) -5 b(,) 28 b(and) g(\(2\)) h(rou) n(ting) g(is) h(determ) n (ined) -182 3609 y(simply) k(by) h(the) g(num) n(ber) g(of) f(hops) h (\(i.e.,) f(pack) o(ets) h(tra) n(v) o(er) n(se) h(the) -182 3709 y(shortest) 20 b(path) f(among) g(possible) h(paths\).) -83 3819 y(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(e) n(r) m(,) e([14) o(]) h(in) m(v) m (estigates) f(only) g(scale-free) f(netw) o(orks,) g(and) -182 3919 y(doe) n(s) 35 b(not) d(in) m(v) o(estiga) n(te) i(non) n (-scale-free) e(netw) o(orks.) g(Also,) i(it) g(fo-) -182 4019 y(cuses) e(only) f(on) g(router) g(load,) g(which) h(is) g(one) g (of) f(netw) o(ork-) n(le) n(v) o(el) -182 4118 y(perf) n(orman) n(ce) 21 b(metrics,) g(and) f(does) h(not) f(tak) o(e) h(accoun) n(t) h(of) e (the) h(end-) -182 4218 y(to-en) n(d) f(perfor) n(mance.) -83 4329 y(In) c([18) o(],) g(the) h(optimal) f(netw) o(or) n(k) h(topo) n (logy) f(of) g(a) h(pack) o(et) f(switch-) -182 4428 y(ing) 23 b(netw) o(ork) f(is) j(in) m(v) o(e) n(stigated) e(by) g (assuming) g(that) h(rou) n(ting) g(is) g(de-) -182 4528 y(termin) n(ed) 17 b(by) g(a) g(neural) f(netw) o(ork.) g(The) h(auth) n (ors) g(of) g([18) o(]) g(sho) n(w) g(that) -182 4628 y(a) h(scale-free) f(netw) o(ork) g(is) i(optimal) e(as) i(a) g(netw) o (or) n(k) f(topolog) n(y) g(under) -182 4727 y(the) i(follo) n(win) n (g) h(cond) n(itions:) g(\(1\)) f(the) g(distrib) n(ution) g(of) g(b) n (uf) n(f) n(er) h(sizes) -182 4827 y(of) g(router) n(s) i(follo) n(ws) e (po) n(wer) n(-la) m(w) -5 b(,) 22 b(and) f(\(2\)) g(routin) n(g) h(of) g(a) g(pack) o(et) f(is) -182 4926 y(determ) n(ined) k(by) g(a) g (proba) n(bility) h(pro) n(portion) n(al) g(to) f(the) g(b) n(uf) n (fer) f(size) -182 5026 y(of) 17 b(a) g(do) n(wn-) n(stream) g(router) -5 b(.) 17 b(Ho) n(we) n(v) m(er) m(,) g(in) g([18) o(],) g(since) h (the) f(autho) n(rs) -182 5126 y(assume) 29 b(prop) n(rietary) g (routin) n(g) h(utilizing) f(a) h(neur) n(al) g(netw) o(ork) n(,) g (re-) -182 5225 y(sults) 16 b(there) g(w) o(ould) f(not) h(be) g (applicab) n(le) h(to) f(gene) n(ral) h(pack) m(et) g(switch-) -182 5325 y(ing) h(netw) o(ork) n(s.) h(Moreo) o(v) m(er) m(,) f(the) o(y) g (focu) n(s) i(only) e(on) g(per) n(-link) g(perf) n(or) n(-) 1974 83 y(mance,) 28 b(and) h(do) f(not) h(tak) o(e) g(account) f(of) h(the) g(end-to-) n(end) g(perf) n(or) n(-) 1974 183 y(mance.) 2073 282 y(In) 19 b([9) o(],) g(characteristic) g(of) f(a) i(pack) m(et) g (switching) f(netw) o(or) n(k) g(is) h(in-) 1974 382 y(v) o(estiga) n(ted) k(by) g(pro) n(posing) f(a) i(simple) f(mod) n (el) h(for) e(pack) o(et) g(switch-) 1974 482 y(ing) 33 b(netw) o(ork) n(s.) i(The) e(author) n(s) i(conside) n(r) f(the) g (follo) n(win) n(g) g(simple) 1974 581 y(mod) n(els:) 24 b(a) f(\002x) o(ed) f(numb) n(er) h(of) f(pack) o(ets) h(e) o(xist) f (in) h(a) g(netw) o(ork,) f(each) 1974 681 y(of) 27 b(which) g(mo) o(v) m(es) h(rando) n(mly) g(amon) n(g) g(nod) n(es,) g(and) f(e) n(v) o (ery) f(router) 1974 780 y(can) 20 b(accomm) n(odate) g(only) f(a) i (single) f(pack) o(et.) 2073 880 y(The) 30 b(autho) n(rs) g(of) g([9) o (]) f(sho) n(w) h(that) f(characteristic) g(of) g(this) i(net-) 1974 980 y(w) o(ork) d(mod) n(el) h(is) g(described) e(by) h(Fermi-Dirac) g (distrib) n(ution) n(,) h(and) 1974 1079 y(the) 23 b(pro) n(bability) g (of) f(cong) n(estion) h(occurr) n(ence) g(in) g(a) g(netw) o(ork) f (\(i.e.,) 1974 1179 y(prob) n(ability) 40 b(that) g(a) g(pack) o(et) f (canno) n(t) i(be) f(accom) n(modated) f(in) h(a) 1974 1279 y(route) n(r\)) 22 b(is) h(deri) n(v) m(ed.) e(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(e) n(r) m(,) h(since) g(the) f(author) n(s) i(assume) f(quite) 1974 1378 y(simpli\002ed) 30 b(netw) o(ork) f(model,) h(it) h(is) h(dif) n (\002cu) n(lt) g(to) e(generalize) g(this) 1974 1478 y(result) 24 b(to) h(other) f(pack) o(et) g(switching) g(netw) o(or) n (ks.) h(Moreo) m(v) o(er) m(,) f(it) h(fo-) 1974 1577 y(cuses) h(only) g(on) f(the) h(per) n(-link) f(perfo) n(rmance,) g (and) h(doe) n(s) h(not) f(tak) o(e) 1974 1677 y(accou) n(nt) 21 b(of) f(the) g(end-) n(to-end) f(perfor) n(mance.) 2073 1777 y(Unlik) o(e) h(these) g(research) n(es,) h(in) f(this) g(paper) -5 b(,) 20 b(we) g(cond) n(uct) g(in) m(v) o(es-) 1974 1876 y(tigation) g(focu) n(sing) i(not) e(only) h(on) g(the) g(per) n(-lin) n (k) h(perf) n(orman) n(ces) g(b) n(ut) 1974 1976 y(on) 27 b(the) g(end-to) n(-end) g(perf) n(orman) n(ce,) h(which) f(must) g(be) g(one) g(of) g(the) 1974 2076 y(most) 20 b(impor) n(tant) h(perf) n (orman) n(ce) g(metrics) f(to) g(users.) p Fn 1974 2302 a(3.) 69 b(Random) 26 b(Netw) o(ork) f(and) h(Scale-Fr) n(ee) g(Netw) o (ork) p Fk 2073 2511 a(In) f(this) f(section,) g(funda) n(mental) g (character) n(istics) i(of) e(a) h(rand) n(om) 1974 2611 y(netw) o(ork) j(and) h(a) h(scale-free) f(netw) o(or) n(k) h(are) f (outlined) n(.) h(Moreo) o(v) m(er) m(,) 1974 2710 y(mod) n(els) h (that) f(gener) n(ate) g(either) g(a) g(rand) n(om) g(netw) o(ork) e (or) i(a) g(scale-) 1974 2810 y(free) 20 b(netw) o(or) n(k) h(are) f (also) g(e) o(xplain) n(ed.) 2073 2910 y(A) 32 b(rand) n(om) f(netw) o (ork) f(is) i(a) f(netw) o(ork) f(where) g(the) h(prob) n(ability) 1974 3009 y(that) g(a) h(link) f(e) o(xists) g(between) g(arbitrar) n(y) g (node) g(pair) f(is) j(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) f(by) 1974 3109 y(unifo) n(rm) 19 b(distrib) n(ution) f([7].) h(As) h(a) g(repr) n (esentati) n(v) o(e) f(mode) n(l) h(for) f(gen-) 1974 3209 y(erating) h(a) i(rand) n(om) f(netw) o(ork,) f(ER) i(\(Erdo) n (s-Ren) o(yi\)) f(mod) n(el) h([11) o(]) f(is) 1974 3308 y(widely) j(used.) g(T) -7 b(w) o(o) 25 b(param) n(eters,) g(the) g (num) n(ber) p Fj 25 w(N) p Fk 34 w(of) f(nod) n(es) i(and) 1974 3408 y(the) 31 b(conne) n(ction) g(proba) n(bility) p Fj 32 w(p) p Fk 31 w(between) g(node) n(s,) h(are) g(used) f(for) 1974 3507 y(gener) n(ating) 24 b(a) g(rand) n(om) g(netw) o(or) n(k.) g(F) o (or) f(a) i(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) p Fj 24 w(N) p Fk 33 w(node) n(s,) g(a) f (ran-) 1974 3607 y(dom) c(netw) o(or) n(k) h(is) g(genera) n(ted) g(by) f(creating) g(links) g(among) f(all) i(node) 1974 3707 y(pairs) f(with) g(the) h(pro) n(bability) p Fj 20 w(p) p Fk(.) 2073 3806 y(As) i(character) n(istics) g(of) f(a) g(rand) n(om) g (netw) o(or) n(k,) g(it) g(is) h(kno) l(wn) f(that) 1974 3906 y(the) 27 b(de) o(gr) n(ee) h(distrib) n(ution) p Fj 26 w(P) p Fi 12 w(\() p Fj(k) p Fi 3 w(\)) p Fk 28 w(follo) n(ws) f(binom) n(ial) h(distrib) n(ution) 1974 4006 y(and,) 19 b(for) f(suf) n(\002ciently) h(lar) o(ge) p Fj 19 w(N) p Fk 9 w(,) g(the) h(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g(distance) p Fj 19 w(l) p Fk 22 w(satis\002es) p Fj 1974 4105 a(l) p Fh 24 w(/) p Fi 23 w(log) p Fj 14 w(N) p Fk 30 w([8) o(].) 2073 4205 y(A) 26 b(scale-fr) n(ee) f(netw) o(ork) f(is) h(a) g(netw) o(ork) e(where) h(its) i(de) o(gr) n(ee) f(dis-) 1974 4304 y(trib) n(ution) 19 b(follo) n(ws) h(the) g(follo) n(win) n(g) g(po) n(wer) n(-la) o(w) f ([12) o(].) p Fj 2662 4466 a(P) p Fi 12 w(\() p Fj(k) p Fi 3 w(\)) p Fh 23 w(/) p Fj 23 w(k) p Fg 2994 4432 a(\000) p Ff(\025) p Fk 3846 4466 a(\(1\)) 1974 4628 y(In) f(the) g(literatur) n (e,) h(se) n(v) o(er) n(al) g(mode) n(ls) g(that) g(gen) n(erate) f (scale-free) g(net-) 1974 4727 y(w) o(orks) h(ha) n(v) o(e) g(been) f (propo) n(sed) i([6) o(,) g(16) o(].) f(In) g(this) h(paper) -5 b(,) 20 b(we) f(e) o(xplain) 1974 4827 y(B) m(A) 27 b(mod) n(el) f (\(Barabasi) g(Albert\)) f([3) o(],) h(which) f(is) i(one) e(of) g(the) h(most) 1974 4926 y(repre) n(sentati) n(v) o(e) h(models) g(for) g (gener) n(ating) g(a) h(scale-free) f(netw) o(or) n(k.) 1974 5026 y(Notable) 21 b(featur) n(es) i(of) e(B) m(A) i(mod) n(el) f(are) g (netw) o(or) n(k) g(gro) n(wth) e(and) h(link) 1974 5126 y(prefe) n(rential) e(attachment) f([3].) h(First,) h(a) f(connected) f (netw) o(ork) g(with) 1974 5225 y(a) k(small) g(num) n(ber) f(of) g (nodes) g(is) h(created,) f(and) g(nod) n(es) h(are) g(added) e(to) 1974 5325 y(the) i(netw) o(ork) f(one-) n(by-on) n(e.) h(Then,) g(a) g (scale-free) f(netw) o(ork) g(can) h(be) p dyy eop end %%Page: 3 3 TeXDict begin 3 2 bop Fk -182 83 a(gen) n(erated) 21 b(by) f(creating) g(a) i(link) e(between) h(a) g(ne) n(w) g(nod) n(e) h (and) e(e) o(xist-) -182 183 y(ing) j(one) n(,) h(which) f(is) h(rando) n(mly) f(chosen) g(from) f(all) i(e) o(xisting) f(nod) n(es) -182 282 y(with) g(a) h(pro) n(bability) f(prop) n(ortion) n(al) h(to) f (the) h(de) o(g) n(ree) g(of) e(an) i(e) o(xisting) -182 382 y(nod) n(e.) f(It) g(is) h(kno) l(wn) f(that) g(the) g(netw) o(ork) f(gen) n(erated) h(by) f(B) m(A) i(mod) n(el) -182 482 y(has) c(a) h(po) n(we) n(r) n(-la) o(w) f(inde) o(x) f(of) p Fj 20 w(\025) p Fi 24 w(=) j(3) p Fk(.) -83 591 y(As) 32 b(characteristics) f(of) g(a) h(scale-free) f(netw) o(ork) n(,) h(it) g (is) g(kno) n(wn) -182 690 y(that) d(the) h(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g (distance) p Fj 29 w(l) p Fk 32 w(is) g(much) f(smaller) g(than) h (that) f(of) g(a) -182 790 y(rand) n(om) 23 b(netw) o(ork) n(.) h(F) o (or) f(instance,) g(it) h(is) g(kno) l(wn) g(that,) f(for) f(a) i(suf) n (\002-) -182 890 y(ciently) 18 b(lar) o(g) n(e) p Fj 20 w(N) p Fk 9 w(,) g(the) h(a) n(v) o(erage) f(distance) g (satis\002es) p Fj 20 w(l) p Fh 25 w(/) p Fi 22 w(log) d(log) p Fj 14 w(N) p Fk -182 989 a(for) p Fi 19 w(2) p Fj 23 w(<) 22 b(\025) i(<) p Fi 22 w(3) p Fk 21 w([8) o(].) p Fn -182 1250 a(4.) 69 b(Netw) o(ork) 74 b(Model) g(and) h(Flo) o(w) e (Thr) n(oughp) r(ut) -38 1367 y(Computation) 26 b(Algorithm) p Fk -83 1611 a(In) j(what) h(follo) l(ws,) g(we) g(in) m(v) o(e) n (stigate) g(the) f(ef) n(fect) g(of) g(scale-fre) n(e) -182 1711 y(structur) n(e) j(of) f(a) g(netw) o(ork) g(on) f(the) i(end) n (-to-end) e(perfo) n(rmance) g(by) -182 1811 y(simple) c(numer) n(ical) h(compu) n(tation.) f(W) -7 b(e) 28 b(do) e(not) g(tak) o(e) h(accou) n (nt) g(of) -182 1910 y(in\003uen) n(ce) 32 b(of) g(TCP) h(cong) n (estion) f(contro) n(l;) h(instead,) f(we) g(assume) -182 2010 y(that) f(band) n(width) g(allocation) g(to) g(each) g(\003o) n(w) g(satis\002es) i(Max-Min) -182 2109 y(f) o(airne) n(ss) 26 b([4) o(].) f(This) g(mak) o(es) f(it) i(possible) e(to) h(in) m(v) o (e) n(stigate) g(the) f(char) n(-) -182 2209 y(acteristic) 16 b(of) f(a) h(netw) o(ork) f(topo) n(logy) -5 b(,) 15 b(ne) o(g) n(lecting) h(the) f(comple) o(x) f(and) -182 2309 y(unp) n(redictable) 19 b(ef) n(fect) h(of) g(TCP) h(cong) n (estion) f(contro) n(l.) -83 2418 y(As) 28 b(a) f(netw) o(ork) f(topo) n (logy) -5 b(,) 26 b(a) h(rand) n(om) g(netw) o(or) n(k) g(and) g(a) g (scale-) -182 2518 y(free) g(netw) o(ork) g(gen) n(erated) h(by) f(B) m (A) i(mod) n(el) f(are) g(used.) f(A) i(rand) n(om) -182 2617 y(netw) o(or) n(k) h(is) g(denoted) e(by) p Fj 30 w(G) p Ff 676 2629 a(R) p Fi 771 2617 a(=) 40 b(\() p Fj(V) p Ff 956 2629 a(R) p Fj 1011 2617 a(;) 14 b(E) p Ff 1109 2629 a(R) p Fi 1164 2617 a(\)) p Fk(,) 30 b(and) f(a) h (scale-fre) n(e) -182 2717 y(netw) o(or) n(k) 18 b(is) g(deno) n(ted) g (by) p Fj 17 w(G) p Ff 627 2729 a(S) p Fi 698 2717 a(=) 23 b(\() p Fj(V) p Ff 866 2729 a(S) p Fj 914 2717 a(;) 14 b(E) p Ff 1012 2729 a(S) p Fi 1061 2717 a(\)) p Fk(.) k(More) n(o) o(v) o(er) -5 b(,) 18 b(the) f(num-) -182 2816 y(ber) 22 b(of) h(nodes) g (\(i.e.,) f(routers) h(or) f(hosts\)) i(in) f(a) g(netw) o(ork) f(is) j (den) n(oted) -182 2916 y(by) p Fj 21 w(N) p Fi 9 w(\(=) p Fh 25 w(j) p Fj(V) p Ff 192 2928 a(R) p Fh 246 2916 a(j) p Fi 26 w(=) p Fh 25 w(j) p Fj(V) p Ff 456 2928 a(S) p Fh 504 2916 a(j) p Fi(\)) p Fk(,) d(and) f(the) h(a) n(v) o(era) n(ge) g (de) o(g) n(ree) g(\(i.e.,) f(the) g(a) n(v-) -182 3016 y(erag) n(e) 32 b(of) e(the) h(numb) n(er) g(of) g(links) g(conn) n (ected) g(to) g(a) g(node) n(\)) h(is) f(de-) -182 3115 y(noted) 22 b(by) p Fj 23 w(k) p Fk 3 w(.) i(W) -7 b(e) 25 b(clarify) e(ef) n(fec) n(t) i(of) e(a) h(netw) o(ork) e(topolog) n(y) i (on) f(the) -182 3215 y(end) n(-to-end) 30 b(perfo) n(rmance) g(by) h (comp) n(aring) f(a) i(rand) n(om) f(netw) o(ork) -182 3315 y(and) 19 b(a) i(scale-fr) n(ee) g(netw) o(ork) e(with) h(the) g (same) g(numb) n(er) g(of) g(nodes) p Fj 20 w(N) p Fk -182 3414 a(and) 15 b(the) h(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) h(de) o(g) n(ree) p Fj 16 w(k) p Fk 3 w(.) g(F) o(or) e(simplicity) -5 b(,) 15 b(all) i(link) f(ban) n(dwidths) -182 3514 y(and) 21 b(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) h(delays) f(are) g(identical,) g(and) g(are) g (denoted) f(by) p Fj 21 w(B) p Fk -182 3613 a(and) p Fj 19 w(L) p Fk(,) g(respecti) n(v) o(e) n(ly) -5 b(.) -83 3723 y(On) 25 b(the) h(rand) n(om) f(netw) o(ork) p Fj 24 w(G) p Ff 813 3735 a(R) p Fk 894 3723 a(and) f(the) i(scale-fre) n (e) g(netw) o(ork) p Fj -182 3822 a(G) p Ff -117 3834 a(S) p Fk -69 3822 a(,) e(\003o) n(ws) g(are) f(gener) n(ated) h(rand) n (omly) -5 b(.) 