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% 
% Authors: S. Rahtz, P. MacKay, Alan Jeffrey, B. Horn, K. Berry, W. Schmidt
%
% Idea is to have all the characters normally included in Type 1 fonts
% available for typesetting. This is effectively the characters in Adobe
% Standard Encoding + ISO Latin 1 + extra characters from Lucida + Euro.
% 
% Character code assignments were made as follows:
% 
% (1) the Windows ANSI characters are almost all in their Windows ANSI
% positions, because some Windows users cannot easily reencode the
% fonts, and it makes no difference on other systems. The only Windows
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%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:21:52
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/UniqueID 5087380 def
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMR7
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR7 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:21
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.0) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMR7) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMR7 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 48 /zero put
dup 49 /one put
dup 50 /two put
dup 51 /three put
dup 61 /equal put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-27 -250 1122 750}readonly def
/UniqueID 5000790 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMEX10
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMEX10 1.00
%%CreationDate: 1992 Jul 23 21:22:48
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.00) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMEX10) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMEX10 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 18 /parenleftbigg put
dup 19 /parenrightbigg put
dup 80 /summationtext put
dup 88 /summationdisplay put
dup 114 /radicalbigg put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-24 -2960 1454 772}readonly def
/UniqueID 5000774 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMSY10
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY10 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:20:57
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.0) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMSY10) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.035 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMSY10 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 0 /minus put
dup 2 /multiply put
dup 20 /lessequal put
dup 32 /arrowleft put
dup 39 /similarequal put
dup 102 /braceleft put
dup 103 /braceright put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-29 -960 1116 775}readonly def
/UniqueID 5000820 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMR10
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR10 1.00B
%%CreationDate: 1992 Feb 19 19:54:52
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.00B) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMR10) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMR10 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 5 /Pi put
dup 40 /parenleft put
dup 41 /parenright put
dup 43 /plus put
dup 48 /zero put
dup 49 /one put
dup 50 /two put
dup 51 /three put
dup 52 /four put
dup 53 /five put
dup 56 /eight put
dup 61 /equal put
dup 97 /a put
dup 103 /g put
dup 108 /l put
dup 109 /m put
dup 111 /o put
dup 120 /x put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-251 -250 1009 969}readonly def
/UniqueID 5000793 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMMI7
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI7 1.100
%%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:53
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.100) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMMI7) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.04 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMMI7 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 59 /comma put
dup 65 /A put
dup 77 /M put
dup 78 /N put
dup 82 /R put
dup 98 /b put
dup 99 /c put
dup 104 /h put
dup 105 /i put
dup 106 /j put
dup 111 /o put
dup 112 /p put
dup 113 /q put
dup 116 /t put
dup 120 /x put
readonly def
/FontBBox{0 -250 1171 750}readonly def
/UniqueID 5087382 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMMI10
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI10 1.100
%%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:57
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.100) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMMI10) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.04 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMMI10 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 11 /alpha put
dup 12 /beta put
dup 23 /nu put
dup 28 /tau put
dup 58 /period put
dup 59 /comma put
dup 61 /slash put
dup 66 /B put
dup 67 /C put
dup 68 /D put
dup 69 /E put
dup 70 /F put
dup 77 /M put
dup 78 /N put
dup 82 /R put
dup 83 /S put
dup 84 /T put
dup 97 /a put
dup 105 /i put
dup 106 /j put
dup 109 /m put
dup 110 /n put
dup 112 /p put
dup 113 /q put
dup 114 /r put
dup 119 /w put
dup 120 /x put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-32 -250 1048 750}readonly def
/UniqueID 5087385 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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(v) m(ent) -182 5133 y(synch) n(ronizatio) n(n) 30 b(of) f(TCP) i(conn)
n(ections) e(caused) h(by) f(the) g(b) n(uf) n(fer) -182
5229 y(o) o(v) m(er\003o) n(w) f(at) i(a) f(rou) n(ter) -5
b(.) 29 b(Synchro) n(nization) f(of) g(TCP) i(conn) n(ections) -182
5325 y(causes) e(man) o(y) f(continu) n(ous) h(pack) o(et) g(losses) h
(at) g(the) f(b) n(uf) n(fe) n(r) h(of) f(the) 1974 1540
y(route) n(r) m(,) 18 b(and) f(TCP) i(signi\002cantly) e(decreases) h
(its) h(transmission) e(rate) 1974 1636 y(due) j(to) h(its) g(timeout) f
(mechan) n(ism.) h(Hence,) f(pre) n(v) m(enting) g(TCP) h(con-) 1974
1732 y(nection) n(') -5 b(s) 37 b(synchro) n(nization) e(is) i(ef) n
(\002cient) f(for) f(impro) m(ving) g(TCP) 1974 1828
y(throu) n(ghpu) n(t.) 2073 1933 y(A) -5 b(QM) 36 b(mechanisms) f
(utilize) g(the) h(f) o(act) f(that) h(the) f(cong) n(estion) 1974
2029 y(contr) n(ol) 25 b(mechan) n(ism) g(of) f(TCP) i(uses) f(e) o
(xistenc) n(e) g(of) f(pack) o(et) g(losses) 1974 2125
y(in) j(a) g(netw) o(ork) f(as) i(feedb) n(ack) f(inform) n(ation) g
(from) f(a) h(netw) o(ork) f([2].) 1974 2222 y(Namely) -5
b(,) 32 b(A) -5 b(QM) 35 b(mechan) n(isms) g(utilize) f(the) g(f) o
(act) g(that) g(TCP) h(de-) 1974 2318 y(creases) c(its) i(pack) m(et) f
(transmission) f(rate) g(in) h(respon) n(se) g(to) g(pack) m(et) 1974
2414 y(losses) 40 b(in) e(a) i(netw) o(or) n(k.) f(Considerin) n(g) g
(the) g(f) o(act) g(that) g(the) g(great) 1974 2510 y(portio) n(n) 32
b(of) g(traf) n(\002c) f(in) i(the) e(curren) n(t) i(Intern) n(et) g
(is) g(transm) n(itted) g(by) 1974 2606 y(TCP) -9 b(,) 35
b(the) f(congestion) f(control) h(perf) n(ormed) g(by) g(A) -5
b(QM) 35 b(mecha-) 1974 2702 y(nisms) 20 b(must) h(be) f(v) o(ery) f
(ef) n(fecti) n(v) m(e.) 2073 2807 y(The) g(most) h(repr) n(esentati) n
(v) o(e) f(A) -5 b(QM) 20 b(mech) n(anism) g(is) g(RED) g(\(Ran-) 1974
2904 y(dom) 45 b(Early) g(Detection) n(\)) h([3].) f(RED) h(calculates)
g(the) f(a) n(v) o(erage) 1974 3000 y(queu) n(e) 26 b(length) e(from) h
(the) g(curre) n(nt) h(queu) n(e) g(length) e(\(i.e.,) h(the) g(num-)
1974 3096 y(ber) 19 b(of) h(pack) m(ets) h(in) f(the) g(b) n(uf) n(fe) n
(r) g(of) g(a) g(router) n(\)) g(by) g(using) f(an) h(EWMA) 1974
3192 y(\(Exp) n(onential) 42 b(W) -7 b(eighted) 43 b(Mo) o(vin) n(g) g