22 b(Flo) n(ws) i(on) f(each) g(netw) o(ork) -182 3922 y(is) h(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) f(by) g(anoth) n(er) g(rando) n(m) g (netw) o(ork) p Fj 22 w(T) p Ff 1101 3934 a(R) p Fk 1179 3922 a(with) p Fj 23 w(N) p Fk 32 w(nodes) f(and) -182 4021 y(the) j(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) h(de) o(gr) n(ee) p Fj 26 w(\032k) p Fk 29 w(\(see) f(Fig.) h(1\).) p Fj 24 w(\032) p Fk 26 w(is) h(called) p Fm 25 w(load) d(factor) p Fk(.) -182 4121 y(Since) c(the) g(num) n(ber) g(of) f(links) h(of) p Fj 20 w(G) p Ff 845 4133 a(R) p Fk 920 4121 a(and) p Fj 20 w(G) p Ff 1126 4133 a(S) p Fk 1195 4121 a(is) p Fh 21 w(j) p Fj(E) p Ff 1355 4133 a(R) p Fh 1409 4121 a(j) p Fi 24 w(=) p Fh 22 w(j) p Fj(E) p Ff 1627 4133 a(S) p Fh 1676 4121 a(j) p Fi 23 w(=) p Fj -182 4221 a(k) s(N) r(=) p Fi(2) p Fk(,) 25 b(load) g(f) o(actor) p Fj 25 w(\032) p Fk 27 w(is) i(a) f(param) n(eter) g(that) g(determine) n (s) h(the) f(ra-) -182 4320 y(tio) f(of) f(the) h(num) n(ber) g(of) f (\003o) n(ws) h(to) g(the) g(numb) n(er) g(of) f(links) h(in) g(a) g (net-) -182 4420 y(w) o(ork) n(.) 20 b(In) f(add) n(ition,) g(routin) n (g) h(of) e(each) h(\003o) n(w) g(is) h(determin) n(ed) f(by) g(the) -182 4520 y(shortest) h(path) f(algorithm) g([5) o(].) -83 4629 y(W) -7 b(e) 32 b(assume) f(that) f(the) h(bandwid) n(th) g (allocation) f(to) g(each) h(\003o) n(w) -182 4728 y(satis\002es) 22 b(Max-Min) d(f) o(airness.) i(Thro) n(ughp) n(ut) g(of) g(each) f (\003o) n(w) h(is) h(cal-) -182 4828 y(culated) d(by) h(the) g(follo) n (win) n(g) h(algor) n(ithm) f(\(see) h(Fig.) f(2\).) -120 5017 y(1.) 41 b(Thro) n(ughp) n(ut) 26 b(allocatio) n(n) g(to) f(each) g (\003o) n(w) h(is) g(initialized) f(to) g(0.) -16 5117 y(Namely) -7 b(,) 21 b(by) e(letting) p Fj 20 w(r) p Ff 656 5129 a(i) p Fk 705 5117 a(be) h(the) h(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) g(of) f(\003o) n(w) p Fj 20 w(i) p Fk(,) p Fh 617 5310 a(8) p Fj(i) 83 b(r) p Ff 812 5322 a(i) p Fh 923 5310 a( ) p Fi 83 w(0) p Fj(:) p Fk 536 w(\(2\)) p 1974 28 1969 4 v 1974 1446 a @beginspecial -7 @llx 558 @lly 385 @urx 825 @ury 2425 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/model.eps %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 %%BoundingBox: -7 558 385 825 %%Title: model %%CreationDate: Mon Jan 23 08:22:20 2006 %%Creator: Tgif-4.1.43-QPL written by William Chia-Wei Cheng (bill.cheng@acm.org) %%ProducedBy: (unknown) %%Pages: 1 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%EndComments %%BeginProlog /tgifdict 55 dict def tgifdict begin /tgifellipsedict 6 dict def tgifellipsedict /mtrx matrix put /TGEL % tgifellipse { tgifellipsedict begin /yrad exch def /xrad exch def /y exch def /x exch def /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def x y translate xrad yrad scale 0 0 1 0 360 arc savematrix setmatrix end } def /tgifarrowtipdict 8 dict def tgifarrowtipdict /mtrx matrix put /TGAT % tgifarrowtip { tgifarrowtipdict begin /dy exch def /dx exch def /h exch def /w exch def /y exch def /x exch def /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def x y translate dy dx atan rotate 0 0 moveto w neg h lineto w neg h neg lineto savematrix setmatrix end } def /TGMAX { exch dup 3 1 roll exch dup 3 1 roll gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def /TGMIN { exch dup 3 1 roll exch dup 3 1 roll lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def /TGSW { stringwidth pop } def /bd { bind def } bind def /GS { gsave } bd /GR { grestore } bd /NP { newpath } bd /CP { closepath } bd /CHP { charpath } bd /CT { curveto } bd /L { lineto } bd /RL { rlineto } bd /M { moveto } bd /RM { rmoveto } bd /S { stroke } bd /F { fill } bd /TR { translate } bd /RO { rotate } bd /SC { scale } bd /MU { mul } bd /DI { div } bd /DU { dup } bd /NE { neg } bd /AD { add } bd /SU { sub } bd /PO { pop } bd /EX { exch } bd /CO { concat } bd /CL { clip } bd /EC { eoclip } bd /EF { eofill } bd /IM { image } bd /IMM { imagemask } bd /ARY { array } bd /SG { setgray } bd /RG { setrgbcolor } bd /SD { setdash } bd /W { setlinewidth } bd /SM { setmiterlimit } bd /SLC { setlinecap } bd /SLJ { setlinejoin } bd /SH { show } bd /FF { findfont } bd /MS { makefont setfont } bd /AR { arcto 4 {pop} repeat } bd /CURP { currentpoint } bd /FLAT { flattenpath strokepath clip newpath } bd /TGSM { tgiforigctm setmatrix } def /TGRM { savematrix setmatrix } def end %%EndProlog %%Page: 1 1 %%PageBoundingBox: -7 558 385 825 tgifdict begin /tgifsavedpage save def 1 SM 1 W 0 SG 72 0 MU 72 11.602 MU TR 72 128 DI 100.000 MU 100 DI DU NE SC GS /tgiforigctm matrix currentmatrix def % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 90 375 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 200 295 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 340 375 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 486 279 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 570 405 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 110 365 M 180 305 L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 220 305 M 320 365 L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 360 365 M 470 295 L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 500 295 M 560 385 L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 200 286 TR [1.556 0.000 0.000 1.000 -5 0] CO 200 NE 286 NE TR GR GS 1 W 200 286 TR [1.556 0.000 0.000 1.000 -5 0] CO 0 14 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [14 0 0 -14 0 0] MS (2) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 335 380 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [14 0 0 -14 0 0] MS (3) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 480 285 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [14 0 0 -14 0 0] MS (4) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 565 410 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [14 0 0 -14 0 0] MS (5) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 85 380 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [17 0 0 -17 0 0] MS (1) SH GR GR % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 85 165 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 195 85 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 335 165 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 481 69 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 565 195 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 105 155 M -60 70 atan DU cos 14.000 MU 175 exch SU exch sin 14.000 MU 95 exch SU L TGSM 4 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 175 95 14.000 6.000 70 -60 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 175 95 14.000 6.000 70 -60 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 215 95 M 60 100 atan DU cos 14.000 MU 315 exch SU exch sin 14.000 MU 155 exch SU L TGSM 4 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 315 155 14.000 6.000 100 60 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 315 155 14.000 6.000 100 60 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 350 145 M -70 110 atan DU cos 14.000 MU 460 exch SU exch sin 14.000 MU 75 exch SU L TGSM 4 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 460 75 14.000 6.000 110 -70 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 460 75 14.000 6.000 110 -70 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 470 90 M 70 -115 atan DU cos 14.000 MU 355 exch SU exch sin 14.000 MU 160 exch SU L TGSM 4 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 355 160 14.000 6.000 -115 70 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 355 160 14.000 6.000 -115 70 TGAT CP F GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 194 76 TR [1.556 0.000 0.000 1.000 -5 0] CO 194 NE 76 NE TR GR GS 1 W 194 76 TR [1.556 0.000 0.000 1.000 -5 0] CO 0 14 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [14 0 0 -14 0 0] MS (2) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 331 170 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [14 0 0 -14 0 0] MS (3) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 476 75 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [14 0 0 -14 0 0] MS (4) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 561 200 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [14 0 0 -14 0 0] MS (5) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 80 170 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [17 0 0 -17 0 0] MS (1) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 110 375 M 320 375 L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 540 195 M -25 -180 atan DU cos 14.000 MU 360 exch SU exch sin 14.000 MU 170 exch SU L TGSM 4 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 360 170 14.000 6.000 -180 -25 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 360 170 14.000 6.000 -180 -25 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0.619 0.635 0.619 RG GS [2 2] 0 SD NP 85 195 M 85 345 L TGSM 1 W S [] 0 SD GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0.619 0.635 0.619 RG GS [2 2] 0 SD NP 200 115 M 200 265 L TGSM 1 W S [] 0 SD GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0.619 0.635 0.619 RG GS [2 2] 0 SD NP 335 195 M 335 345 L TGSM 1 W S [] 0 SD GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0.619 0.635 0.619 RG GS [2 2] 0 SD NP 485 95 M 485 245 L TGSM 1 W S [] 0 SD GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0.619 0.635 0.619 RG GS [2 2] 0 SD NP 570 225 M 570 375 L TGSM 1 W S [] 0 SD GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 40 120 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (source) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 130 70 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (sink) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 290 45 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (flow) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 415 360 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (link) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 315 420 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (node) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 240 470 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (underlying network) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG NP 279 245 M 418 245 L 418 275 L 279 275 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 1 W 280 270 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (traffic matrix) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 585 455 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica-BoldOblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (N) SH 0 SG /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (=5) SH GR 0 29 RM GS 0 SG /Helvetica-BoldOblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (k) SH 0 SG /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (=2.4) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 605 245 M GS 0 SG /Symbol FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (r) SH 0 SG /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (=1) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS [4 4] 0 SD NP 50 135 M 10.00 149.67 0.00 170.00 20.00 196.00 CT 40.00 222.00 98.33 235.00 195.00 235.00 CT 291.67 235.00 383.33 235.00 470.00 235.00 CT 556.67 235.00 614.00 222.50 642.00 197.50 CT 670.00 172.50 656.00 151.67 600 135 CT TGSM 1 W S [] 0 SD GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS [4 4] 0 SD NP 48 338 M 8.00 352.67 -2.00 373.00 18.00 399.00 CT 38.00 425.00 96.33 438.00 193.00 438.00 CT 289.67 438.00 381.33 438.00 468.00 438.00 CT 554.67 438.00 612.00 425.50 640.00 400.50 CT 668.00 375.50 654.00 354.67 598 338 CT TGSM 1 W S [] 0 SD GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 305 55 M 250 105 L TGSM 1 W S GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 325 55 M 385 100 L TGSM 1 W S GR GR tgifsavedpage restore end showpage %%Trailer %MatchingCreationDate: Mon Jan 23 08:22:20 2006 %%DocumentFonts: Symbol %%+ Helvetica-BoldOblique %%+ Helvetica %%EOF %%EndDocument @endspecial Fe 2073 1764 a(Figure) 21 b(1.) h(Flo) o(w) e(model) g(and) h(underl) o(ying) f(netw) n(ork) 2073 1864 y(model) p 1974 1976 V 1974 2175 V 1974 3076 a @beginspecial 9 @llx 636 @lly 425 @urx 813 @ury 2425 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/max-min.eps %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 %%BoundingBox: 9 636 425 813 %%Title: max-min %%CreationDate: Mon Jan 23 08:24:15 2006 %%Creator: Tgif-4.1.43-QPL written by William Chia-Wei Cheng (bill.cheng@acm.org) %%ProducedBy: (unknown) %%Pages: 1 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%EndComments %%BeginProlog /tgifdict 58 dict def tgifdict begin /tgifellipsedict 6 dict def tgifellipsedict /mtrx matrix put /TGEL % tgifellipse { tgifellipsedict begin /yrad exch def /xrad exch def /y exch def /x exch def /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def x y translate xrad yrad scale 0 0 1 0 360 arc savematrix setmatrix end } def /tgifarrowtipdict 8 dict def tgifarrowtipdict /mtrx matrix put /TGAT % tgifarrowtip { tgifarrowtipdict begin /dy exch def /dx exch def /h exch def /w exch def /y exch def /x exch def /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def x y translate dy dx atan rotate 0 0 moveto w neg h lineto w neg h neg lineto savematrix setmatrix end } def /tgifarcdict 8 dict def tgifarcdict /mtrx matrix put /TGAN % tgifarcn { tgifarcdict begin /endangle exch def /startangle exch def /yrad exch def /xrad exch def /y exch def /x exch def /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def x y translate xrad yrad scale 0 0 1 startangle endangle arc savematrix setmatrix end } def /TGAR % tgifarc { tgifarcdict begin /endangle exch def /startangle exch def /yrad exch def /xrad exch def /y exch def /x exch def /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def x y translate xrad yrad scale 0 0 1 startangle endangle arcn savematrix setmatrix end } def /TGMAX { exch dup 3 1 roll exch dup 3 1 roll gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def /TGMIN { exch dup 3 1 roll exch dup 3 1 roll lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def /TGSW { stringwidth pop } def /bd { bind def } bind def /GS { gsave } bd /GR { grestore } bd /NP { newpath } bd /CP { closepath } bd /CHP { charpath } bd /CT { curveto } bd /L { lineto } bd /RL { rlineto } bd /M { moveto } bd /RM { rmoveto } bd /S { stroke } bd /F { fill } bd /TR { translate } bd /RO { rotate } bd /SC { scale } bd /MU { mul } bd /DI { div } bd /DU { dup } bd /NE { neg } bd /AD { add } bd /SU { sub } bd /PO { pop } bd /EX { exch } bd /CO { concat } bd /CL { clip } bd /EC { eoclip } bd /EF { eofill } bd /IM { image } bd /IMM { imagemask } bd /ARY { array } bd /SG { setgray } bd /RG { setrgbcolor } bd /SD { setdash } bd /W { setlinewidth } bd /SM { setmiterlimit } bd /SLC { setlinecap } bd /SLJ { setlinejoin } bd /SH { show } bd /FF { findfont } bd /MS { makefont setfont } bd /AR { arcto 4 {pop} repeat } bd /CURP { currentpoint } bd /FLAT { flattenpath strokepath clip newpath } bd /TGSM { tgiforigctm setmatrix } def /TGRM { savematrix setmatrix } def end %%EndProlog %%Page: 1 1 %%PageBoundingBox: 9 636 425 813 tgifdict begin /tgifsavedpage save def 1 SM 1 W 0 SG 72 0 MU 72 11.602 MU TR 72 128 DI 100.000 MU 100 DI DU NE SC GS /tgiforigctm matrix currentmatrix def % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 85 165 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 400 300 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % OVAL 0 SG GS GS NP 650 150 20 20 TGEL S GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 220 170 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (not congested) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 430 150 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (congested) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 50 145 M 400 300 L -205 335 atan DU cos 12.000 MU 735 exch SU exch sin 12.000 MU 95 exch SU L TGSM 3 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 735 95 12.000 5.000 335 -205 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 735 95 12.000 5.000 335 -205 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 85 85 M 90 155 L 395 285 L -65 35 atan DU cos 18.000 MU 430 exch SU exch sin 18.000 MU 220 exch SU L TGSM 5 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 430 220 18.000 7.000 35 -65 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 430 220 18.000 7.000 35 -65 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 370 230 M 405 285 L 635 145 L -65 50 atan DU cos 12.000 MU 685 exch SU exch sin 12.000 MU 80 exch SU L TGSM 3 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 685 80 12.000 5.000 50 -65 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 685 80 12.000 5.000 50 -65 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 390 350 M 405 305 L 650 160 L 10 65 atan DU cos 12.000 MU 715 exch SU exch sin 12.000 MU 170 exch SU L TGSM 3 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 715 170 12.000 5.000 65 10 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 715 170 12.000 5.000 65 10 TGAT CP F GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 70 65 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (r2 = r2 + ) SH 0 SG /Symbol FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (D) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 245 200 M GS 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (r) SH 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (1) SH 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (+r) SH 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (2) SH 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (p 133 5220 a<213c>p 196 5220 a<2549>p 260 5220 a<3f74>p 323 5220 a<2472>p Fd 406 5220 a(500) p Fc 524 5220 a<222a>p Fd 607 5220 a(1,000) p Fc 775 5220 a<244b>p 838 5220 a<4a51>p 901 5220 a<3939>p 964 5220 a<2439>p 1028 5220 a<246b>p 1091 5220 a<2123>p 1153 5220 a<304a>p 1216 5220 a<395f>p 1279 5220 a<244e>p 1342 5220 a<2530>p 1406 5220 a<2569>p 1469 5220 a<2555>p 1532 5220 a<2462>p 1596 5220 a<4631>p 1659 5220 a<4d4d>p 1722 5220 a<244b>p -64 5294 a<3d24>p 0 5294 a<4035>p 1974 28 1969 4 v 1974 1485 a @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 2425 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/udp/N-3-10-10-100-5-t_cv.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 %%CreationDate: Wed Oct 4 10:23:13 2006 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color true def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 10.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10.0 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /Rounded false def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /N {newpath moveto} bind def /C {setrgbcolor} bind def /f {rlineto fill} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0{ PL [] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT1{ PL [] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT2{ PL [] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT3{ PL [] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT4{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT5{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT6{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT7{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT8{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /BoxColFill { gsave Rec /Fillden exch def currentrgbcolor /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor fill grestore } def % % PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine % Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill % x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled % w,h = width and height of box % a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis % XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch % /PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for 0 PFa 6 get ne { 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for } if stroke grestore } def % /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont pop /MFshow { { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } ifelse } forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 6 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 661 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 661 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 20)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 903 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 903 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 40)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1144 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1144 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 60)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1386 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1386 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 80)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1627 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1627 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1869 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1869 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 120)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 2110 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2110 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 140)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 2352 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 160)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 714 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1008 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1008 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1302 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1302 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 300)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1597 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1597 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 400)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1891 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1891 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 500)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2185 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2185 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 600)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2479 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2479 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 700)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2774 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2774 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 800)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 3068 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3068 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 900)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1000)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L LTb 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (CV of throughput [%])] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore LTb 2038 70 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Number of nodes )] [(Helvetica-Oblique) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (N)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UP 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT0 