(A) -6 b(v) o(erag) n(e\).) 43 b(By) h(the) f(pro) n(b-) 1974
3288 y(ability) 38 b(determin) n(ed) g(from) g(the) g(a) n(v) o(erag) n
(e) h(queue) e(length,) h(RED) 1974 3384 y(rand) n(omly) 20
b(dro) n(ps) h(arri) n(vin) n(g) g(pack) m(ets.) 2073
3489 y(F) o(or) 32 b(alle) n(viating) f(problem) n(s) i(of) f(RED) h
([4,) e(5],) h(se) n(v) o(eral) f(A) -5 b(QM) 1974 3586
y(mechan) n(isms) 21 b(besides) g(RED) g(ha) n(v) o(e) f(been) g(pro) n
(posed) g(in) h(the) f(litera-) 1974 3682 y(ture) h([6-8) n(].) h(Ho) n
(we) n(v) o(e) n(r) m(,) f(most) h(of) f(those) h(A) -5
b(QM) 22 b(mechan) n(isms) h(ha) n(v) o(e) 1974 3778
y(been) 31 b(designed) f(for) i(a) g(single) f(router) -5
b(.) 31 b(Namely) -5 b(,) 31 b(A) -5 b(QM) 32 b(mecha-) 1974
3874 y(nisms) h(for) f(a) h(netw) o(or) n(k) g(with) g(multiple) f
(route) n(rs) i(ha) n(v) o(e) e(not) g(been) 1974 3970
y(fully) 18 b(in) m(v) o(estiga) n(ted.) h(When) g(only) f(a) i(single)
f(router) f(e) o(xists) i(in) f(a) h(net-) 1974 4066
y(w) o(ork,) 25 b(con) m(v) m(ention) n(al) i(A) -5 b(QM) 27
b(mechan) n(isms) g(prop) n(osed) f(in) h(the) f(lit-) 1974
4162 y(eratur) n(e) f(are) e(ef) n(fecti) n(v) o(e) g(for) g(suppr) n
(essing) h(the) g(queu) n(ing) g(delay) f(and) 1974 4258
y(for) 30 b(a) n(v) n(oidin) n(g) h(TCP) g(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) g(de) o
(gr) n(adation) f(caused) f(by) h(TCP) 1974 4355 y(conn) n(ections') 23
b(synchr) n(onization) n(.) h(Moreo) m(v) o(er) m(,) e(it) i(is) h
(also) e(possible) 1974 4451 y(by) 28 b(iden) n(tifying) g(each) f(TCP)
i(conne) n(ction) f(at) h(a) f(router) f(and) h(using) 1974
4547 y(dif) n(fer) n(ent) h(pack) o(et) g(dro) n(pping) f(method) n(s) i
(for) f(dif) n(fe) n(rent) g(TCP) h(con-) 1974 4643 y(nection) n(s,) 21
b(to) g(impr) n(o) o(v) o(e) f(f) o(airne) n(ss) i(amon) n(g) f(TCP) g
(conn) n(ections) f(\(see,) 1974 4739 y(e.g.,) f(FRED) i([4]) f(and) f
(SRED) i([7]\).) 2073 4844 y(On) k(the) g(other) f(hand,) g(it) i(is) g
(kno) l(wn) f(that) g(the) g(cong) n(estion) g(con-) 1974
4940 y(trol) 18 b(of) g(TCP) h(will) g(satisfy) p Fl
19 w(F) p Fk 2816 4910 a(h) 2804 4963 y(A) p Fm 2877
4940 a(f) o(airness) f([9]) g(in) g(a) h(tandem) e(netw) o(ork) 1974
5037 y(where) 24 b(multiple) g(rou) n(ters) h(e) o(xist) g(in) f(a) h
(netw) o(ork) n(.) g(This) g(means) f(that) 1974 5133
y(the) 15 b(TCP) i(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) f(becom) n(es) h(adv) n(a) n
(ntageou) n(s) g(for) d(a) i(connec) n(tion) 1974 5229
y(with) 21 b(a) h(smaller) f(roun) n(d-trip) f(time) i(and) n(/or) f
(numbe) n(r) h(of) f(hop) n(s.) h(This) 1974 5325 y(f) o(airness) c
(pro) n(blem) g(orig) n(inates) g(from) f(the) h(follo) n(w) n(ing) g
(f) o(acts:) g(\(1\)) f(the) p dyy eop end
%%Page: 2 2
TeXDict begin 2 1 bop Fm -182 83 a(windo) l(w-based) 18
b(\003o) n(w) i(contr) n(ol) g(of) f(TCP) h(upd) n(ates) g(its) g
(windo) n(w) e(size) -182 179 y(e) n(v) o(er) n(y) 27
b(rou) n(nd-trip) f(time,) g(and) g(\(2\)) g(TCP) h(increases/decre) n
(ases) h(its) -182 275 y(windo) l(w) e(size) g(accord) n(ing) f(to) h
(occur) n(rence) f(of) g(pack) o(et) g(losses) h(in) f(a) -182
371 y(netw) o(or) n(k.) i(Namely) -5 b(,) 25 b(TCP) j(conn) n(ections) f
(with) f(a) i(small) f(pro) n(paga-) -182 468 y(tion) c(delay) g(tend) g
(to) h(increa) n(se) h(their) e(windo) l(w) h(sizes) h(quick) n(ly) -5
b(,) 23 b(and) -182 564 y(TCP) 17 b(conn) n(ections) f(with) g(a) h
(small) g(num) n(ber) f(of) g(hop) n(s) i(suf) n(fe) n(r) f(a) f(small)
-182 660 y(pack) m(et) 21 b(loss) g(prob) n(ability) f(in) h(the) f
(netw) o(ork) n(.) -83 766 y(In) 26 b(this) g(pape) n(r) m(,) g(we) g
(focu) n(s) h(on) e(a) h(tandem) e(netw) o(ork) h(with) h(mul-) -182
862 y(tiple) j(rou) n(ters) h(and) e(heterog) n(eneous) g(TCP) i
(connec) n(tions.) f(W) -7 b(e) 30 b(de-) -182 958 y(sign) 16
b(a) h(no) o(v) m(el) f(A) -5 b(QM) 17 b(mechanism) n(,) g(called) f
(FI-RED) h(\(F) o(airn) n(ess) g(Im-) -182 1054 y(pro) m(v) o(emen) n
(t) 26 b(for) f(RED\),) h(which) e(operates) h(in) h(a) g(tande) n(m) g
(netw) o(ork) -182 1151 y(and) g(impro) m(v) o(es) h(f) o(airness) g
(amon) n(g) g(hetero) n(geneou) n(s) h(TCP) g(con) n(nec-) -182
1247 y(tions.) f(In) g(FI-RED,) h(the) g(ECN) g(\(Exp) n(licit) h
(Conge) n(stion) f(Noti\002ca-) -182 1343 y(tion\)) 20
b(mechan) n(ism) i([10]) e(is) i(utilized.) f(Speci\002cally) -5
b(,) 20 b(FI-RED) h(uses) -182 1439 y(a) c(dif) n(fer) n(ent) g(markin)
n(g) h(pro) n(bability) e(for) h(each) f(TCP) i(conne) n(ction) f(ac-)
-182 1535 y(cord) n(ing) k(to) h(the) g(CE) g(\(Cong) n(estion) g(Expe)
n(rienced\)) f(bit) g(of) h(arri) n(v) n(ing) -182 1631
y(pack) m(ets.) g(Namely) -5 b(,) 20 b(FI-RED) h(supp) n(resses) h
(cong) n(estion) f(indication) -182 1727 y(to) h(TCP) h(connec) n
(tions) g(with) f(a) h(lar) o(ge) f(num) n(ber) g(of) g(hops) g
(\(i.e.,) g(con-) -182 1824 y(nection) n(s) h(with) f(a) g(high) f
(prob) n(ability) h(that) g(the) f(CE) i(bit) f(is) h(mark) m(ed\).)
-182 1920 y(Thr) n(ough) j(a) h(simple) f(steady) h(state) g(analysis) g
(and) f(simulation) g(e) o(x-) -182 2016 y(perim) n(ents) g(in) g(se) n
(v) o(eral) f(netw) o(ork) f(con\002gur) n(ations,) h(we) h(sho) n(w) g
(that) -182 2112 y(the) 35 b(f) o(airness) h(amon) n(g) g(TCP) h(conn) n
(ections) f(is) g(signi\002cantly) f(im-) -182 2208 y(pro) m(v) o(ed) 19
b(with) i(FI-RED) f(in) g(a) h(tandem) e(netw) o(ork) n(.) -83
2314 y(The) e(or) o(g) n(anization) f(of) g(this) i(paper) e(is) i(as) g
(follo) n(w) n(s.) g(First,) g(in) f(Sec-) -182 2410
y(tion) f(2,) g(issues) i(in) e(f) o(airness) h(amon) n(g) g(hetero) n
(geneo) n(us) g(TCP) h(con) n(nec-) -182 2507 y(tions) i(are) g
(described.) f(In) h(Section) g(3,) h(we) f(discuss) h(general) f
(design) -182 2603 y(goa) n(ls) e(requir) n(ed) f(for) f(an) g(A) -5
b(QM) 18 b(mech) n(anism.) f(In) f(Section) g(4,) h(we) g(e) o(x-) -182
2699 y(plain) 26 b(the) h(operatio) n(n) g(algorithm) f(of) h(our) f
(FI-RED,) h(follo) n(w) n(ed) g(by) -182 2795 y(discussion) f(of) h
(its) h(conf) n(ormity) e(to) i(design) e(goals.) h(In) f(Section) h
(5,) -182 2891 y(we) k(sho) n(w) f(the) h(ef) n(fecti) n(v) m(eness) g
(of) g(FI-RED) g(for) f(impro) m(ving) g(f) o(air) n(-) -182
2987 y(ness) i(among) f(heterog) n(eneous) h(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) f
(by) g(a) h(simple) -182 3083 y(steady-) n(state) 28
b(analysis.) f(In) g(Section) f(6,) h(we) h(perf) n(orm) f(simulation)
-182 3180 y(e) o(xp) n(eriments) 21 b(in) g(se) n(v) o(eral) f(netw) o
(ork) g(con\002g) n(urations) g(and) h(e) n(v) n(alua) n(te) -182
3276 y(the) k(perfo) n(rmance) g(of) g(FI-RED.) g(Finally) h(in) f
(Section) h(7,) f(we) h(con-) -182 3372 y(clude) 19 b(this) i(paper) e
(and) h(discuss) g(future) f(w) o(orks.) p Fo -182 3630
a(2.) 69 b(Related) 25 b(W) -7 b(orks) p Fm -83 3873
a(Se) n(v) o(eral) 46 b(research) n(es) h(ha) n(v) o(e) f(been) g(perf)
n(ormed) f(on) h(f) o(airness) -182 3969 y(amon) n(g) 29
b(TCP) g(conn) n(ections.) f(There) g(are) h(a) g(lar) o(g) n(e) g
(numb) n(er) g(of) f(re-) -182 4065 y(searche) n(s) 36
b(of) e(analyzin) n(g) h(f) o(airness) f(among) f(conne) n(ctions) i
(of) f(the) -182 4161 y(AIMD) 41 b(\(Additi) n(v) m(e) h(Increase) f
(Multiplicati) n(v) o(e) g(Decrease\)) g(\003o) n(w) -182
4257 y(con) n(trol) 21 b(mech) n(anism) f([11-1) n(4].) -83
4364 y(If) 26 b(there) g(is) i(no) e(pack) m(et) h(loss) g(in) g(a) g
(netw) o(or) n(k,) g(the) f(AIMD) g(win-) -182 4460 y(do) n(w) 21
b(\003o) n(w) i(contro) n(l) g(mechan) n(ism) g(will) g(linearly) f
(increase) g(its) h(win-) -182 4556 y(do) n(w) h(size) h(\(the) f(numb)
n(er) h(of) f(pack) o(ets) h(sent) g(in) f(a) h(roun) n(d-trip) f