LTb 2711 2219 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (random/log)] ] -46.7 MRshow LT0 2795 2219 M 399 0 V 714 1710 M 441 150 V 442 -1 V 441 28 V 441 -1 V 442 5 V 441 17 V 714 1710 BoxF 1155 1860 BoxF 1597 1859 BoxF 2038 1887 BoxF 2479 1886 BoxF 2921 1891 BoxF 3362 1908 BoxF 2994 2219 BoxF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT1 714 1670 M 0 79 V -31 -79 R 62 0 V -62 79 R 62 0 V 410 79 R 0 65 V -31 -65 R 62 0 V -62 65 R 62 0 V 411 -62 R 0 57 V -31 -57 R 62 0 V -62 57 R 62 0 V 410 -35 R 0 69 V -31 -69 R 62 0 V -62 69 R 62 0 V 410 -64 R 0 56 V -31 -56 R 62 0 V -62 56 R 62 0 V 411 -54 R 0 62 V -31 -62 R 62 0 V -62 62 R 62 0 V 410 -42 R 0 56 V -31 -56 R 62 0 V -62 56 R 62 0 V 714 1710 DiaF 1155 1860 DiaF 1597 1859 DiaF 2038 1887 DiaF 2479 1886 DiaF 2921 1891 DiaF 3362 1908 DiaF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT2 LTb 2711 2079 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (barandom/log)] ] -46.7 MRshow LT2 2795 2079 M 399 0 V 714 1929 M 441 143 V 442 97 V 441 46 V 441 66 V 442 -36 V 441 63 V 714 1929 TriUF 1155 2072 TriUF 1597 2169 TriUF 2038 2215 TriUF 2479 2281 TriUF 2921 2245 TriUF 3362 2308 TriUF 2994 2079 TriUF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT3 714 1866 M 0 125 V 683 1866 M 62 0 V -62 125 R 62 0 V 410 12 R 0 139 V -31 -139 R 62 0 V -62 139 R 62 0 V 411 -28 R 0 110 V -31 -110 R 62 0 V -62 110 R 62 0 V 410 -51 R 0 84 V -31 -84 R 62 0 V -62 84 R 62 0 V 410 -28 R 0 104 V -31 -104 R 62 0 V -62 104 R 62 0 V 411 -123 R 0 71 V -31 -71 R 62 0 V -62 71 R 62 0 V 410 -5 R 0 64 V -31 -64 R 62 0 V -62 64 R 62 0 V 714 1929 TriDF 1155 2072 TriDF 1597 2169 TriDF 2038 2215 TriDF 2479 2281 TriDF 2921 2245 TriDF 3362 2308 TriDF 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L 1.000 UP stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica-Oblique Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fe 2073 1804 a(Figure) 30 b(4.) g(CV) g(of) f(\003o) o(w) g (thr) n(oughp) n(uts) h(f) n(or) g(the) f(dif-) 2073 1903 y(f) o(erent) 38 b(n) o(umber) g(of) f(nodes) p Fj 38 w(N) p Fe 46 w(\() p Fj(k) p Fi 51 w(=) 48 b(3) p Fe(,) p Fj 37 w(B) p Fi 52 w(=) g(10) p Fe 2073 2003 a([Mbit/s],) 23 b(and) p Fj 22 w(\032) p Fi 23 w(=) g(5) p Fj(:) p Fi(0) p Fe(\)) p 1974 2132 V Fk 2073 2325 a(No) n(w) -5 b(,) 20 b(we) g(focu) n(s) h(on) e(the) h(v) n(ariation) f(in) h(\003o) n(w) g(thro) n(ughp) n(uts.) h(The) 1974 2425 y(coef) n(\002cien) n(t) 39 b(of) f(v) n(ariation) f(of) i(\003o) n(w) f(throu) n(ghputs) g(is) h (sho) n(wn) f(in) 1974 2524 y(Fig.) 23 b(4) g(when) g(chang) n(ing) g (the) g(numb) n(er) p Fj 24 w(N) p Fk 32 w(of) g(nodes) 70 b(from) p 3586 2492 162 4 v 3747 2492 24 4 v 3771 2492 84 4 v 22 w(50) p 3854 2492 24 4 v 3878 2492 65 4 v 23 w(to) p 1974 2592 125 4 v 1974 2624 a(500) n(from) p 2098 2657 162 4 v 2260 2657 20 4 v 2280 2657 125 4 v 19 w(1) n(00) p 2403 2657 20 4 v 2423 2657 65 4 v 19 w(to) p 2487 2657 20 4 v 2507 2657 187 4 v 19 w(1,) n(000) 18 b(.) h(This) g(\002gur) n(e) g(sho) n(ws) g(that) f(the) h(scale-free) o (5\226) 3943 2724 y(4) -2011 b(netw) o(ork) 18 b(sho) n(ws) g(lar) o (ger) g(v) n(ariation) g(in) h(\003o) n(w) g(thro) n(ughp) n(uts) h (than) e(the) 1974 2823 y(rand) n(om) j(netw) o(or) n(k,) g(re) o(ga) n (rdless) g(of) f(the) h(num) n(ber) p Fj 21 w(N) p Fk 30 w(of) f(nod) n(es.) i(F) o(or) 1974 2923 y(instance,) h(the) g (cumulati) n(v) m(e) h(prob) n(ability) f(of) h(\003o) n(w) f(throug) n (hput) g(for) p Fj 1974 3023 a(N) p Fi 32 w(=) p Fk 63 w(500) p 2201 2990 125 4 v -2 w(1,000) p 2325 3056 187 4 v 40 w(is) e(sho) n(wn) f(in) h(Fig.) f(5.) h(This) f(\002gure) g (sho) n(ws) g(that,5\226) 3943 3122 y(5) -2011 b(as) 28 b(compa) n(red) f(with) h(the) g(rand) n(om) f(netw) o(ork,) f(the) i (scale-free) f(net-) 1974 3222 y(w) o(ork) f(has) g(man) o(y) g(\003o) n (ws) h(with) f(lo) n(w) h(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) g(,) g(b) n(ut) g(has) f (a) h(fe) n(w) 1974 3321 y(\003o) n(ws) 20 b(with) h(e) o(xtrem) n(ely) f(high) g(thro) n(ughp) n(ut.) 2073 3425 y(As) i(seen) g(so) f(f) o(ar) m(,) g(when) f(we) i(focu) n(s) g(on) f(the) g(end-to-) n(end) g(perf) n (or) n(-) 1974 3524 y(mance,) 14 b(the) h(scale-free) g(netw) o(ork) f (sho) n(ws) h(higher) f(throug) n(hput) h(than) 1974 3624 y(the) 20 b(rando) n(m) h(netw) o(or) n(k.) g(Ho) n(we) n(v) m(er) m(,) f(focu) n(sing) h(on) f(per) n(-lin) n(k) h(perf) n(or) n(-) 1974 3724 y(mance,) e(we) i(will) g(see) f(contrad) n(ictory) g(results.) 2073 3827 y(The) 25 b(a) n(v) o(erage) f(link) h(utilization) f(when) h (chang) n(ing) g(the) g(numb) n(er) p Fj 1974 3927 a(N) p Fk 30 w(of) c(node) n(s) 66 b(fro) n(m) p 2421 3894 162 4 v 2582 3894 22 4 v 2604 3894 84 4 v 22 w(50) p 2687 3894 22 4 v 2709 3894 65 4 v 21 w(to) p 2773 3894 22 4 v 2795 3894 125 4 v 21 w(500) n(from) p 2919 3960 162 4 v 3081 3960 22 4 v 3103 3960 125 4 v 21 w(10) n(0) p 3227 3960 22 4 v 3249 3960 65 4 v 22 w(to) p 3313 3960 22 4 v 3335 3960 187 4 v 21 w(1,0) n(00) 43 b(is) 22 b(sho) n(wn) e(in5\226) 3943 4026 y(6) -2011 b(Fig.) 16 b(6.) g(Note) g(that,) g(e) n(v) o(en) f(when) g(utilization) h(of) g (bottlen) n(eck) g(links) g(is) 1974 4126 y(1.0,) 21 b(the) h(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) h(link) f(utilization) f(should) g(tak) o (e) h(a) h(v) n(alue) e(smaller) 1974 4225 y(than) g(1.0,) f(since) i (there) f(e) o(xist) g(non-b) n(ottleneck) g(links) g(and/o) n(r) h (links) 1974 4325 y(that) g(are) f(not) h(utilized) f(by) h(an) o(y) e (\003o) n(w) -5 b(.) 22 b(This) g(\002gur) n(e) h(sho) n(ws) e(that,) h (al-) 1974 4425 y(thou) n(gh) g(it) h(depen) n(ds) g(on) f(the) g(num) n (ber) p Fj 22 w(N) p Fk 31 w(of) g(nodes) g(in) g(a) h(netw) o(or) n (k,) 1974 4524 y(the) i(rando) n(m) h(netw) o(ork) e(sho) n(ws) i (5\2261) n(5\045) g(higher) e(throu) n(ghput) h(than) 1974 4624 y(the) 20 b(scale-free) f(netw) o(ork.) 2073 4727 y(This) 34 b(phen) n(omeno) n(n) f(can) g(be) h(e) o(xp) n(lained) f (as) h(follo) n(w) n(s.) g(In) f(the) 1974 4827 y(scale-free) i(netw) o (ork) n(,) h(since) g(the) g(a) n(v) o(erage) f(distance) g(is) i (smaller) 1974 4926 y(than) 28 b(that) h(of) f(the) h(rand) n(om) g (netw) o(ork) n(,) g(each) f(\003o) n(w) h(genera) n(lly) g(tra-) 1974 5026 y(v) o(erses) 19 b(fe) n(wer) g(links.) h(Consequ) n(ently) -5 b(,) 19 b(in) g(the) h(scale-free) f(netw) o(or) n(k,) 1974 5126 y(each) h(\003o) n(w) g(consum) n(es) h(less) h(netw) o(or) n(k) f (resou) n(rces) g(\(i.e.,) f(link) g(ban) n(d-) 1974 5225 y(width\).) 39 b(F) o(or) g(instance,) g(the) g(a) n(v) o(erage) g (path) g(length) f(for) p Fj 39 w(N) p Fi 68 w(=) p Fk 1974 5325 a(500) p 1974 5293 125 4 v -2 w(1,000) p 2098 5358 187 4 v 33 w(w) o(as) 17 b(appro) n(ximately) f(5.7) h(and) f(4.3) g(in) h(the) g(rand) n(om) g(net-) o(5\226) 3943 5425 y(7) p dyy eop end %%Page: 5 5 TeXDict begin 5 4 bop -182 28 1969 4 v -182 1485 a @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 2425 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/udp/1000-3-10-10-100-5-t-dist.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 %%CreationDate: Thu Oct 5 09:53:40 2006 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color true def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 10.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10.0 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /Rounded false def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /N {newpath moveto} bind def /C {setrgbcolor} bind def /f {rlineto fill} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 0.6 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 0.6 0 0.6 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 0.6 0.6 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 0.6 0.6 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.6 0.18 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.3 0.3 0.3 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /BoxColFill { gsave Rec /Fillden exch def currentrgbcolor /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor fill grestore } def % % PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine % Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill % x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled % w,h = width and height of box % a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis % XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch % /PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for 0 PFa 6 get ne { 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for } if stroke grestore } def % /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont pop /MFshow { { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } ifelse } forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 6 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 756 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 756 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1092 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1092 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.4)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1428 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1428 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.6)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1764 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1764 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.8)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 2100 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2100 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 714 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 979 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 979 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1244 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1244 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1508 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1508 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 3)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1773 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1773 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 4)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2038 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2038 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 5)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2303 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2303 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 6)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2568 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2568 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 7)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2832 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2832 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 8)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 3097 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3097 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 9)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 10)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L LTb 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Cumulative probability)] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore LTb 2038 70 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Throughput [Mbit/s])] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT0 LTb 2711 2219 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (random)] ] -46.7 MRshow LT0 2795 2219 M 399 0 V 714 420 M 19 0 V 0 305 V 25 0 V 0 400 V 26 0 V 0 290 V 26 0 V 0 182 V 26 0 V 0 136 V 25 0 V 0 83 V 26 0 V 0 58 V 26 0 V 0 37 V 26 0 V 0 33 V 26 0 V 0 25 V 25 0 V 0 21 V 26 0 V 0 12 V 26 0 V 0 12 V 26 0 V 0 11 V 26 0 V 0 8 V 25 0 V 0 7 V 26 0 V 0 7 V 26 0 V 0 5 V 26 0 V 0 5 V 26 0 V 0 4 V 25 0 V 0 3 V 26 0 V 0 2 V 26 0 V 0 3 V 26 0 V 0 3 V 26 0 V 0 2 V 25 0 V 0 2 V 26 0 V 0 2 V 26 0 V 0 2 V 26 0 V 0 2 V 25 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 25 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 25 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 