(time\)) -182 4652 y(by) p Fl 24 w(\013) p Fm(.) i(On) f(the) g
(contrar) n(y) -5 b(,) 25 b(when) f(a) i(pack) o(et) e(loss) i(occurs) f
(in) g(a) g(net-) -182 4748 y(w) o(ork) n(,) k(the) f(AIMD) g(windo) l
(w) h(\003o) n(w) f(contro) n(l) h(mechan) n(ism) g(detects) -182
4844 y(a) h(pack) o(et) g(loss,) h(and) f(decr) n(eases) h(its) h
(windo) l(w) f(size) g(by) p Fj 30 w(\(1) p Fi 25 w(\000) p
Fl 26 w(\014) p Fj 4 w(\)) p Fm(.) -182 4940 y(Hence,) 26
b(the) g(congestion) f(a) n(v) n(oidance) h(phase) g(of) h(TCP) g(can) g
(be) f(re-) -182 5037 y(gar) n(ded) 21 b(as) i(a) f(type) f(of) g(AIMD)
h(cong) n(estion) g(contr) n(ol) g(mechan) n(isms.) -182
5133 y(Namely) -7 b(,) 27 b(the) g(congestion) f(a) n(v) n(oidan) n(ce)
h(phase) g(of) g(TCP) g(is) h(equi) n(v-) -182 5229 y(alent) i(to) h
(the) f(AIMD) g(windo) n(w) g(\003o) n(w) g(contro) n(l) i(mech) n
(anism) f(with) p Fl -182 5325 a(\013) p Fj 23 w(=) 23
b(1) p Fm 20 w(and) p Fl 20 w(\014) p Fj 27 w(=) g(0) p
Fl(:) p Fj(5) p Fm(.) 2073 83 y(F) o(or) 34 b(instance,) g(in) g([15,) f
(9],) h(the) g(author) n(s) h(analyzed) e(f) o(airness) 1974
179 y(amon) n(g) 25 b(TCP) g(connectio) n(ns) g(in) g(a) g(tandem) e
(netw) o(ork.) h(In) g([15]) n(,) h(the) 1974 275 y(autho) n(rs) i
(assumed) f(that) h(all) g(con) n(nections') f(rou) n(nd-trip) f(times)
i(are) 1974 371 y(equal,) 15 b(and) g(analyz) n(ed) h(f) o(airness) g
(amon) n(g) g(conn) n(ections) g(run) n(ning) f(the) 1974
468 y(AIMD) 21 b(windo) l(w) h(\003o) n(w) f(con) n(trol) g(mechan) n
(ism.) h(Consequ) n(ently) -5 b(,) 20 b(the) 1974 564
y(autho) n(rs) 28 b(sho) n(wed) f(that) h(the) f(throug) n(hput) g(of) g
(the) h(AIMD) f(windo) n(w) 1974 660 y(\003o) n(w) 20
b(contr) n(ol) h(mech) n(anism) f(con) m(v) m(er) o(ge) n(s) h(to) f
(maximize) f(the) h(follo) n(w-) 1974 756 y(ing) g(fun) n(ction) p
Fl 20 w(F) p Fk 2451 768 a(A) p Fj 2506 756 a(\() p Fl(x) p
Fj(\)) p Fm 21 w(\() p Fl(F) p Fk 2719 768 a(A) p Fj
2774 756 a(\() p Fl(x) p Fj(\)) p Fm 21 w(f) o(airness\):) p
Fl 2447 1008 a(F) p Fk 2500 1020 a(A) p Fj 2554 1008
a(\() p Fl(x) p Fj(\)) 85 b(=) p Fk 2928 904 a(N) p Fh
2897 929 a(X) p Fk 2903 1106 a(i) p Fg(=1) p Fj 3031
1008 a(log) p Fl 3273 952 a(x) p Fk 3320 964 a(i) p 3162
989 298 4 v Fl 3162 1065 a(r) p Fg 3199 1077 a(0) p Fj
3255 1065 a(+) p Fl 18 w(\027) 5 b(x) p Fk 3431 1077
a(i) p Fm 3846 1008 a(\(1\)) 1974 1251 y(where) p Fl
29 w(N) p Fm 40 w(is) 31 b(the) f(numb) n(er) g(of) g(conne) n(ctions,)
p Fl 30 w(x) p Fk 3411 1263 a(i) p Fm 3470 1251 a(is) p
Fl 31 w(i) p Fm(th) g(conn) n(ec-) 1974 1347 y(tion') -5
b(s) 30 b(transmission) g(rate,) p Fl 31 w(r) p Fk 2854
1359 a(o) p Fm 2922 1347 a(and) p Fl 30 w(\027) p Fm
36 w(are) h(gain) n(s) h(of) e(the) g(AIMD) 1974 1443
y(\003o) n(w) 36 b(contro) n(l) h(mechanism) e(\(equi) n(v) n(a) n
(lent) i(to) p Fl 36 w(\013) p Fm 38 w(and) p Fl 35 w(\014) p
Fm 4 w(\).) g(In) f(the) 1974 1539 y(case) 23 b(of) f(TCP) -9
b(,) 23 b(Eq.) g(\(1\)) f(turn) n(s) i(into) e(the) h(follo) n(win) n
(g) g(equatio) n(n) g(with) p Fl 1974 1635 a(r) p Fk
2011 1647 a(o) p Fj 2071 1635 a(=) g(1) p Fl(=R) p Fm
20 w(and) p Fl 20 w(\027) p Fj 28 w(=) g(1) p Fl(=) p
Fj(2) p Fm(.) p Fl 2468 1888 a(F) p Fk 2521 1900 a(A) p
Fj 2575 1888 a(\() p Fl(x) p Fj(\)) 85 b(=) p Fk 2949
1784 a(N) p Fh 2918 1809 a(X) p Fk 2924 1986 a(i) p Fg(=1) p
Fj 3052 1888 a(log) p Fl 3273 1831 a(x) p Fk 3320 1843
a(i) p 3183 1869 256 4 v Fg 3201 1916 a(1) p 3193 1930
51 4 v Fk 3193 1977 a(R) p Fj 3272 1949 a(+) p Fk 3365
1915 a(x) p Ff 3403 1923 a(i) p 3365 1930 64 4 v Fg 3380
1977 a(2) p Fm 3846 1888 a(\(2\)) 1974 2130 y(where) p
Fl 19 w(R) p Fm 22 w(is) 21 b(a) g(TCP) g(conn) n(ection') -5
b(s) 20 b(roun) n(d-trip) f(time.) 2073 2226 y(Furtherm) n(ore,) 45
b(in) h([9]) n(,) g(the) f(author) n(s) i(e) o(xten) n(ded) e(the) g
(result) 1974 2323 y(in) 25 b([15]) f(when) g(the) h(roun) n(d-trip) g
(times) g(of) g(TCP) h(con) n(nections) f(dif-) 1974
2419 y(fer) k(each) h(other) -7 b(.) 31 b(Consequ) n(ently) -5
b(,) 29 b(the) h(autho) n(rs) g(sho) n(wed) f(that) h(the) 1974
2515 y(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) 46 b(of) f(the) h(AIMD) f(windo) n(w) g
(\003o) n(w) g(contro) n(l) h(mecha-) 1974 2611 y(nism) 27
b(con) m(v) m(er) o(ge) n(s) i(to) e(maximize) f(the) i(follo) l(wing) p
Fl 27 w(F) p Fk 3512 2581 a(h) 3500 2634 y(A) p Fj 3555
2611 a(\() p Fl(x) p Fj(\)) p Fm 29 w(\() p Fl(F) p Fk
3788 2581 a(h) 3776 2634 y(A) p Fj 3831 2611 a(\() p
Fl(x) p Fj(\)) p Fm 1974 2707 a(f) o(airness\).) p Fl
2378 2953 a(F) p Fk 2443 2919 a(h) 2431 2974 y(A) p Fj
2486 2953 a(\() p Fl(x) p Fj(\)) 84 b(=) p Fk 2859 2849
a(N) p Fh 2829 2874 a(X) p Fk 2835 3051 a(i) p Fg(=1) p
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a(x) p Fk 3383 2909 a(i) p 3218 2934 311 4 v Fl 3218
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18 w(\027) p Fk 3426 3022 a(i) p Fl 3453 3010 a(x) p
Fk 3500 3022 a(i) p Fm 3846 2953 a(\(3\)) 1974 3196 y(where) p
Fl 19 w(S) p Fm 24 w(is) 20 b(a) g(set) g(of) f(conne) n(ctions,) p
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a(i) p Fm 1974 3484 a(and) p Fl 19 w(\027) p Fk 2155
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y(Thus,) 32 b(in) g(a) h(tandem) e(netw) o(ork) n(,) h(f) o(airness) g
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(w) g(\003o) n(w) h(contr) n(ol) g(mecha-) 1974 4267
y(nism) 19 b(is) g(analyzed) f(in) h(all) g(researche) n(s) h(e) o
(xplain) n(ed) f(abo) o(v) m(e;) g(only) f(the) 1974
4364 y(case) e(TCP) h(operates) f(in) g(the) g(congestion) f(a) n(v) n
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(reality) -5 b(,) 16 b(when) g(a) i(TCP) f(connec) n(tion') -5
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25 b(a) g(timeout) g(mech) n(anism) g(is) i(trigg) n(ered,) e(and) f
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4844 y(the) 27 b(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) g(of) g(TCP) g(conne) n(ction) g
(with) g(a) g(lar) o(g) n(e) h(num) n(ber) e(of) 1974
4940 y(hop) n(s) h(\(i.e.,) f(TCP) h(con) n(nections) f(with) g(a) g
(lar) o(ge) g(pack) m(et) h(loss) g(pro) n(b-) 1974 5037
y(ability\)) f(is) h(de) o(gr) n(aded) f(signi\002cantly) -5
b(,) 25 b(and) h(f) o(airness) g(among) f(TCP) 1974 5133
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5133 a(\() p Fl(x) p Fj(\)) p Fm 22 w(f) o(airness.) 2073
5229 y(Note) 34 b(that) g(se) n(v) o(eral) f(mechanisms) g(which) h
(impr) n(o) o(v) o(e) f(f) o(airness) 1974 5325 y(amon) n(g) g(TCP) h
(conn) n(ections) f(in) f(a) i(tand) n(em) f(netw) o(ork) f(ha) n(v) o
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y(cent) h(routers) g(in) h(a) h(netw) o(ork) n(,) f(congestio) n(n) g
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(conn) n(ection') -5 b(s) 36 b(roun) n(d-trip) f(time) h(is) g(a) -182
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([21].) p Fe -182 5019 a(Impr) n(o) o(v) n(ing) i(F) n(air) o(n) n(ess)
f(among) g(TCP) g(Connec) n(tions) p Fm -83 5229 a(Generally) -5
b(,) 38 b(in) h(a) g(pack) o(et-switchin) n(g) g(netw) o(ork,) f(it) i
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g(allocatio) n(n) g(satis\002es) h(Max-Min) e(f) o(air) n(-) 1974
83 y(ness) c([16) n(,) g(22]) n(.) g(Max-M) n(in) g(f) o(airne) n(ss) h
(means) e(max) n(imizing) g(the) g(al-) 1974 179 y(location) 33
b(of) g(each) g(session) i(subject) e(to) h(the) g(constra) n(int) g
(that) g(an) 1974 275 y(increm) n(ental) 27 b(increase) g(in) g(its) h
(allocation) e(does) h(not) g(cause) g(a) h(de-) 1974
371 y(crease) 37 b(in) h(some) f(other) g(session') -5