25 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 25 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 25 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V stroke 2203 2097 M 25 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 25 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 25 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 25 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 25 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 25 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 25 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 25 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 25 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 1.000 UL LT1 LTb 2711 2079 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (BA)] ] -46.7 MRshow LT1 2795 2079 M 399 0 V 714 420 M 11 0 V 0 373 V 26 0 V 0 374 V 26 0 V 0 223 V 27 0 V 0 149 V 26 0 V 0 103 V 27 0 V 0 78 V 26 0 V 0 59 V 26 0 V 0 44 V 27 0 V 0 38 V 26 0 V 0 27 V 27 0 V 0 23 V 26 0 V 0 20 V 26 0 V 0 18 V 27 0 V 0 13 V 26 0 V 0 13 V 27 0 V 0 10 V 26 0 V 0 9 V 26 0 V 0 8 V 27 0 V 0 7 V 26 0 V 0 7 V 27 0 V 0 7 V 26 0 V 0 5 V 26 0 V 0 5 V 27 0 V 0 4 V 26 0 V 0 4 V 27 0 V 0 5 V 26 0 V 0 3 V 26 0 V 0 3 V 27 0 V 0 2 V 26 0 V 0 3 V 27 0 V 0 3 V 26 0 V 0 2 V 26 0 V 0 3 V 27 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 0 2 V 27 0 V 0 2 V 26 0 V 0 2 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 27 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 0 2 V 27 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 0 2 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 27 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 27 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 27 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V stroke 2071 2087 M 26 0 V 0 1 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 0 1 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 0 1 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 26 0 V 27 0 V 26 0 V 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L 1.000 UP stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fe -83 1804 a(Figure) 67 b(5.) g(Cum) n(ulative) g(pr) n (obability) g(of) f(\003o) o(w) -83 1903 y(thr) n(oughput) 21 b(f) n(or) p Fj 23 w(N) p Fi 32 w(=) i(1) p Fj(;) p Fi 14 w(000) p -182 2032 V Fk -182 2236 a(w) o(ork) g(and) h(the) g (scale-fre) n(e) h(netw) o(ork) n(,) f(respecti) n(v) o(ely) -7 b(.) 24 b(In) g(this) h(case,) -182 2336 y(each) j(\003o) n(w) g(in) h (the) f(scale-free) g(netw) o(ork) f(consum) n(es) j(only) d(as) i(ap-) -182 2436 y(pro) n(ximately) 20 b(75\045) h(\(=) g(4.3/5) n(.7\)) g(of) f(netw) o(ork) g(resourc) n(es) i(as) g(in) f(the) -182 2535 y(rand) n(om) f(netw) o(ork) n(.) -83 2642 y(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(e) n (r) m(,) 26 b(in) g(the) g(scale-fre) n(e) h(netw) o(or) n(k,) f(due) f (to) h(e) o(xistence) f(of) -182 2742 y(hub) n(s) 17 b(\(i.e.,) e(node) n(s) i(with) f(e) o(xtrem) n(ely) g(man) o(y) f (links\),) g(link) h(utilization) -182 2841 y(of) j(all) h(links) g (dif) n(fer) n(s) h(lar) o(g) n(ely) -5 b(.) 19 b(In) h(Fig.) g(7,) f (the) h(coef) n(\002cien) n(t) g(of) g(v) n(aria-) -182 2941 y(tion) g(of) h(link) g(utilization) g(is) h(sho) n(wn) e(when) h (chan) n(ging) g(the) g(num) n(ber) p Fj -182 3040 a(N) p Fk 35 w(of) 26 b(nodes) 79 b(from) p 290 3008 162 4 v 452 3008 27 4 v 479 3008 84 4 v 26 w(50) p 562 3008 27 4 v 589 3008 65 4 v 26 w(to) p 653 3008 27 4 v 680 3008 125 4 v 26 w(500) n(from) p 804 3074 162 4 v 966 3074 27 4 v 993 3074 125 4 v 26 w(100) p 1117 3074 27 4 v 1144 3074 65 4 v 25 w(to) p 1209 3074 27 4 v 1236 3074 187 4 v 27 w(1,0) n(00) 26 b(.) h(This) f(\002g-) -1969 b(5\226) -182 3140 y(8) p -182 3156 1969 4 v -182 4613 a @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 2425 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/udp/N-3-10-10-100-5-l.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 %%CreationDate: Wed Oct 4 10:23:15 2006 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color true def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 10.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10.0 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /Rounded false def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /N {newpath moveto} bind def /C {setrgbcolor} bind def /f {rlineto fill} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0{ PL [] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT1{ PL [] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT2{ PL [] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT3{ PL [] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT4{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT5{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT6{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT7{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT8{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /BoxColFill { gsave Rec /Fillden exch def currentrgbcolor /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor fill grestore } def % % PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine % Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill % x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled % w,h = width and height of box % a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis % XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch % /PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for 0 PFa 6 get ne { 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for } if stroke grestore } def % /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont pop /MFshow { { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } ifelse } forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 6 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 806 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 806 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1193 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1193 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.4)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1579 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1579 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.6)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1966 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1966 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.8)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 2352 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 714 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1008 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1008 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1302 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1302 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 300)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1597 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1597 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 400)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1891 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1891 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 500)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2185 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2185 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 600)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2479 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2479 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 700)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2774 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2774 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 800)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 3068 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3068 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 900)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1000)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L LTb 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Average link utilization)] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore LTb 2038 70 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Number of nodes )] [(Helvetica-Oblique) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (N)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UP 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT0 LTb 2711 2219 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (random/log)] ] -46.7 MRshow LT0 2795 2219 M 399 0 V 714 1865 M 441 -61 V 442 -36 V 441 -8 V 441 -13 V 442 -17 V 441 -9 V 714 1865 BoxF 1155 1804 BoxF 1597 1768 BoxF 2038 1760 BoxF 2479 1747 BoxF 2921 1730 BoxF 3362 1721 BoxF 2994 2219 BoxF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT1 714 1850 M 0 30 V -31 -30 R 62 0 V -62 30 R 62 0 V 410 -89 R 0 25 V -31 -25 R 62 0 V -62 25 R 62 0 V 411 -58 R 0 20 V -31 -20 R 62 0 V -62 20 R 62 0 V 410 -29 R 0 21 V -31 -21 R 62 0 V -62 21 R 62 0 V 410 -30 R 0 15 V -31 -15 R 62 0 V -62 15 R 62 0 V 411 -33 R 0 16 V -31 -16 R 62 0 V -62 16 R 62 0 V 410 -24 R 0 14 V -31 -14 R 62 0 V -62 14 R 62 0 V 714 1865 DiaF 1155 1804 DiaF 1597 1768 DiaF 2038 1760 DiaF 2479 1747 DiaF 2921 1730 DiaF 3362 1721 DiaF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT2 LTb 2711 2079 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (barandom/log)] ] -46.7 MRshow LT2 2795 2079 M 399 0 V 714 1761 M 441 -98 V 442 -45 V 441 -34 V 441 -33 V 442 2 V 441 -28 V 714 1761 TriUF 1155 1663 TriUF 1597 1618 TriUF 2038 1584 TriUF 2479 1551 TriUF 2921 1553 TriUF 3362 1525 TriUF 2994 2079 TriUF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT3 714 1742 M 0 38 V -31 -38 R 62 0 V -62 38 R 62 0 V 410 -135 R 0 37 V -31 -37 R 62 0 V -62 37 R 62 0 V 411 -79 R 0 31 V -31 -31 R 62 0 V -62 31 R 62 0 V 410 -66 R 0 33 V -31 -33 R 62 0 V -62 33 R 62 0 V 410 -68 R 0 35 V -31 -35 R 62 0 V -62 35 R 62 0 V 411 -27 R 0 23 V -31 -23 R 62 0 V -62 23 R 62 0 V 410 -49 R 0 19 V -31 -19 R 62 0 V -62 19 R 62 0 V 714 1761 TriDF 1155 1663 TriDF 1597 1618 TriDF 2038 1584 TriDF 2479 1551 TriDF 2921 1553 TriDF 3362 1525 TriDF 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L 1.000 UP stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica-Oblique Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fe -83 4931 a(Figure) 33 b(6.) g(A) m(vera) o(g) q(e) g (link) f(utilization) g(f) n(or) g(the) h(dif-) -83 5030 y(f) o(erent) 38 b(n) o(umber) g(of) f(nodes) p Fj 37 w(N) p Fe 47 w(\() p Fj(k) p Fi 51 w(=) 47 b(3) p Fe(,) p Fj 38 w(B) p Fi 52 w(=) h(10) p Fe -83 5130 a([Mbit/s],) 23 b(and) p Fj 22 w(\032) p Fi 23 w(=) g(5) p Fj(:) p Fi(0) p Fe(\)) p -182 5259 V 1974 28 V 1974 1485 a @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 2425 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/udp/N-3-10-10-100-5-l_cv.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 %%CreationDate: Wed Oct 4 10:23:15 2006 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color true def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 10.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10.0 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /Rounded false def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /N {newpath moveto} bind def /C {setrgbcolor} bind def /f {rlineto fill} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0{ PL [] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT1{ PL [] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT2{ PL [] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT3{ PL [] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT4{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT5{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT6{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT7{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT8{ PL [3 dl 3 dl] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /BoxColFill { gsave Rec /Fillden exch def currentrgbcolor /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor fill grestore } def % % PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine % Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill % x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled % w,h = width and height of box % a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis % XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch % /PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for 0 PFa 6 get ne { 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for } if stroke grestore } def % /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont pop /MFshow { { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } ifelse } forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 6 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 630 420 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 630 696 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 696 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 10)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 630 972 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 972 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 20)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 630 1248 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 1248 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 30)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 630 1524 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 1524 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 40)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 630 1800 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 1800 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 630 2076 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 2076 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 60)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 630 2352 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 70)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 630 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 630 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 934 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 934 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1237 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1237 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 300)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1541 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1541 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 400)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1844 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1844 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 500)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2148 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2148 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 600)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2451 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2451 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 700)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2755 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2755 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 800)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 3058 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3058 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 900)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1000)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1.000 UL LTb 630 420 M 2732 0 V 0 1932 V -2732 0 V 630 420 L LTb 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (CV of link utilization [%])] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore LTb 1996 70 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Number of nodes )] [(Helvetica-Oblique) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (N)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UP 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT0 LTb 2711 2219 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (random/log)] ] -46.7 MRshow LT0 2795 2219 M 399 0 V 630 1485 M 455 53 V 456 40 V 455 10 V 455 11 V 456 25 V 455 12 V 630 1485 BoxF 1085 1538 BoxF 1541 1578 BoxF 1996 1588 BoxF 2451 1599 BoxF 2907 1624 BoxF 3362 1636 BoxF 2994 2219 BoxF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT1 630 1457 M 0 56 V -31 -56 R 62 0 V -62 56 R 62 0 V 424 0 R 0 50 V -31 -50 R 62 0 V -62 50 R 62 0 V 425 -4 R 0 37 V -31 -37 R 62 0 V -62 37 R 62 0 V 424 -28 R 0 39 V -31 -39 R 62 0 V -62 39 R 62 0 V 424 -24 R 0 32 V -31 -32 R 62 0 V -62 32 R 62 0 V 425 -7 R 0 32 V -31 -32 R 62 0 V -62 32 R 62 0 V 424 -19 R 0 29 V -31 -29 R 62 0 V -62 29 R 62 0 V 630 1485 DiaF 1085 1538 DiaF 1541 1578 DiaF 1996 1588 DiaF 2451 1599 DiaF 2907 1624 DiaF 3362 1636 DiaF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT2 LTb 2711 2079 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (barandom/log)] ] -46.7 MRshow LT2 2795 2079 M 399 0 V 630 1733 M 455 132 V 456 57 V 455 54 V 455 61 V 456 -12 V 455 45 V 630 1733 TriUF 1085 1865 TriUF 1541 1922 TriUF 1996 1976 TriUF 2451 2037 TriUF 2907 2025 TriUF 3362 2070 TriUF 2994 2079 TriUF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT3 630 1691 M 0 83 V -31 -83 R 62 0 V -62 83 R 62 0 V 424 47 R 0 88 V -31 -88 R 62 0 V -62 88 R 62 0 V 425 -21 R 0 68 V -31 -68 R 62 0 V -62 68 R 62 0 V 424 -17 R 0 74 V -31 -74 R 62 0 V -62 74 R 62 0 V 424 -14 R 0 77 V -31 -77 R 62 0 V -62 77 R 62 0 V 425 -78 R 0 53 V -31 -53 R 62 0 V -62 53 R 62 0 V 424 -3 R 0 43 V -31 -43 R 62 0 V -62 43 R 62 0 V 630 1733 TriDF 1085 1865 TriDF 1541 1922 TriDF 1996 1976 TriDF 2451 2037 TriDF 2907 2025 TriDF 3362 2070 TriDF 1.000 UL LTb 630 420 M 2732 0 V 0 1932 V -2732 0 V 630 420 L 1.000 UP stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica-Oblique Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial 2073 1804 a(Figure) d(7.) g(CV) g(of) f(link) h(utilizatio) n(n) g(f) n(or) f(the) h(diff) o(erent) 2073 1903 y(n) o(umber) 31 b(of) g(nodes) p Fj 30 w(N) p Fe 40 w(\() p Fj(k) p Fi 39 w(=) 36 b(3) p Fe(,) p Fj 30 w(B) p Fi 41 w(=) g(10) p Fe 30 w([Mbit/s],) 2073 2003 y(and) p Fj 23 w(\032) p Fi 23 w(=) 23 b(5) p Fj(:) p Fi(0) p Fe(\)) p 1974 2132 V Fk 1974 2324 a(ure) h(sho) n(ws) g(that) g(the) h(v) n(ar) n(iation) f (in) h(link) f(utilization) f(in) i(the) f(scale-) 1974 2423 y(free) 18 b(netw) o(ork) f(is) i(lar) o(ger) e(than) h(in) h(the) f(rando) n(m) h(netw) o(ork) n(.) g(This) g(ten-) 1974 2523 y(denc) o(y) 28 b(becom) n(es) j(noticea) n(ble) f(as) g(the) g (num) n(ber) p Fj 30 w(N) p Fk 38 w(of) g(nod) n(es) h(be-) 1974 2622 y(comes) 20 b(lar) o(g) n(e.) 2073 2725 y(From) i(a) g(vie) n (wpoin) n(t) h(of) f(the) g(end-) n(to-end) f(perfo) n(rmance,) g (scale-) 1974 2825 y(free) e(structure) g(causes) i(positi) n(v) o(e) e (ef) n(fect) g(such) h(that) g(the) g(numb) n(er) g(of) 1974 2925 y(hop) n(s) 25 b(between) d(nodes) h(is) i(small,) e(and) g(also) h (ne) o(ga) n(ti) n(v) o(e) f(ef) n(fect) g(such) 1974 3024 y(that) 17 b(traf) n(\002c) h(is) g(lik) o(ely) f(to) h(be) f (concen) n(trated) g(on) g(hubs.) g(The) g(strength) 1974 3124 y(of) 24 b(these) g(positi) n(v) o(e) g(and) g(ne) o(g) n(ati) n (v) o(e) g(ef) n(fects) g(should) f(determin) n(e) i(the) 1974 3223 y(end-) n(to-end) 19 b(perfo) n(rmance) h(of) f(scale-free) h (netw) o(ork) n(s.) 2073 3326 y(F) o(or) 34 b(instance,) g(in) g(Fig.) g (3,) g(the) g(a) n(v) o(erage) f(throu) n(ghput) g(of) h(the) 1974 3426 y(scale-free) 14 b(netw) o(ork) h(is) h(lar) o(ge) n(r) g(than) f (that) g(of) h(the) f(rando) n(m) h(netw) o(or) n(k,) 1974 3525 y(re) o(ga) n(rdless) 24 b(of) g(the) g(numb) n(er) p Fj 24 w(N) p Fk 34 w(of) g(nod) n(es.) h(This) f(is) h(pro) n(bably) f (be-) 1974 3625 y(cause) g(the) h(positi) n(v) o(e) f(ef) n(fect,) g (such) g(that) h(the) f(numbe) n(r) h(of) g(hop) n(s) h(be-) 1974 3725 y(tween) 20 b(nod) n(es) h(is) g(small,) g(is) g(signi\002cant.) 2073 3827 y(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(er) -5 b(,) 23 b(as) g(the) f(a) n(v) o (erage) f(de) o(gree) g(becomes) h(lar) o(g) n(e,) h(the) f(ne) o(g-) 1974 3927 y(ati) n(v) o(e) 30 b(ef) n(fect) h(of) f(scale-free) g (structure) g(becom) n(es) i(noticeab) n(le.) f(In) 1974 4027 y(this) 21 b(case,) h(the) f(rand) n(om) g(netw) o(ork) f(sho) n (ws) h(better) f(end-to) n(-end) h(per) n(-) 1974 4126 y(form) n(ance) 33 b(than) g(that) g(of) g(scale-free) g(netw) o(or) n (k.) h(In) e(the) i(num) n(eri-) 1974 4226 y(cal) 27 b(results) g(so) h(f) o(ar) m(,) e(the) h(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) h(de) o (g) n(ree) f(is) h(\002x) o(ed) f(at) p Fj 27 w(k) p Fi 38 w(=) 36 b(3) p Fk(.) 26 b(In) 1974 4326 y(Fig.) p 1974 4293 132 4 v -1 w(Figs.) p 2105 4359 164 4 v 51 w(8) 102 b(and) p 2464 4359 120 4 v 2584 4359 26 4 v 2610 4359 42 4 v 25 w(9) 50 b(,) 25 b(the) g(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g (\003o) n(w) g(throug) n(hput) 75 b(is) p 3767 4293 56 4 v 1 w(and) p 3823 4359 120 4 v -1 w(5\226) 3943 4425 y(9) 3943 4525 y(5\226) 3943 4625 y(10) p 1974 4458 102 4 v 1974 4425 a(the) p 2075 4458 26 4 v 2101 4458 349 4 v 25 w(coef) n(\002cien) n(t) p 2449 4458 26 4 v 2475 4458 70 4 v 26 w(of) p 2544 4458 26 4 v 2570 4458 294 4 v 25 w(v) n(ar) n(iation) p 2862 4458 26 4 v 2888 4458 70 4 v 25 w(of) p 2957 4458 26 4 v 2983 4458 146 4 v 25 w(\003o) n(w) p 3128 4458 26 4 v 3154 4458 397 4 v 25 w(thro) n(ughp) n(uts) p 3550 4458 26 4 v 3576 4458 102 4 v 26 w(are) 50 b(sho) n(wn) 3943 4724 y(5\226) 3943 4824 y(11) 1974 4525 y(when) 19 b(changin) n(g) i(the) f(a) n(v) o (erag) n(e) h(de) o(g) n(ree) p Fj 20 w(k) p Fk 24 w(from) e(2) h(to) h (8.) 2073 4628 y(This) p 2073 4595 148 4 v 2221 4595 32 4 v 2253 4595 194 4 v 32 w(\002gur) n(eFigure) p 2446 4661 238 4 v 2684 4661 42 4 v 20 w(8) 93 b(sho) n(ws) 31 b(that) g(the) g(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) h(of) e(the) 3943 4925 y(5\226) 3943 5025 y(12) 1974 4727 y(rand) n(om) h(netw) o(ork) f (is) j(high) n(er) f(than) e(that) i(of) f(the) g(scale-free) g(net-) 1974 4827 y(w) o(ork,) 23 b(when) h(the) g(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) h(de) o (g) n(ree) p Fj 24 w(k) p Fk 28 w(is) g(lar) o(ger) e(than) h(or) f (equal) h(to) 1974 4926 y(6.) 18 b(This) h(pheno) n(menon) e(can) i(be) g(e) o(xp) n(lained) f(as) i(follo) n(ws.) e(The) g(num-) 1974 5026 y(ber) 30 b(of) g(links) g(in) h(a) g(netw) o(or) n(k) g (increases) f(as) h(the) f(a) n(v) o(erage) g(de) o(g) n(ree) p Fj 1974 5126 a(k) p Fk 37 w(becom) n(es) 35 b(lar) o(g) n(e.) f(The) f (a) n(v) o(erage) g(distance) g(of) g(a) h(netw) o(ork) f(be-) 1974 5225 y(comes) 28 b(small) h(as) h(the) e(numb) n(er) h(of) f(links) h (increases.) f(Hence,) g(the) 1974 5325 y(dif) n(fer) n(ence) c(in) g (a) n(v) o(era) n(ge) g(distances) g(of) f(the) h(rando) n(m) g(netw) o (ork) f(and) p dyy eop end %%Page: 6 6 TeXDict begin 6 5 bop -182 28 1969 4 v -182 1485 a @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 2425 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/udp/1000-k-10-10-100-5-t.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 %%CreationDate: Wed Oct 4 10:23:39 2006 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color true def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 10.