b(s) 38 b(allocation) e(that) i(is) g(already) 1974 468
y(as) 29 b(small) g(as) g(its) g(allocation) f(or) g(smaller) -5
b(.) 28 b(On) h(the) f(contrar) n(y) -5 b(,) 28 b(it) h(is) 1974
564 y(kno) l(wn) j(that) g(the) g(bandwid) n(th) g(allocation) f(to) h
(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) 1974 660 y(satis\002es) p Fl
34 w(F) p Fk 2335 630 a(h) 2323 683 y(A) p Fm 2412 660
a(f) o(airness) g([9].) f(Hence,) h(it) h(is) g(desirab) n(le) g(for) e
(A) -5 b(QM) 1974 756 y(mechan) n(isms) 36 b(to) g(realize) f(bandwid) n
(th) h(allocation) e(among) g(TCP) 1974 852 y(conn) n(ections) 20
b(as) h(close) f(as) h(Max-Min) e(f) o(airness.) p Fe
1974 1063 a(Rob) n(ustne) n(ss) p Fm 2073 1275 a(Since) 27
b(an) g(A) -5 b(QM) 27 b(mechanism) f(is) i(a) f(sort) g(of) f(cong) n
(estion) h(con-) 1974 1371 y(trol) k(mechan) n(isms,) h(it) g(needs) g
(to) f(ha) n(v) o(e) g(rob) n(u) n(stness) i(again) n(st) g(net-) 1974
1467 y(w) o(ork) 25 b(f) o(ailures.) h(Namely) -5 b(,) 25
b(e) n(v) o(en) g(if) h(a) h(netw) o(ork) e(f) o(ailure) g(occurs,) g
(it) 1974 1563 y(is) 30 b(desirable) f(for) f(an) i(A) -5
b(QM) 30 b(mech) n(anism) g(to) f(continu) n(e) h(its) g(oper) n(-) 1974
1659 y(ation.) 25 b(Generally) -5 b(,) 24 b(it) j(is) g(also) f
(desirable) g(for) f(cong) n(estion) h(control) 1974
1755 y(of) 21 b(an) g(A) -5 b(QM) 22 b(mechan) n(ism) g(to) f(be) g
(decentralize) n(d) h(and) e(distrib) n(uted.) 1974 1852
y(Since,) d(for) h(e) o(xam) n(ple,) g(other) f(netw) o(or) n(k) h(de) n
(vices) f(may) h(break) e(do) n(wn,) 1974 1948 y(contr) n(ol) 22
b(inform) n(ation) g(that) g(an) g(A) -5 b(QM) 22 b(mechan) n(ism) h
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(en) g(in) g(such) h(a) g(case,) g(the) f(A) -5 b(QM) 27
b(mechanism) 1974 2140 y(should) 19 b(opera) n(te) i(without) f(seriou)
n(s) i(perf) n(orman) n(ce) f(de) o(g) n(radation) n(.) p
Fe 1974 2351 a(Compatibility) j(with) f(Existing) g(Netw) o(ork) e(De) o
(vice) n(s) p Fm 2073 2562 a(It) c(is) g(requ) n(ired) f(that) g(an) f
(A) -5 b(QM) 17 b(mechan) n(ism) g(to) f(ha) n(v) o(e) f(backw) o(ar) n
(d-) 1974 2659 y(comp) n(atibility) 36 b(with) g(other) f(e) o(xisting)
g(netw) o(ork) g(de) n(v) n(ices.) i(Actu-) 1974 2755
y(ally) -5 b(,) 31 b(it) i(is) g(unrealistic) f(to) g(replace) f(all) i
(route) n(rs) g(in) f(the) g(netw) o(ork) 1974 2851 y(to) f(rou) n
(ters) g(implemen) n(ting) g(a) g(ne) n(w) f(A) -5 b(QM) 32
b(mecha) n(nism.) f(Hence,) 1974 2947 y(e) n(v) o(en) 23
b(in) i(en) m(viro) n(nment) f(where) g(con) m(v) m(ention) n(al) h
(Drop-T) -9 b(ail) 26 b(router) n(s) 1974 3043 y(and/o) n(r) 37
b(other) e(A) -5 b(QM) 37 b(mecha) n(nisms) g(coe) o(x) n(ist,) g(an) f
(A) -5 b(QM) 37 b(mech-) 1974 3139 y(anism) k(should) f(operate) h
(satisf) o(actorily) -5 b(.) 40 b(Moreo) m(v) o(er) m(,) g(an) h(A) -5
b(QM) 1974 3235 y(mechan) n(ism) 30 b(might) f(be) g(grad) n(ually) g
(deplo) o(y) n(ed) h(into) f(the) g(e) o(xisting) 1974
3332 y(netw) o(ork) n(.) 37 b(Hence,) f(when) g(an) g(A) -5
b(QM) 37 b(mechanism) f(is) h(deplo) o(y) n(ed) 1974
3428 y(into) 24 b(a) h(part) e(of) h(the) h(netw) o(or) n(k,) g(the) f
(perf) n(ormanc) n(e) h(of) f(the) g(netw) o(ork) 1974
3524 y(should) c(not) h(be) g(de) o(g) n(raded.) f(Further) n(more,) g
(it) i(is) g(desirable) e(to) i(sup-) 1974 3620 y(port) g(se) n(v) o
(er) n(al) h(v) o(ersions) f(of) g(TCP) h(and) f(TCP-friend) n(ly) h
(rate) f(control) 1974 3716 y(mechan) n(isms,) k(which) g(rely) f(on) g
(occurr) n(ence) h(of) f(pack) o(et) g(losses) i(in) 1974
3812 y(the) 20 b(netw) o(ork) n(.) p Fo 1974 4048 a(4.) 69
b(Algorithm) p Fm 2073 4267 a(In) 29 b(this) h(section,) f(the) g
(operatio) n(n) h(algor) n(ithm) g(of) f(our) f(FI-RED) 1974
4364 y(is) 23 b(e) o(xplaine) n(d.) g(The) f(k) o(e) o(y) g(idea) g(of)
h(FI-RED) f(is) i(to) e(operate) g(RED) h(in) 1974 4460
y(the) j(ECN) g(mode) f([10]) g(\(mark) n(ing) h(the) g(CE) g(bit) g
(of) g(arri) n(vin) n(g) g(pack-) 1974 4556 y(ets) 31
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4748 y(nection) n(s.) 16 b(Speci\002cally) -5 b(,) 15
b(FI-RED) g(identi\002es) h(e) n(v) o(e) n(ry) g(TCP) g(conn) n(ec-)
1974 4844 y(tion) p Fl 16 w(i) p Fm 17 w(at) h(a) g(router) -5
b(,) 17 b(and) f(estimates) h(the) f(pack) o(et) g(marking) f(prob) n
(abil-) 1974 4940 y(ity) p Fl 25 w(p) p Fk 2129 4952
a(b) p Fj 2162 4940 a(\() p Fl(i) p Fj(\)) p Fm 26 w(in) 26
b(upstrea) n(m) g(rou) n(ters.) g(When) f(a) g(pack) o(et) g(arri) n(v)
o(e) n(s) h(at) g(the) 1974 5037 y(route) n(r) m(,) 17
b(FI-RED) h(calculates) f(the) g(pack) o(et) g(mark) n(ing) g(prob) n
(ability) p Fl 17 w(p) p Fk 3909 5049 a(b) p Fm 1974
5133 a(using) j(the) i(same) f(algorith) n(m) h(as) f(RED,) h(and) f
(rand) n(omly) g(mark) n(s) h(the) 1974 5229 y(CE) 31
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(prob) n(ability) g(gi) n(v) o(en) f(by) p Fj 1974 5325
a(max) o(\() p Fl(p) p Fk 2202 5337 a(b) p Fi 2254 5325
a(\000) p Fl 18 w(p) p Fk 2379 5337 a(b) p Fj 2412 5325
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y(6.) 41 b(Similar) 21 b(to) g(the) g(origin) n(al) h(RED,) g(the) f
(pack) m(et) h(markin) n(g) g(pro) n(b-) -16 5229 y(ability) p
Fl 19 w(p) p Fk 258 5241 a(b) p Fm 312 5229 a(is) e(determin) n(ed) g
(from) f(the) h(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g(queue) f(length) -16
5325 y(\(line) h(15\)) n(.) 2036 83 y(7.) 41 b(If) d(the) h(ECT) f(bit)
h(is) h(mark) m(ed,) e(the) h(CE) g(bit) g(of) f(the) g(arri) n(v-) 2140
179 y(ing) 43 b(pack) o(et) g(is) i(rando) n(mly) f(mark) m(ed) g(with)
g(a) g(prob) n(ability) p Fj 2140 275 a(max) o(\() p
Fl(p) p Fk 2368 287 a(b) p Fj 2402 275 a(\() p Fl(i) p
Fj(\)) p Fi 18 w(\000) p Fl 18 w(p) p Fk 2638 287 a(b) p
Fj 2672 275 a(\)) p Fm 21 w(\(line) 20 b(17\)) n(.) 2073
375 y(In) d(what) f(follo) n(ws,) g(we) h(discuss) g(con) n(formity) f
(of) g(FI-RED) g(to) h(our) 1974 471 y(design) i(goals) h(e) o(xplaine)
n(d) h(in) f(Section) g(3.) p Fe 1974 686 a(Conside) n(ration) 43
b(of) h(TCP) f(Conge) n(stion) g(Contr) n(ol) g(T) n(ime) 1974
782 y(Scale) p Fm 2073 997 a(Since) 36 b(FI-RED) f(uses) h(a) g(lo) n
(w-pass) f(\002lter) h(for) f(a) n(v) o(erag) n(ing) g(its) 1974
1093 y(queu) n(e) 29 b(length) n(,) g(the) f(time) h(scale) g(of) f
(its) h(contr) n(ol) g(is) g(lar) o(ge) n(r) g(than) f(a) 1974
1189 y(TCP) 17 b(conn) n(ections') f(roun) n(d-trip) f(time.) i(Hence,)
e(it) i(is) g(e) o(xpected) e(that) 1974 1286 y(FI-RED) 20
b(does) g(not) g(interfer) n(e) h(with) f(TCP') -5 b(s) 22
b(con) n(gestion) e(contro) n(l.) p Fe 1974 1500 a(Impr) n(o) o(ving) h
(F) n(air) o(ne) n(ss) h(among) g(TCP) g(Connections) p
Fm 2073 1715 a(FI-RED) h(impro) m(v) o(es) g(f) o(airne) n(ss) h(among)
d(TCP) i(connectio) n(ns) g(in) g(a) 1974 1812 y(tandem) 31
b(netw) o(ork) n(.) i(In) f(the) g(original) g(RED,) g(a) h(TCP) g
(connec) n(tion) 1974 1908 y(with) 27 b(the) g(lar) o(g) n(e) h(num) n
(ber) f(of) g(hop) n(s) h(has) f(a) g(lar) o(ge) f(prob) n(ability) h
(that) 1974 2004 y(the) j(CE) g(bit) g(is) g(mark) o(ed) n(.) g
(Consequen) n(tly) -5 b(,) 30 b(f) o(airn) n(ess) h(among) d(TCP) 1974
2100 y(conn) n(ections) 22 b(is) h(de) o(g) n(raded.) e(FI-RED) h(allo)
n(ws) g(a) h(TCP) f(connec) n(tion) 1974 2196 y(with) 30
b(a) g(lar) o(g) n(er) g(num) n(ber) g(of) f(hop) n(s) i(to) f(ga) n
(in) g(more) f(band) n(width) h(by) 1974 2292 y(mark) n(ing) 17
b(a) h(CE) g(bit) g(less) g(freque) n(ntly) -5 b(.) 17
b(Ho) n(we) n(v) m(er) m(,) g(the) g(problem) f(that) 1974
2388 y(a) 27 b(TCP) g(conn) n(ection') -5 b(s) 27 b(thro) n(ughp) n(ut)
g(is) h(dep) n(endent) e(on) g(its) h(roun) n(d-) 1974
2484 y(trip) 20 b(time) g(is) h(not) f(solv) o(ed.) 2073