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10.0 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /Rounded false def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /N {newpath moveto} bind def /C {setrgbcolor} bind def /f {rlineto fill} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0{ PL [] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT1{ PL [] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT2{ PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT3{ PL [] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT4{ PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 0.6 DL } def /LT5{ PL [] 0 0 0.6 DL } def /LT6{ PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 0.6 0 0.6 DL } def /LT7{ PL [] 0.6 0 0.6 DL } def /LT8{ PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 0.6 0.6 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /BoxColFill { gsave Rec /Fillden exch def currentrgbcolor /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor fill grestore } def % % PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine % Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill % x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled % w,h = width and height of box % a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis % XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch % /PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for 0 PFa 6 get ne { 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for } if stroke grestore } def % /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont pop /MFshow { { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } ifelse } forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 6 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 613 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 613 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 806 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 806 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1000 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1000 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.3)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1193 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1193 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.4)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1386 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1386 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.5)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1579 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1579 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.6)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1772 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1772 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.7)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1966 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1966 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.8)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 2159 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2159 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0.9)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 2352 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 714 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1155 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1155 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 3)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1597 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1597 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 4)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2038 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2038 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 5)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2479 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2479 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 6)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2921 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2921 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 7)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 8)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L LTb 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Average throughput [Mbit/s])] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore LTb 2038 70 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Average degree )] [(Helvetica-Oblique) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (k)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UP 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT0 LTb 2711 2219 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (random/log)] ] -46.7 MRshow LT0 2795 2219 M 399 0 V 714 800 M 441 526 V 442 321 V 441 227 V 441 166 V 442 135 V 441 109 V 714 800 BoxF 1155 1326 BoxF 1597 1647 BoxF 2038 1874 BoxF 2479 2040 BoxF 2921 2175 BoxF 3362 2284 BoxF 2994 2219 BoxF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT1 714 792 M 0 17 V 683 792 M 62 0 V -62 17 R 62 0 V 410 512 R 0 10 V -31 -10 R 62 0 V -62 10 R 62 0 V 411 310 R 0 13 V -31 -13 R 62 0 V -62 13 R 62 0 V 410 216 R 0 8 V -31 -8 R 62 0 V -62 8 R 62 0 V 410 158 R 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V 411 128 R 0 8 V -31 -8 R 62 0 V -62 8 R 62 0 V 410 101 R 0 8 V -31 -8 R 62 0 V -62 8 R 62 0 V 714 800 DiaF 1155 1326 DiaF 1597 1647 DiaF 2038 1874 DiaF 2479 2040 DiaF 2921 2175 DiaF 3362 2284 DiaF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT2 LTb 2711 2079 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (barandom/log)] ] -46.7 MRshow LT2 2795 2079 M 399 0 V 714 951 M 441 548 V 442 305 V 441 137 V 441 100 V 442 99 V 441 50 V 714 951 TriUF 1155 1499 TriUF 1597 1804 TriUF 2038 1941 TriUF 2479 2041 TriUF 2921 2140 TriUF 3362 2190 TriUF 2994 2079 TriUF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT3 714 932 M 0 37 V 683 932 M 62 0 V -62 37 R 62 0 V 410 514 R 0 33 V -31 -33 R 62 0 V -62 33 R 62 0 V 411 272 R 0 32 V -31 -32 R 62 0 V -62 32 R 62 0 V 410 101 R 0 40 V -31 -40 R 62 0 V -62 40 R 62 0 V 410 62 R 0 35 V -31 -35 R 62 0 V -62 35 R 62 0 V 411 62 R 0 41 V -31 -41 R 62 0 V -62 41 R 62 0 V 410 9 R 0 41 V -31 -41 R 62 0 V -62 41 R 62 0 V 714 951 TriDF 1155 1499 TriDF 1597 1804 TriDF 2038 1941 TriDF 2479 2041 TriDF 2921 2140 TriDF 3362 2190 TriDF 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L 1.000 UP stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica-Oblique Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fe -83 1803 a(Figure) 33 b(8.) h(A) m(vera) o(g) q(e) f (\003o) o(w) f(thr) n(oughpu) n(t) h(f) n(or) g(a) h(dif-) -83 1902 y(f) o(erent) d(a) o(vera) o(g) q(e) h(degree) p Fj 31 w(k) p Fe 34 w(\() p Fj(N) p Fi 44 w(=) k(1) p Fj(;) p Fi 14 w(000) p Fe(,) p Fj 29 w(B) p Fi 41 w(=) g(10) p Fe -83 2002 a([Mbit/s],) 23 b(and) p Fj 22 w(\032) p Fi 23 w(=) g(5) p Fj(:) p Fi(0) p Fe(\)) p -182 2131 V Fk -182 2365 a(the) k(scale-free) f(netw) o(ork) g(becomes) h(small.) g(On) h(the) f(contra) n(ry) -5 b(,) 27 b(in) -182 2465 y(our) 20 b(e) o(xp) n(eriments,) g(routing) g(of) g(each) h(\003o) n (w) g(is) g(simply) g(determ) n(ined) -182 2564 y(by) h(the) g (shortest) h(path) f(algor) n(ithm.) h(Hence,) e(when) h(a) h(netw) o (ork) f(has) -182 2664 y(scale-fr) n(ee-netw) o(ork) 15 b(structure,) g(\003o) n(ws) i(are) g(lik) o(ely) f(to) h(tra) n(v) o (erse) f(hub) -182 2763 y(nod) n(es.) i(Consequen) n(tly) -5 b(,) 17 b(hub) g(nod) n(es) i(beco) n(me) f(cong) n(ested,) g(leading) -182 2863 y(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) g(de) o(g) n(radation) e(for) g(man) o (y) g(\003o) n(ws.) 70 b(This) p 1192 2896 148 4 v 1340 2896 18 4 v 1358 2896 429 4 v 18 w(ph) n(enomen) n(on) p -182 2996 116 4 v -182 2963 a(can) p -67 2996 31 4 v -36 2996 79 4 v 30 w(be) p 42 2996 31 4 v 73 2996 337 4 v 30 w(co) n(n\002rmed) p 409 2996 31 4 v 440 2996 162 4 v 30 w(fr) n(om) p 600 2996 31 4 v 631 2996 153 4 v 30 w(Fig.) p 783 2996 42 4 v 20 w(9) p 824 2996 24 4 v -1 w(;) p 847 2996 31 4 v 878 2996 123 4 v 31 w(i.e.,) p 1000 2996 31 4 v 1031 2996 102 4 v 30 w(the) p 1132 2996 31 4 v 1163 2996 323 4 v 30 w(scale-f) n(ree) p 1485 2996 31 4 v 1516 2996 272 4 v 31 w(ne) n(tw) o(ork) p -182 3096 206 4 v -182 3062 a(sho) n(ws) p 23 3096 22 4 v 45 3096 193 4 v 21 w(lar) o(g) n(er) p 237 3096 22 4 v 259 3096 294 4 v 22 w(v) n(ar) n(iation) p 552 3096 22 4 v 574 3096 65 4 v 22 w(in) p 638 3096 22 4 v 660 3096 146 4 v 21 w(\003o) n(w) p 805 3096 22 4 v 827 3096 397 4 v 21 w(thro) n(ughp) n(uts) p 1223 3096 22 4 v 1245 3096 143 4 v 22 w(than) p 1388 3096 22 4 v 1410 3096 102 4 v 21 w(the) p 1511 3096 22 4 v 1533 3096 254 4 v 21 w(rand) n(om) p -182 3195 292 4 v -182 3162 a(netw) o(or) n(k.) -292 b(5\226) -182 3262 y(13) p Fn -182 3446 a(6.) 69 b(Summary) 26 b(and) f(Futur) n(e) h(W) -7 b(orks) p Fk -83 3714 a(In) 32 b(this) h(paper) m(,) e(throug) n(h) i(simple) f (numer) n(ical) h(compu) n(tations,) -182 3813 y(we) 27 b(ha) n(v) o(e) f(in) m(v) o(e) n(stigated) g(the) h(ef) n(fect) f(of) g (scale-free) g(structure) g(of) g(a) -182 3913 y(netw) o(or) n(k) i(on) f(its) h(end-to) n(-end) f(perf) n(orman) n(ce.) h(Consequ) n(ently) -5 b(,) 27 b(we) -182 4013 y(ha) n(v) o(e) j(fou) n(nd:) h(\(1\)) f(when) g (the) g(a) n(v) o(erage) g(de) o(g) n(ree) h(of) f(a) i(netw) o(or) n (k) f(is) -182 4112 y(small) 24 b(\(i.e.,) f(there) h(are) g(not) f (man) o(y) g(links) h(in) g(a) g(netw) o(ork\)) n(,) g(a) h(scale-) -182 4212 y(free) h(netw) o(ork) g(sho) n(ws) h(high) n(er) g(end-to) n (-end) f(perfo) n(rmance) g(than) g(a) -182 4311 y(rand) n(om) d(netw) o (ork,) g(and) g(\(2\)) g(con) m(v) m(ersely) -5 b(,) 22 b(when) h(the) h(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g(de-) -182 4411 y(gree) e(of) g(a) h(netw) o(or) n(k) g(is) g(lar) o(ge) f(\(i.e.,) g (man) o(y) f(links) h(in) h(a) g(netw) o(ork) n(\),) f(a) -182 4511 y(rand) n(om) 17 b(netw) o(or) n(k) g(sho) n(ws) g(highe) n(r) h (end) n(-to-end) e(perf) n(orman) n(ce) h(than) -182 4610 y(a) j(scale-free) g(netw) o(or) n(k.) -83 4727 y(As) i(futur) n(e) f(w) o(ork,) f(we) h(are) g(plann) n(ing) g(to) g (in) m(v) m(estigate) g(the) f(ef) n(fect) -182 4827 y(of) g(the) h(scale-free) g(structur) n(e) h(of) f(a) g(netw) o(ork) f (on) g(other) h(end-) n(to-end) -182 4926 y(perf) n(orman) n(ce) 28 b(metrics) f(such) g(as) h(delay) e(and) h(pack) o(et) g(loss) h(pro) n (ba-) -182 5026 y(bility) p 75 5059 28 4 v 109 w(as) p 103 5059 70 4 v 171 5059 28 4 v 199 5059 143 4 v 27 w(well) p 341 5059 28 4 v 369 5059 70 4 v 27 w(as) p 438 5059 28 4 v 466 5059 555 4 v 28 w(app) n(lication-le) n(v) m(el) p 1020 5059 28 4 v 1048 5059 420 4 v 28 w(pe) n(rforma) n(nce) p 1467 5059 28 4 v 1495 5059 245 4 v 28 w(m) n(etrics) g(.) -1969 b(6\226) -182 5126 y(1) -42 b(Also,) 22 b(we) g(are) g(plann) n(ing) g (to) g(in) m(v) o(estiga) n(te) h(the) f(ef) n(fec) n(t) h(of) f (scale-fre) n(e) -182 5225 y(structur) n(e) g(of) f(a) g(netw) o(ork) g (on) f(se) n(v) o(eral) h(netw) o(ork) f(proto) n(cols,) i(for) e(in-) -182 5325 y(stance,) g(the) g(cong) n(estion) g(contro) n(l) h(mechan) n (ism) g(of) f(TCP) -9 b(.) p 1974 28 1969 4 v 1974 1485 a @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 2425 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/udp/1000-k-10-10-100-5-t_cv.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 %%CreationDate: Wed Oct 4 10:23:39 2006 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color true def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 10.