2584 y(F) o(or) 37 b(instance,) e(a) i(mechan) n(ism) g(of) f
(measuring) f(a) i(roun) n(d-trip) 1974 2680 y(time) 29
b(at) g(the) g(rou) n(ter) g(and) f(changin) n(g) h(the) g(pack) m(et) h
(mark) n(ing) f(pro) n(b-) 1974 2777 y(ability) 37 b(accord) n(ing) h
(to) f(the) h(measured) e(roun) n(d-trip) h(time) h(might) 1974
2873 y(solv) o(e) 17 b(this) h(prob) n(lem.) g(Ho) n(we) n(v) m(er) m
(,) f(v) n(ariation) f(of) i(TCP) g(conn) n(ection') -5
b(s) 1974 2969 y(roun) n(d-trip) 22 b(times) i(is) g(gener) n(ally) g
(lar) o(g) n(e,) g(and) e(e) o(xact) h(measurem) n(ent) 1974
3065 y(of) c(the) h(rou) n(nd-trip) f(time) g(at) h(the) g(router) f
(is) h(dif) n(\002cult.) f(Further) n(more,) 1974 3161
y(since) k(the) g(routin) n(g) g(in) g(the) g(Internet) f(is) i(not) f
(necessarily) f(symmet-) 1974 3257 y(ric,) 27 b(it) h(is) g(sometimes) f
(impossible) g(to) g(measure) g(a) h(TCP) g(conn) n(ec-) 1974
3353 y(tion') -5 b(s) 20 b(roun) n(d-trip) g(time) g(at) h(the) f
(route) n(r) -5 b(.) 2073 3453 y(Therefo) n(re,) 27 b(it) g(is) h(dif) n
(\002cu) n(lt) g(for) e(A) -5 b(QM) 27 b(mechanism) n(s) h(to) f(accu-)
1974 3549 y(rately) 36 b(measure) g(a) h(TCP) g(connec) n(tion') -5
b(s) 37 b(roun) n(d-trip) f(time.) h(The) 1974 3645 y(prob) n(lem) 18
b(that) h(the) f(TCP) h(throug) n(hput) f(is) h(depen) n(dent) f(on) g
(its) h(roun) n(d-) 1974 3742 y(trip) i(time) h(origina) n(tes) h(from)
e(the) g(f) o(act) h(that) g(the) f(control) g(frequ) n(enc) o(y) 1974
3838 y(of) 27 b(TCP) i(is) f(e) n(v) o(ery) e(round) n(-trip) h(time.) h
(Since) f(this) i(is) f(an) g(essential) 1974 3934 y(prob) n(lem) 20
b(in) g(TCP) -9 b(,) 20 b(we) g(belie) n(v) o(e) f(that) h(solving) f
(this) h(prob) n(lem) g(by) f(an) 1974 4030 y(A) -5 b(QM) 21
b(mech) n(anism) f(is) h(impractical.) e(In) h(this) g(paper) m(,) f
(we) h(therefo) n(re) 1974 4126 y(do) 26 b(not) g(deal) h(with) g(the) f
(unf) o(airn) n(ess) i(issue) f(among) e(TCP) j(conn) n(ec-) 1974
4222 y(tions) 20 b(with) g(dif) n(feren) n(t) h(roun) n(d-trip) e
(times.) p Fe 1974 4437 a(Rob) n(ustne) n(ss) p Fm 2073
4652 a(FI-RED) 26 b(just) g(utilizes) g(infor) n(mation) f(of) g(the) g
(CE) h(bit) g(of) f(arri) n(v-) 1974 4748 y(ing) 19 b(pack) m(ets,) h
(which) f(migh) n(t) h(be) f(mark) o(ed) f(by) g(upstream) g(routers.) g
(If) 1974 4844 y(the) g(ECT) h(bit) g(of) f(the) g(arri) n(ving) f
(pack) o(et) h(is) h(unmark) m(ed,) f(FI-RED) h(op-) 1974
4940 y(erates) i(as) h(the) f(original) f(RED.) i(Hence,) f(FI-RED) g
(is) h(able) f(to) g(coe) o(x-) 1974 5037 y(ist) d(with) f(other) f
(con) m(v) m(ention) n(al) i(rou) n(ters) g(such) f(as) g(Drop-) n(T) -7
b(ail) 18 b(router) n(s) 1974 5133 y(and) 24 b(other) h(A) -5
b(QM) 26 b(mech) n(anisms.) g(Note) f(that,) g(it) g(is) i(e) o(xp) n
(ected) e(that) 1974 5229 y(if) c(more) f(FI) i(rou) n(ters-RED) g(are)
f(intro) n(duced) f(in) i(the) f(netw) o(or) n(k,) g(f) o(air) n(-) 1974
5325 y(ness) d(amon) n(g) g(TCP) g(conn) n(ections) f(is) i(mor) n(e) f
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GS
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GR
GS
   10 SM
   GS
      NP 700 230 M 850 230 L 850 270 L 700 270 L CP
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   GR
GR

% BOX
0 SG
GS
   NP 350 230 M 500 230 L 500 270 L 350 270 L CP 1 SG F
   0 SG
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GR
GS
   10 SM
   GS
      NP 350 230 M 500 230 L 500 270 L 350 270 L CP
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   GR
GR

% BOX
0 SG
GS
   10 SM
   GS
      NP 150 200 M 350 200 L 350 300 L 150 300 L CP
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GR

% BOX
0 SG
GS
   10 SM
   GS
      NP 500 200 M 700 200 L 700 300 L 500 300 L CP
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GR

% BOX
0 SG
GS
   10 SM
   GS
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GR

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GS
   NP
      50 250 M
      0 1080 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 1130 exch SU
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   TGSM
   7 W
   S
   1 W
GR
GS
   TGSM
   NP
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   1 SG CP F
   0 SG
   NP
      1130 250 22.000 9.000 1080 0 TGAT
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GR

% POLY/OPEN-SPLINE
0 SG
GS
   NP
      300 390 M
      300 260 L
      550 260 L
      130 0 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 550 exch SU
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   TGSM
   7 W
   S
   1 W
GR
GS
   TGSM
   NP
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   1 SG CP F
   0 SG
   NP
      550 390 22.000 9.000 0 130 TGAT
   CP F
GR

% POLY/OPEN-SPLINE
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GS
   NP
      650 110 M
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      900 240 L
      -130 0 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 900 exch SU
      exch sin 22.000 MU 110 exch SU L
   TGSM
   7 W
   S
   1 W
GR
GS
   TGSM
   NP
      900 110 22.000 9.000 0 -130 TGAT
   1 SG CP F
   0 SG
   NP
      900 110 22.000 9.000 0 -130 TGAT
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GR

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NP
0 SG
   GS
      1 W
      200 180 M
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% TEXT
NP
0 SG
   GS
      1 W
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      GS
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% TEXT
NP
0 SG
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            /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS
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            /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS
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      2 DI NE 0 RM
            0 SG
            /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS
            (TCP ) SH
      GR
      0 29 RM
      GS
        GS
        0
            /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS
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        GR
      2 DI NE 0 RM
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        GR
      2 DI NE 0 RM
            0 SG
            /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS
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      GR
      0 29 RM
      GS
        GS
        0
            /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS
            (Group 2) TGSW 
        AD
        GR
      2 DI NE 0 RM
            0 SG
            /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS
            (Group 2) SH
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% TEXT
NP
0 SG
   GS
      1 W
      710 100 M
      GS
        GS
        0
            /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS
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        AD
        GR
      2 DI NE 0 RM
            0 SG
            /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS
            (TCP) SH
      GR
      0 29 RM
      GS
        GS
        0
            /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS
            (Group 3) TGSW 
        AD
        GR
      2 DI NE 0 RM
            0 SG
            /Helvetica FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS
            (Group 3) SH
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% TEXT
NP
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% TEXT
NP
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GS
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   TGSM
   3 W
   S
   1 W
GR
GS
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   NP
      350 480 12.000 5.000 -150 0 TGAT
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GR
GS
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   NP
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   1 SG CP F
   0 SG
   NP
      500 480 12.000 5.000 150 0 TGAT
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GR

% POLY/OPEN-SPLINE
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GS
   NP
      700 480 M
      0 150 atan DU cos 12.000 MU exch sin 12.000 MU RM
      0 150 atan DU cos 12.000 MU 850 exch SU
      exch sin 12.000 MU 480 exch SU L
   TGSM
   3 W
   S
   1 W
GR
GS
   TGSM
   NP
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   1 SG CP F
   0 SG
   NP
      700 480 12.000 5.000 -150 0 TGAT
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GR
GS
   TGSM
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   0 SG
   NP
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GR

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%MatchingCreationDate: Tue Nov  9 19:16:40 2004
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@endspecial Fd 323 1350 a(Figure) 23 b(1.) g(Anal) o(ytic) g(model) p
-182 1429 V Fm -182 1609 a(this) j(f) o(act) g(can) g(be) g(incenti) n
(v) m(e) h(for) e(introd) n(ucing) g(the) h(ECN) h(mecha-) -182
1705 y(nism) 20 b(in) g(the) g(netw) o(ork.) p Fe -182
1905 a(Compatibility) j(with) h(Existing) e(Netw) o(ork) g(De) o(vice) n
(s) p Fm -83 2105 a(Since) 33 b(FI-RED) g(only) f(utilizes) h(the) g
(ECN) h(mechan) n(ism) f(\(i.e.,) -182 2201 y(ECT) 25
b(and) f(CE) h(bits) g(in) g(the) f(IP) h(header) n(\),) g(it) g(can) f
(be) h(used) f(with) h(ar) n(-) -182 2297 y(bitrar) n(y) k(transpo) n
(rt-layer) e(proto) n(cols) i(suppo) n(rting) f(ECN.) g(When) g(a) -182
2393 y(transpo) n(rt-layer) f(proto) n(col) h(does) g(not) g(suppo) n
(rt) g(ECN) h(\(i.e.,) f(when) -182 2489 y(the) 22 b(ECT) i(bit) f(is) g
(unmar) n(k) o(ed\),) f(FI-RED) h(opera) n(tes) h(as) f(same) g(as) h
(the) -182 2585 y(orig) n(inal) 30 b(RED.) h(There) n(fore,) e(it) i
(is) g(possible) f(to) g(deplo) o(y) f(FI-RED) -182 2681
y(into) 20 b(a) h(part) g(of) f(router) n(s) i(in) f(the) g(netw) o(or)
n(k.) g(If) f(FI-RED) h(is) h(deplo) m(yed) -182 2778
y(into) 27 b(all) g(routers) g(in) g(the) h(netw) o(or) n(k,) f(it) h
(is) h(e) o(xp) n(ected) e(that) h(the) f(f) o(air) n(-) -182
2874 y(ness) 20 b(among) f(TCP) i(conn) n(ections) f(is) i(fur) n(ther)
e(impro) o(v) m(ed.) -83 2970 y(In) k(addition) n(,) h(since) g(FI-RED)
f(uses) h(the) f(fund) n(amentally) g(same) -182 3066
y(algor) n(ithm) 17 b(as) h(RED,) g(man) o(y) e(research) g(results) i
(on) f(RED) h(can) f(be) g(di-) -182 3162 y(rectly) 22
b(applied) g(withou) n(t) h(change.) f(It) h(is) g(also) g(possible) g
(to) f(use) h(ap-) -182 3258 y(pro) n(aches) h(lik) o(e) h(SRED) g([7])
f(and) f(FRED) i([4]) f(for) f(further) g(impro) m(v-) -182
3354 y(ing) f(f) o(airness) i(amon) n(g) f(TCP) h(connectio) n(ns) g
(accom) n(modated) e(at) i(the) -182 3450 y(same) c(router) -7
b(.) p Fo -182 3675 a(5.) 69 b(Analysis) p Fm -83 3883
a(In) 26 b(this) g(section,) f(using) g(a) h(simple) g(steady) g(state)
g(analysis,) g(we) -182 3979 y(e) n(v) n(alu) n(ate) h(FI-RED) e(and) h
(sho) n(w) f(ho) n(w) h(f) o(airness) g(amon) n(g) g(TCP) h(con-) -182
4075 y(nection) n(s) 21 b(is) g(impro) o(v) m(ed.) -83
4171 y(Our) 38 b(analytic) g(mod) n(el) h(is) g(sho) n(wn) f(in) g
(Fig.) h(1.) f(The) g(analy) n(tic) -182 4267 y(mod) n(el) k(consists) g
(of) f(three) g(routers) g(\(rou) n(ters) h(1\2263\)) e(and) h(three)
-182 4364 y(gro) n(ups) 17 b(of) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) f(\(TCP) h
(gro) n(ups) f(1\2263\)) n(.) h(TCP) g(gro) n(up) f(1) -182
4460 y(has) 22 b(conn) n(ections) g(with) g(2) g(hops) g(from) f(the) h
(route) n(r) h(1) f(to) g(the) g(router) -182 4556 y(3.) 15
b(TCP) i(grou) n(ps) g(2) f(and) f(3) h(ha) n(v) o(e) g(con) n
(nections) g(with) g(1) g(hop) f(from) g(the) -182 4652
y(rou) n(ter) 24 b(2) g(to) g(the) g(rou) n(ter) g(3,) g(and) f(from) f
(the) i(router) f(1) g(to) h(the) g(router) -182 4748
y(2,) e(respecti) n(v) m(ely) -5 b(.) 22 b(The) g(num) n(ber) g(of) g
(conne) n(ctions) h(in) f(TCP) h(grou) n(p) p Fl 23 w(i) p
Fm -182 4844 a(is) e(deno) n(ted) f(by) p Fl 20 w(N) p
Fk 348 4856 a(i) p Fm 375 4844 a(.) -83 4940 y(Let) p
Fl 28 w(B) p Fk 119 4952 a(j) p Fm 182 4940 a(deno) n(te) 28
b(the) g(link) f(band) n(width) g(of) g(the) h(router) p
Fl 26 w(j) p Fm 33 w(\() p Fj(1) p Fi 36 w(\024) p Fl
-182 5037 a(j) p Fi 36 w(\024) p Fj 31 w(3) p Fm(\),) d(and) p
Fl 24 w(q) p Fc 285 5006 a(\003) p Fk 282 5058 a(j) p
Fm 348 5037 a(the) g(a) n(v) o(erage) f(queu) n(e) h(length) f(in) h
(steady) g(state) g(of) -182 5133 y(the) e(router) p
Fl 23 w(j) p Fm 5 w(.) g(Propaga) n(tion) g(delays) h(of) f(links) g
(between) g(router) n(s) i(1) -182 5229 y(and) 17 b(2) h(and) g
(between) f(router) n(s) i(2) f(and) g(3) g(are) g(denoted) f(by) p
Fl 17 w(\034) p Fg 1497 5241 a(1) p Fm 1554 5229 a(and) p
Fl 17 w(\034) p Fg 1728 5241 a(2) p Fm 1766 5229 a(,) -182
5325 y(respecti) n(v) m(ely) -5 b(.) 24 b(W) -7 b(e) 26
b(assume) e(that) h(all) g(bandwid) n(th) g(of) g(access) g(links) 1974
83 y(between) 16 b(a) h(TCP) g(source) f(host) h(and) f(a) h(router) -5
b(,) 17 b(and) f(between) g(a) h(TCP) 1974 179 y(destination) k(host) g
(and) h(a) g(router) f(are) g(suf) n(\002ciently) g(lar) o(ger) g(than)
g(the) 1974 275 y(link) g(band) n(width) g(of) g(rou) n(ters,) p
Fl 22 w(B) p Fk 2924 287 a(j) p Fm 2958 275 a(.) h(W) -7
b(e) 22 b(assume) f(that) g(all) h(prop) n(aga-) 1974
371 y(tion) k(delays) h(of) f(access) h(links) g(are) g(ne) o(g) n
(ligible.) f(W) -7 b(e) 28 b(also) f(assume) 1974 468
y(that) 20 b(all) h(TCP) g(conn) n(ections) f(al) o(w) o(ays) h(ha) n
(v) o(e) f(data) g(to) g(transmit.) 2073 564 y(It) 31
b(is) g(kno) n(wn) e(that) h(TCP) h(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) g(in) g(steady)
e(state) i(is) h(ap-) 1974 660 y(prox) n(imately) 20
b(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) h(by) f([23) n(]) p Fl 2568 879
a(T) p Fj 12 w(\() p Fl(R) q(;) 14 b(p) p Fj(\)) p Fi
82 w(') p Fj 3086 823 a(1) p 3075 860 64 4 v Fl 3075
936 a(R) p Fh 3149 757 a(r) p 3232 757 118 4 v Fj 3270
823 a(3) p 3242 860 98 4 v 3242 936 a(2) p Fl 14 w(p) p
Fm 3846 879 a(\(8\)) 1974 1082 y(where) p Fl 30 w(R) p
Fm 33 w(is) 32 b(a) f(TCP) h(conn) n(ection') -5 b(s) 31
b(roun) n(d-trip) f(time,) h(and) p Fl 31 w(p) p Fm 31
w(is) 1974 1179 y(a) 26 b(pack) o(et) g(loss) g(prob) n(ability) g(in) g
(the) g(netw) o(ork) f(or) h(a) g(pack) o(et) f(mark-) 1974
1275 y(ing) e(pro) n(bability) g(of) f(the) h(CE) h(bit) f(in) g(the) g
(IP) h(heade) n(r) -5 b(.) 24 b(Note) f(that) g(al-) 1974
1371 y(thou) n(gh) c(more) f(detailed) g(form) n(ula) h(of) g(TCP) g
(throug) n(hput) f(is) i(deri) n(v) m(ed) 1974 1467 y(in) g([23],) f
(we) i(use) f(Eq.) g(\(8\)) f(for) h(illustrati) n(v) o(e) f(purpo) n
(ses.) 2073 1563 y(In) 33 b(steady) g(state,) g(prob) n(ability) g
(that) g(the) g(CE) g(bit) g(of) g(arri) n(v) n(ing) 1974
1659 y(pack) o(ets) f(at) i(the) f(route) n(r) p Fl 34
w(j) p Fm 38 w(is) h(1) f(\(CE) g(bit) g(marking) f(pro) n(bability\))
1974 1755 y(is) j(deno) n(ted) f(by) p Fl 34 w(p) p Fk
2521 1767 a(j) p Fm 2555 1755 a(.) h(First,) f(we) g(focus) g(on) f
(the) h(case) g(with) h(RED) 1974 1851 y(route) n(rs.) d(In) e(the) h
(case) g(of) g(RED,) g(router) n(s) h(1) f(and) f(router) g(2) h(inde-)
1974 1948 y(pend) n(ently) 18 b(mark) g(the) g(CE) h(bit) g(of) f(arri)
n(vin) n(g) h(pack) o(ets,) f(the) g(prob) n(abil-) 1974
2044 y(ity) p Fl 19 w(p) p Fg 2123 2056 a(1) p Fk(;) p
Fg(2) p Fm 2233 2044 a(that) h(the) g(CE) h(bit) g(of) e(pack) o(ets) h
(in) h(TCP) g(gro) n(up) f(1) g(is) h(mark) o(ed) 1974
2140 y(is) h(gi) n(v) o(en) e(by) h(the) g(follo) n(win) n(g) g
(equation) n(.) p Fl 2473 2300 a(p) p Fg 2515 2312 a(1) p
Fk(;) p Fg(2) p Fj 2688 2300 a(=) 82 b(1) p Fi 18 w(\000) p
Fj 18 w(\005) p Fg 3040 2266 a(2) p Fk 3040 2321 a(j) p
Fg 3 w(=1) p Fj 3159 2300 a(\(1) p Fi 19 w(\000) p Fl
18 w(p) p Fk 3377 2312 a(j) p Fj 3411 2300 a(\)) p Fm
403 w(\(9\)) 2073 2461 y(On) 27 b(the) f(contrar) n(y) -5
b(,) 26 b(in) h(the) f(case) h(of) f(FI-RED,) g(the) g(prob) n(ability)
p Fl 1974 2557 a(p) p Fg 2016 2569 a(1) p Fk(;) p Fg(2) p
Fm 2127 2557 a(that) 21 b(the) g(CE) h(bit) f(of) g(pack) m(ets) h(in) f
(TCP) h(grou) n(p) f(1) g(is) h(mark) o(ed) e(in) 1974
2653 y(steady) g(state) h(is) g(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) g(by) p
Fl 2570 2814 a(p) p Fg 2612 2826 a(1) p Fk(;) p Fg(2) p
Fj 2785 2814 a(=) 82 b(max\() p Fl(p) p Fg 3161 2826
a(1) p Fl 3198 2814 a(;) 14 b(p) p Fg 3277 2826 a(2) p
Fj 3314 2814 a(\)) p Fm 458 w(\(10\)) 2073 2974 y(Let) p
Fl 23 w(T) p Fk 2256 2986 a(i) p Fm 2306 2974 a(be) 23
b(each) f(conne) n(ction') -5 b(s) 23 b(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) g(in) g
(TCP) g(group) p Fl 21 w(i) p Fm(.) 1974 3070 y(The) h(follo) n(wing) f
(relations) h(are) h(obtained) e(by) i(app) n(roximatin) n(g) g(the)
1974 3166 y(roun) n(d-trip) c(time) p Fl 22 w(R) p Fk
2566 3178 a(i) p Fm 2616 3166 a(of) g(TCP) i(gro) n(up) p
Fl 22 w(i) p Fm 22 w(by) e(the) h(sum) f(of) h(the) g(que) n(u-) 1974
3262 y(ing) 17 b(delay) g(in) h(the) g(rou) n(ter) g(and) f(the) h
(prop) n(agation) f(delay) g(of) g(the) h(link.) p Fl
2319 3503 a(T) p Fg 2368 3515 a(1) p Fj 2488 3503 a(=) p
Fl 82 w(T) p Fj 12 w(\() p Fl(R) p Fg 2791 3515 a(1) p
Fl 2828 3503 a(;) c(p) p Fg 2907 3515 a(1) p Fk(;) p
Fg(2) p Fj 2997 3503 a(\)) p Fi 23 w(') p Fl 23 w(T) p
Fj 12 w(\() p Fl(R) p Fg 3296 3515 a(1) p Fl 3332 3503
a(;) p Fg 3413 3399 a(2) p Fh 3369 3424 a(X) p Fk 3372
3600 a(j) p Fg 3 w(=1) p Fl 3503 3503 a(p) p Fk 3545
3515 a(j) p Fj 3580 3503 a(\)) p Fm 192 w(\(11\)) p Fl
2319 3696 a(T) p Fg 2368 3708 a(2) p Fj 2488 3696 a(=) p
Fl 82 w(T) p Fj 12 w(\() p Fl(R) p Fg 2791 3708 a(2) p
Fl 2828 3696 a(;) g(p) p Fg 2907 3708 a(1) p Fj 2944
3696 a(\)) p Fm 828 w(\(12\)) p Fl 2319 3797 a(T) p Fg
2368 3809 a(3) p Fj 2488 3797 a(=) p Fl 82 w(T) p Fj
12 w(\() p Fl(R) p Fg 2791 3809 a(3) p Fl 2828 3797 a(;) g(p) p
Fg 2907 3809 a(2) p Fj 2944 3797 a(\)) p Fm 828 w(\(13\)) p
Fl 2304 3980 a(R) p Fg 2367 3992 a(1) p Fj 2488 3980
a(=) p Fg 2679 3877 a(2) p Fh 2635 3901 a(X) p Fk 2638
4078 a(j) p Fg 3 w(=1) p Fh 2769 3863 a(\022) p Fj 2830
3980 a(2) p Fl(\034) p Fk 2908 3992 a(j) p Fj 2961 3980
a(+) p Fl 3064 3915 a(q) p Fc 3104 3885 a(\003) p Fk
3101 3937 a(j) p 3054 3961 V Fl 3054 4037 a(B) p Fk 3117
4049 a(j) p Fh 3162 3863 a(\023) p Fm 3804 3980 a(\(14\)) p
Fl 2304 4224 a(R) p Fg 2367 4236 a(2) p Fj 2488 4224
a(=) 82 b(2) p Fl(\034) p Fg 2713 4236 a(1) p Fj 2769
4224 a(+) p Fl 2873 4168 a(q) p Fc 2913 4138 a(\003) p
Fg 2910 4189 a(1) p 2862 4205 101 4 v Fl 2862 4281 a(B) p
Fg 2925 4293 a(1) p Fm 3804 4224 a(\(15\)) p Fl 2304
4421 a(R) p Fg 2367 4433 a(3) p Fj 2488 4421 a(=) g(2) p
Fl(\034) p Fg 2713 4433 a(2) p Fj 2769 4421 a(+) p Fl
2873 4364 a(q) p Fc 2913 4334 a(\003) p Fg 2910 4385
a(2) p 2862 4401 V Fl 2862 4477 a(B) p Fg 2925 4489 a(2) p
Fm 3804 4421 a(\(16\)) 2073 4619 y(In) 18 b(the) h(netw) o(or) n(k) f
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Fl 18 w(B) p Fk 3820 4631 a(j) p Fm 3873 4619 a(of) 1974
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4812 y(tical) k(in) f(steady) g(state.) h(Thus,) f(the) g(follo) n(win)
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%%Page: 6 6
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e(parameter) n(s) j(are) f(used;) p Fl 23 w(N) p Fg 1248
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(pro) n(bability) p Fl 26 w(p) p Fk 802 3294 a(j) p Fm
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b(in) f(TCP) h(gro) n(up) f(1) g(are) g(less) i(lik) o(ely) e(to) g(be)
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-5 b(,) 25 b(router) e(2,) i(so) g(that) g(the) f(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) i
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Fl(T) p Fg 39 3972 a(2) p Fl 75 3960 a(=T) p Fg 166 3972
a(1) p Fm 241 3960 a(and) p Fl 37 w(T) p Fg 448 3972
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3960 a(\)) h(will) g(be) f(used) h(as) g(the) g(f) o(airne) n(ss) h
(in-) -182 4057 y(de) o(x) n(.) 29 b(In) f(RED,) g(the) g(ratio) g(of) g
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Fl -182 4153 a(T) p Fg -133 4165 a(2) p Fl -97 4153 a(=T) p
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Fk -119 4261 a(j) p Fm -64 4249 a(of) 20 b(the) g(router) f(and) h(the)
g(prop) n(agation) f(delay) p Fl 20 w(\034) p Fk 1284
4261 a(j) p Fm 1340 4249 a(of) h(the) g(link.) -83 4351
y(On) 31 b(the) g(contrar) n(y) -5 b(,) 31 b(in) g(FI-RED,) g(the) f
(ratio) h(of) g(TCP) h(con) n(nec-) p -182 4447 V Fl
373 4547 a(p) p Fg 415 4559 a(1) p Fl 660 4547 a(p) p
Fg 702 4559 a(2) p Fl 943 4547 a(T) p Fg 992 4559 a(1) p
Fl 1229 4547 a(T) p Fg 1278 4559 a(2) p Fl 1516 4547
a(T) p Fg 1565 4559 a(3) p -98 4579 1800 4 v Fm 3 4647
a(RED) 150 b(0.008) 98 b(0.0) n(08) h(0.26) n(3) h(0.7) n(45) f(0.74) n
(5) -48 4743 y(FI-RED) g(0.010) f(0.0) n(10) h(0.33) n(7) h(0.6) n(74) f
(0.67) n(4) p Fd -83 4987 a(T) -7 b(ab) o(le) 31 b(3.) g(CE) g(bit) f
(marking) h(pr) n(obability) f(and) h(TCP) -83 5084 y(thr) n(oughput) c
(\() p Fl(B) p Fg 478 5096 a(1) p Fj 546 5084 a(=) p
Fl 32 w(B) p Fg 706 5096 a(2) p Fj 775 5084 a(=) k(0) p
Fl(:) p Fj(2) p Fd 28 w([pac) n(ket/ms],) p Fl 28 w(\034) p
Fg 1553 5096 a(1) p Fj 1622 5084 a(=) p Fl -83 5180 a(\034) p
Fg -47 5192 a(2) p Fj 14 5180 a(=) 22 b(20) p Fd 23 w([ms]\)) p
-182 5259 1969 4 v Fm 1974 83 a(tion') -5 b(s) 26 b(throu) n(ghpu) n(t)
h(is) p Fl 27 w(T) p Fg 2707 95 a(2) p Fl 2744 83 a(=T) p
Fg 2835 95 a(1) p Fj 2905 83 a(=) p Fl 33 w(T) p Fg 3052
95 a(3) p Fl 3089 83 a(=T) p Fg 3180 95 a(1) p Fj 3250
83 a(=) 34 b(2) p Fl(:) p Fj(0) p Fm(.) 25 b(Note) h(that) g(the) 1974
179 y(f) o(airness) k(inde) o(x) f(w) o(ould) h(be) p
Fl 30 w(T) p Fg 2872 191 a(2) p Fl 2908 179 a(=T) p Fg
2999 191 a(1) p Fj 3077 179 a(=) p Fl 42 w(T) p Fg 3233
191 a(3) p Fl 3269 179 a(=T) p Fg 3360 191 a(1) p Fj
3438 179 a(=) 41 b(1) p Fl(:) p Fj(0) p Fm 30 w(if) 31
b(Max-) 1974 275 y(Min) 21 b(f) o(airness) g(is) h(satis\002ed.) g
(From) f(these) g(observ) l(ations,) g(it) h(can) f(be) 1974
371 y(foun) n(d) 26 b(that) h(with) f(FI-RED,) g(the) h(f) o(airne) n
(ss) h(amon) n(g) f(TCP) g(conn) n(ec-) 1974 468 y(tions) d(is) g
(impro) m(v) o(ed) f(abou) n(t) i(30\045) e(as) h(compar) n(ed) g(with)
g(the) f(case) h(of) 1974 564 y(RED.) 2073 669 y(In) f(RED,) g(TCP) h
(gro) n(up) f(1) f(of) h(a) g(lar) o(ger) f(num) n(ber) g(of) h(hop) f
(suf) n(fer) n(s) 1974 765 y(a) g(lar) o(ge) n(r) g(CE) h(bit) f(mark) n
(ing) f(probab) n(ility) h(than) f(TCP) i(gro) n(ups) f(2) g(and) 1974
861 y(3) 29 b(of) f(a) h(smaller) f(numbe) n(r) h(of) g(hop) n(s.) g
(Therefo) n(re,) g(the) f(throu) n(ghput) 1974 957 y(of) d(TCP) i(gro) n
(up) f(1) f(becomes) g(smaller) h(than) f(that) h(of) f(TCP) i(gro) n
(ups) 1974 1053 y(2) 22 b(and) f(3.) g(On) h(the) g(contr) n(ary) -5
b(,) 21 b(the) h(CE) g(bit) g(mark) n(ing) g(pro) n(bability) f(of) 1974
1150 y(TCP) 29 b(grou) n(p) g(1) f(becomes) g(small) h(with) f(FI-RED.)
h(Consequ) n(ently) -5 b(,) 1974 1246 y(the) 32 b(throu) n(ghput) g(of)
g(TCP) h(gro) n(up) f(1) h(becom) n(es) g(lar) o(ger) e(than) h(that)
1974 1342 y(with) d(RED) g(and) g(theref) n(ore) g(the) g(f) o(airness)
g(amon) n(g) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ec-) 1974 1438 y(tions) 20
b(is) h(impro) o(v) m(ed.) p Fo 1974 1694 a(6.) 69 b(Simulation) p
Fm 2073 1933 a(In) 48 b(this) h(section,) f(throu) n(gh) g(simulation) g
(e) o(xp) n(eriments,) g(we) 1974 2029 y(quan) n(titati) n(v) o(ely) i
(sho) n(w) f(ho) n(w) h(f) o(airness) g(amon) n(g) g(TCP) h(conn) n
(ec-) 1974 2125 y(tions) 32 b(is) h(impro) m(v) o(ed) e(by) h(intro) n
(ducing) f(FI-RED.) h(W) -7 b(e) 33 b(perf) n(ormed) 1974
2221 y(simulation) n(s) g(by) e(chan) n(ging) g(system) g(parameter) n
(s) h(\(i.e.,) f(the) g(link) 1974 2318 y(band) n(width,) 21
b(the) h(num) n(ber) f(of) g(routers,) g(the) g(numb) n(er) h(of) f
(TCP) h(con-) 1974 2414 y(nection) n(s\)) 46 b(and) e(the) h(contro) n
(l) h(para) n(meter) p Fl 45 w(\027) p Fm 51 w(of) e(FI-RED.) h(W) -7
b(e) 1974 2510 y(comp) n(are) 37 b(perfo) n(rmance) f(of) h(FI-RED) g
(with) g(that) g(of) f(the) h(origi-) 1974 2606 y(nal) d(RED;) g(as) h
(discussed) f(in) g(Section) g(1,) f(other) h(A) -5 b(QM) 34
b(mecha-) 1974 2702 y(nisms) c(such) g(as) g(FRED) h(and) e(SRED) i
(are) f(designe) n(d) g(to) g(impro) o(v) m(e) 1974 2798
y(f) o(airness) g(amon) n(g) g(TCP) h(con) n(nections) f(accom) n
(modated) f(at) h(a) g(sin-) 1974 2894 y(gle) 20 b(router) -7
b(.) 2073 3000 y(The) 24 b(netw) o(or) n(k) g(topolo) n(gy) g(used) f
(for) g(our) g(simulation) f(is) j(sho) n(wn) 1974 3096
y(in) e(Fig.) h(2.) f(This) g(netw) o(ork) f(topolo) n(gy) h(consists) h
(of) p Fl 23 w(N) p Fm 32 w(routers) f(and) p Fl 1974
3192 a(N) p Fi 25 w(\000) p Fj 16 w(1) p Fm 19 w(grou) n(ps) d(of) g
(TCP) g(conne) n(ctions.) g(The) f(source) g(and) g(destina-) 1974
3288 y(tion) e(hosts) g(belon) n(ging) f(to) i(TCP) f(grou) n(p) p
Fl 18 w(i) p Fm 17 w(\() p Fj(1) p Fi 22 w(\024) p Fl
23 w(i) p Fi 22 w(\024) p Fl 23 w(N) p Fm 9 w(\)) g(are) p
Fl 17 w(S) p Fk 3778 3300 a(i) p Fm 3823 3288 a(and) p
Fl 1974 3384 a(D) p Fk 2043 3396 a(i) p Fm 2095 3384
a(in) 25 b(the) f(\002gure,) g(respecti) n(v) m(ely) -5
b(.) 24 b(Simulation) n(s) i(were) e(perf) n(ormed) 1974
3480 y(by) h(setting) h(the) g(numb) n(er) g(of) g(TCP) g(connectio) n
(ns) g(that) g(constitutes) 1974 3576 y(TCP) 20 b(grou) n(p) p
Fl 19 w(i) p Fm 20 w(to) p Fl 19 w(N) p Fk 2559 3588
a(i) p Fj 2609 3576 a(=) j(1) p Fm 19 w(or) p Fl 19 w(N) p
Fk 2914 3588 a(i) p Fj 2965 3576 a(=) f(10) p Fm(.) d(F) o(airness) g
(amon) n(g) h(greed) n(y) 1974 3673 y(TCP) 35 b(conn) n(ections) f(is) i
(of) e(grea) n(t) h(importan) n(ce,) f(since) h(for) e(A) -5
b(QM) 1974 3769 y(mechan) n(isms,) 19 b(short-li) n(v) m(ed) f(TCP) h
(conne) n(ctions) g(can) f(be) g(vie) n(wed) f(as) 1974
3865 y(backg) n(roun) n(d) 25 b(traf) n(\002c.) e(Hence,) h(in) g(our) f
(simulation,) g(all) i(TCP) g(con-) 1974 3961 y(nection) n(s) e(perf) n
(ormed) e(data) g(transfer) g(contin) n(uously) -5 b(,) 20
b(and) h(all) h(TCP) 1974 4057 y(conn) n(ections') 15
b(pack) o(et) g(length) g(w) o(as) i(\002x) o(ed) d(at) j(1,0) n(00) f
([by) n(te].) g(Hence,) 1974 4153 y(in) 23 b(this) h(netw) o(ork) e
(topolog) n(y) -5 b(,) 23 b(all) h(links) f(between) g(router) n(s) i
(are) e(bot-) 1974 4249 y(tlenecks.) 2073 4355 y(Bandwidth) 16
b(of) h(all) g(links) g(between) g(rou) n(ters) h(were) e(uniqu) n(ely)
h(set) 1974 4451 y(to) p Fl 21 w(B) p Fj 29 w(=) 25 b(2) p
Fm 21 w(or) p Fl 21 w(B) p Fj 29 w(=) g(10) p Fm 20 w([Mbit/s],) c(and)
g(their) g(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) g(delays) 1974 4547 y(were) c(\002x) o
(ed) g(at) p Fl 18 w(\034) p Fj 32 w(=) 23 b(10) p Fm
17 w([ms].) 17 b(Bandwid) n(th) h(of) f(all) h(links) f(between) g(a)
1974 4643 y(source) i(host) g(and) h(a) g(rou) n(ter) g(and) f(between)
g(a) h(destination) f(host) h(and) 1974 4739 y(a) i(router) f(were) g
(set) i(to) f(100) f([Mbit/s],) g(and) g(their) h(prop) n(agation) f
(de-) 1974 4835 y(lays) h(were) f(set) h(to) g(0) f([s].) h(The) f
(contr) n(ol) h(param) n(eters) g(of) f(RED) h(were) 1974
4931 y(set) k(to) p Fl 25 w(w) p Fk 2241 4943 a(q) p
Fj 2310 4931 a(=) 31 b(0) p Fl(:) p Fj(0025) p Fm(,) p
Fl 23 w(min) p Fk 2835 4943 a(th) p Fj 2934 4931 a(=) p
Fl 32 w(B) 18 b(\034) 9 b(=) p Fj(2) p Fm(,) p Fl 24
w(max) p Fk 3450 4943 a(th) p Fj 3551 4931 a(=) 31 b(3) p
Fl 14 w(min) p Fk 3855 4943 a(th) p Fm 3922 4931 a(,) 1974
5028 y(and) p Fl 23 w(max) p Fk 2282 5040 a(p) p Fj 2349
5028 a(=) e(0) p Fl(:) p Fj(1) p Fm(.) 23 b(More) n(o) o(v) o(er) -5
b(,) 24 b(the) f(b) n(uf) n(fer) f(size) i(of) f(RED) h(router) 1974
5124 y(w) o(as) 17 b(set) g(to) p Fj 16 w(3) p Fl(max) p
Fk 2515 5136 a(th) p Fm 2583 5124 a(.) f(F) o(or) g(simulation,) f
(ns-2) h([24) n(]) h(simulator) e(\(v) o(er) n(-) 1974
5220 y(sion) 20 b(2.26) n(\)) h(w) o(as) g(used.) 2073
5325 y(T) -7 b(o) 22 b(e) n(v) n(alu) n(ate) g(the) f(ef) n(fecti) n(v)
m(eness) h(of) e(FI-RED,) h(the) g(f) o(airness) g(in-) p
dyy eop end
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@endspecial Fd -83 1350 a(Figure) 30 b(2.) g(Netw) n(ork) f(topology) f
(used) i(f) n(or) g(sim) n(ula-) -83 1446 y(tion) p -182
1508 V -182 1657 V -182 2763 a @beginspecial 50 @llx
50 @lly 410 @urx 302 @ury 2425 @rwi 1278 @rhi @setspecial
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@endspecial -83 2978 a(Figure) c(3.) h(F) n(airness) g(inde) o(x) p
Fl 26 w(F) p Fd 38 w(f) n(or) f(diff) o(erent) g(n) o(um-) -83
3074 y(ber) o(s) d(of) g(r) n(outer) o(s) g(\() p Fl(B) p
Fj 27 w(=) g(2) p Fd 22 w([Mbit/s]) f(and) p Fl 23 w(N) p
Fk 1348 3086 a(i) p Fj 1398 3074 a(=) h(10) p Fd(\)) p
-182 3153 V Fm -182 3332 a(de) o(x) c(de\002ned) g(by) h(the) g(follo) n
(win) n(g) h(equa) n(tion) f(is) i(used) d([25].) p Fl
430 3561 a(F) p Fj 95 w(=) 755 3503 y(\() p Fh 787 3441
a(P) p Fk 875 3462 a(M) 875 3528 y(i) p Fg(=1) p Fl 1000
3503 a(x) p Fk 1047 3515 a(i) p Fj 1075 3503 a(\)) p
Fg 1107 3473 a(2) p 735 3541 429 4 v Fl 735 3633 a(M) p
Fh 839 3571 a(P) p Fk 926 3591 a(M) 926 3658 y(i) p Fg(=1) p
Fl 1052 3633 a(x) p Fk 1099 3645 a(i) p Fg 1127 3609
a(2) p Fm 1648 3561 a(\(19\)) -182 3787 y(where) p Fl
33 w(M) p Fm 43 w(is) 35 b(the) f(numb) n(er) g(of) g(TCP) h(conn) n
(ections) f(that) g(passes) -182 3883 y(thro) n(ugh) 26
b(the) h(bottlen) n(eck) g(link,) f(and) p Fl 26 w(x) p
Fk 976 3895 a(i) p Fm 1031 3883 a(is) i(the) e(throu) n(ghput) g(of) p
Fl 26 w(i) p Fm(-) -182 3979 y(th) e(TCP) g(connec) n(tion) g(that) g
(passes) h(thro) n(ugh) e(the) h(bottlenec) n(k) g(link.) -182
4075 y(A) f(lar) o(ge) n(r) h(f) o(airne) n(ss) g(inde) o(x) p
Fl 22 w(F) p Fm 36 w(mean) n(s) g(more) e(f) o(air) h(bandwid) n(th) g
(allo-) -182 4171 y(cation) c(to) i(TCP) g(conn) n(ections.) -83
4267 y(The) g(f) o(airne) n(ss) h(inde) o(x) p Fl 20
w(F) p Fm 33 w(for) f(dif) n(f) n(erent) g(num) n(bers) g(of) g(rou) n
(ters) p Fl 22 w(N) p Fm -182 4364 a(and) 30 b(contr) n(ol) h
(parameter) n(s) p Fl 32 w(\027) p Fm 36 w(of) g(FI-RED) g(are) f(sho) n
(wn) g(in) h(Fig.) g(3) -182 4460 y(\() p Fl(B) p Fj
38 w(=) k(2) p Fm 26 w(and) p Fl 26 w(N) p Fk 329 4472
a(i) p Fj 391 4460 a(=) g(