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10.0 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /Rounded false def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /N {newpath moveto} bind def /C {setrgbcolor} bind def /f {rlineto fill} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def /LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0{ PL [] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT1{ PL [] 0.6 0 0 DL } def /LT2{ PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT3{ PL [] 0 0.6 0 DL } def /LT4{ PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 0.6 DL } def /LT5{ PL [] 0 0 0.6 DL } def /LT6{ PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 0.6 0 0.6 DL } def /LT7{ PL [] 0.6 0 0.6 DL } def /LT8{ PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 0.6 0.6 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /BoxColFill { gsave Rec /Fillden exch def currentrgbcolor /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor fill grestore } def % % PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine % Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill % x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled % w,h = width and height of box % a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis % XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch % /PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for 0 PFa 6 get ne { 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for } if stroke grestore } def % /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont pop /MFshow { { dup 5 get 3 ge { 5 get 3 eq {gsave} {grestore} ifelse } {dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch R dup 5 get 2 ne {dup dup 6 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 R} ifelse }if dup 5 get 0 eq {dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch R pop} {pop aload pop M} ifelse} {dup 5 get 1 eq {dup 2 get exch dup 3 get exch 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div dup 0 R} {dup 6 get stringwidth pop -2 div 0 R 6 get show 2 index {aload pop M neg 3 -1 roll neg R pop pop} {pop pop pop pop aload pop M} ifelse }ifelse }ifelse } ifelse } forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 6 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 635 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 635 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 50)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 849 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 849 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 100)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1064 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1064 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 150)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1279 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1279 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 200)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1493 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1493 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 250)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1708 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1708 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 300)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 1923 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1923 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 350)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 2137 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2137 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 400)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 2352 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 450)] ] -46.7 MRshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 714 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 2)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1155 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1155 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 3)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1597 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1597 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 4)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2038 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2038 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 5)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2479 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2479 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 6)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 2921 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2921 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 7)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 ( 8)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L LTb 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (CV of throughput [%])] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore LTb 2038 70 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (Average degree )] [(Helvetica-Oblique) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (k)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UP 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT0 LTb 2711 2219 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (random/log)] ] -46.7 MRshow LT0 2795 2219 M 399 0 V 714 2337 M 1155 949 L 1597 806 L 441 -42 V 441 -17 V 442 -1 V 441 1 V 714 2337 BoxF 1155 949 BoxF 1597 806 BoxF 2038 764 BoxF 2479 747 BoxF 2921 746 BoxF 3362 747 BoxF 2994 2219 BoxF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT1 714 2322 M 0 30 V -31 -30 R 62 0 V -62 30 R 62 0 V 1155 939 M 0 20 V -31 -20 R 62 0 V -62 20 R 62 0 V 1597 801 M 0 11 V -31 -11 R 62 0 V -62 11 R 62 0 V 410 -52 R 0 8 V -31 -8 R 62 0 V -62 8 R 62 0 V 410 -24 R 0 7 V -31 -7 R 62 0 V -62 7 R 62 0 V 411 -7 R 0 5 V -31 -5 R 62 0 V -62 5 R 62 0 V 410 -4 R 0 4 V -31 -4 R 62 0 V -62 4 R 62 0 V 714 2337 DiaF 1155 949 DiaF 1597 806 DiaF 2038 764 DiaF 2479 747 DiaF 2921 746 DiaF 3362 747 DiaF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT2 LTb 2711 2079 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true 0 (barandom/log)] ] -46.7 MRshow LT2 2795 2079 M 399 0 V 714 2115 M 1155 1091 L 1597 952 L 441 -5 V 441 -16 V 442 -8 V 441 23 V 714 2115 TriUF 1155 1091 TriUF 1597 952 TriUF 2038 947 TriUF 2479 931 TriUF 2921 923 TriUF 3362 946 TriUF 2994 2079 TriUF 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT3 714 2077 M 0 75 V -31 -75 R 62 0 V -62 75 R 62 0 V 1155 1080 M 0 23 V -31 -23 R 62 0 V -62 23 R 62 0 V 1597 942 M 0 19 V -31 -19 R 62 0 V -62 19 R 62 0 V 410 -24 R 0 21 V -31 -21 R 62 0 V -62 21 R 62 0 V 410 -37 R 0 20 V -31 -20 R 62 0 V -62 20 R 62 0 V 411 -28 R 0 21 V -31 -21 R 62 0 V -62 21 R 62 0 V 410 5 R 0 14 V -31 -14 R 62 0 V -62 14 R 62 0 V 714 2115 TriDF 1155 1091 TriDF 1597 952 TriDF 2038 947 TriDF 2479 931 TriDF 2921 923 TriDF 3362 946 TriDF 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L 1.000 UP stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica-Oblique Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fe 2073 1804 a(Figure) 40 b(9.) g(CV) f(of) g(\003o) o(w) g (thr) n(oughp) n(uts) h(f) n(or) f(a) h(dif-) 2073 1903 y(f) o(erent) 31 b(a) o(vera) o(g) q(e) h(degree) p Fj 31 w(k) p Fe 34 w(\() p Fj(N) p Fi 45 w(=) k(1) p Fj(;) p Fi 14 w(000) p Fe(,) p Fj 29 w(B) p Fi 40 w(=) g(10) p Fe 2073 2003 a([Mbit/s],) 23 b(and) p Fj 22 w(\032) p Fi 23 w(=) g(5) p Fj(:) p Fi(0) p Fe(\)) p 1974 2132 V Fn 1974 2311 a(Refer) n(enc) r(es) p Fb 2011 2514 a([1]) 42 b(R.) 19 b(Albert) h(and) i(A.) d(L.) h(Barabasi.) 31 b(Statistical) 19 b(mechan) r(ics) h(of) g(com-) 2140 2605 y(ple) o(x) 32 b(netw) o(orks.) p Fa 67 w(Thesis) f(\(PhD\).) g (Univer) o(sity) h(of) f(Notr) m(e) g(Dame) p Fb(,) 2140 2696 y(74:47\2269) r(7,) 18 b(July) i(2001.) 2011 2794 y([2]) 42 b(R.) 14 b(Albert,) g(H.) g(Jeong,) h(and) h(A.) e(L.) f (Barabsi.) 18 b(Diameter) d(of) f(the) h(w) o(orld) 2140 2885 y(wide) k(web) m(.) p Fa 27 w(Natur) m(e) p Fb(,) g(401:13) r (0\226131,) h(Sept.) e(1999.) 2011 2982 y([3]) 42 b(A.) 24 b(L.) g(Barabsi) g(and) h(R.) f(Albert.) 45 b(Emer) o(gence) 25 b(of) g(scaling) g(in) f(ran-) 2140 3073 y(dom) 19 b(netw) o(orks) r(.) p Fa 26 w(Sience) p Fb(,) h(286:509\226) r(512,) f(Oct.) f(199) r(9.) 2011 3171 y([4]) 42 b(D.) 16 b(Bertsekas) g(and) h(R.) f(Gallager) l(.) p Fa 21 w(Data) h(Networks) p Fb(.) 22 b(Prentice-Hall,) 2140 3262 y(Engle) n(w) o(ood) e(Clif) n(fs,) e(Ne) n(w) h(Jerse) o(y) -5 b(,) 19 b(1987.) 2011 3359 y([5]) 42 b(D.) 16 b(Bertsekas) i(and) g(R.) e(Gallager) l(.) p Fa 24 w(Data) h(Networks) p Fb(.) 23 b(Prentice) 17 b(Hall,) 2140 3451 y(May) i(199) r(0.) 2011 3548 y([6]) 42 b(G.) 18 b(Bianconi) h(and) g(A.) f(L.) g(Barabasi.) 26 b(Competition) 19 b(and) h(multiscal-) 2140 3639 y(ing) g(in) h(e) n(v) o(olving) g(netw) o(orks.) p Fa 32 w(Eur) m(ophysics) g(Letter) o(s) p Fb(,) f(54:436\226) r(442,) 2140 3731 y(May) f(200) r(1.) 2011 3828 y([7]) 42 b(B.) 24 b(Bloolbas.) p Fa 47 w(Random) h(Gr) o(aphs) h (Secon) r(d) f(Edition) p Fb(.) 46 b(Cambridge) 2140 3919 y(Uni) n(v) 19 b(Press,) f(Oct.) g(200) r(1.) 2011 4017 y([8]) 42 b(R.) 20 b(Cohen) h(and) g(S.) f(Ha) o(vlin.) 32 b(Scale-free) 20 b(netw) o(ork) h(are) g(ultra) f(small.) p Fa 2140 4108 a(Physical) f(Re) o(vie) o(w) f(Letter) o(s) p Fb(,) g(90\(5\):05) r(8701,) h(Feb) m(.) g(2003.) 2011 4205 y([9]) 42 b(A.) 20 b(P) -8 b(.) 20 b(S.) h(de) g(Moura.) 35 b(Fermi-dirac) 21 b(statistics) f(and) i(traf) n(\002c) f(in) g(com-) 2140 4297 y(ple) o(x) 34 b(netw) o(orks.) p Fa 75 w(Physical) g(Re) o (vie) o(w) f(E) p Fb(,) g(71.0661) r(14:1\2266,) i(June) 2140 4388 y(2005.) 1974 4485 y([10]) 42 b(S.) 26 b(N.) h(Dorogo) o(vtse) n (v) i(and) e(J.) g(F) -6 b(.) 26 b(F) -6 b(.) 26 b(Mend) r(es.) 53 b(Ev) o(olution) 27 b(of) g(net-) 2140 4576 y(w) o(orks.) p Fa 27 w(Advance) r(s) 18 b(in) h(Physics) p Fb(,) g(51:1079) r (\2261187,) h(Sept.) e(2002.) 1974 4674 y([11]) 42 b(P) -8 b(.) 22 b(Erdos) h(and) g(A.) g(Ren) o(yi.) 40 b(On) 23 b(random) h(graphs.) p Fa 40 w(Mathema) r(ticae) p Fb(,) 2140 4765 y(6:290\2262) r(97,) 19 b(1959.) 1974 4862 y([12]) 42 b(M.) 30 b(F) o(aloutsos,) h(P) -8 b(.) 29 b(F) o(aloutsos,) i(and) g (C.) f(F) o(aloutsos.) 65 b(On) 30 b(po) n(wer) o(-) 2140 4954 y(la) o(w) 19 b(relationships) i(of) f(the) g(Internet) g (topology) m(.) p Fa 30 w(A) n(CM) f(SIGCOMM) 2140 5045 y(Computer) g(Communica) r(tion) f(Re) o(vie) o(w) p Fb(,) g(29:25) r(1\226263,) i(May) f(1999) r(.) 1974 5142 y([13]) 42 b(C.) 15 b(M.) h(Ghim,) f(E.) g(Oh,) g(K.) h(I.) f (Goh,) h(B.) f(Kahng,) h(and) g(D.) g(Kim.) j(P) o(ack) o(et) 2140 5234 y(transport) f(along) h(the) g(shortest) f(pathw) o(ays) h(in) f (scale-free) h(netw) o(orks.) p Fa 2140 5325 a(The) g(Eur) m(opean) h (Physical) f(J) n(ournal) h(B) p Fb(,) e(38:193\226) r(199,) h(Feb) m (.) g(2004.) p dyy eop end %%Page: 7 7 TeXDict begin 7 6 bop Fb -182 83 a([14]) 42 b(K.) 31 b(I.) g(Goh,) g(B.) g(Kahng,) h(and) h(D.) e(Kim.) 67 b(P) o(ack) o(et) 31 b(transport) h(and) -16 174 y(load) 26 b(distrib) o(ution) g(in) f(scale-free) h(netw) o(ork) h(models.) p Fa 50 w(Physica) f(A) p Fb(,) -16 266 y(318:72\226) r(79,) 19 b(Feb) m(.) f(2003.) -182 365 y([15]) 42 b(B.) g(Kim,) g(C.) g(Y) -8 b(oon,) 43 b(S.) f(Han,) h(and) h(H.) e(Jeong.) 105 b(P) o(ath) 42 b(\002nd-) -16 457 y(ing) 31 b(strate) o(gies) g(in) g(scale-free) g (netw) o(orks.) p Fa 67 w(Physical) g(Re) o(vie) o(w) f(E) p Fb(,) -16 548 y(65\(2\):0271) r(03,) 19 b(Jan.) g(2002.) -182 648 y([16]) 42 b(K.) 25 b(Klemm) h(and) h(V) -10 b(.) 26 b(M.) g(Eguiluz.) 50 b(Highly) 26 b(clustered) h(scale-free) -16 739 y(netw) o(orks.) p Fa 27 w(Physical) 19 b(Re) o(vie) o(w) g(E) p Fb(,) f(65:0361) r(23,) h(Feb) m(.) f(2002.) -182 839 y([17]) 42 b(H.) 19 b(L.) 31 b(T) -6 b(opolog) r(y) 20 b(control) h(for) f(multihop) h(pack) o(e) r(t) f(radio) g(netw) o(ork) r(s.) p Fa -16 930 a(IEEE) 14 b(T) l(r) o(ansactions) j(on) g (Communications) p Fb(,) g(41:1474\226) r(1481,) g(Oct.) -16 1021 y(1993.) -182 1121 y([18]) 42 b(J.) 20 b(Ohkubo) i(and) f(T) -6 b(.) 20 b(Hosiguch) r(i.) 32 b(Scale-free) 20 b(property) h(of) g (optimal) -16 1212 y(netw) o(ork) d(for) f(pack) o(e) r(t) g(\003o) n (w) g(by) h(a) f(pack) o(e) r(t) g(routing) h(control.) p Fa 24 w(Physica) -16 1303 y(A) p Fb(,) g(353:649) r(\226660,) h(Aug.) g (2005) r(.) -182 1403 y([19]) 42 b(S.) 23 b(Rhea) i(and) g(Others.) 45 b(Maintenanc) r(e-free) 24 b(global) h(data) g(storage.) p Fa -16 1494 a(IEEE) 17 b(Internet) i(Computing) p Fb(,) h(5:40\22649) r (,) e(Oct.) g(2001) r(.) -182 1594 y([20]) 42 b(B.) 24 b(T) -6 b(adic) 25 b(and) h(G.) e(J.) h(Rodgers.) 48 b(P) o(ack) o(et) 25 b(transport) g(on) h(scale) f(free) -16 1685 y(netw) o(orks.) p Fa 20 w(Advance) r(s) 15 b(in) h(Comple) o(x) f (Systems) p Fb(,) h(5\(4\):445\226) r(456,) g(July) -16 1777 y(2002.) -182 1876 y([21]) 42 b(Y) -10 b(.) 27 b(T) m(u.) 53 b(Ho) n(w) 27 b(rob) o(ust) g(is) g(the) h(Internet?) p Fa 54 w(Natur) m(e) p Fb(,) f(406:3) r(53\226354) r(,) -16 1968 y(May) 19 b(2000) r(.) -182 2067 y([22]) 42 b(A.) 23 b(V) -8 b(azquez,) 25 b(R.) f(P) o(astor) o(-S) n(atorras,) g(and) h (A.) f(V) -8 b(espignani.) 45 b(Lar) o(ge-) -16 2159 y(scale) 28 b(topological) h(and) f(dyn) r(amical) g(properties) g(of) g (the) g(Internet.) p Fa -16 2250 a(Physical) 19 b(Re) o(vie) o(w) f(E) p Fb(,) g(65:0661) r(30,) h(June) g(200) r(2.) p dyy eop end %%Trailer userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF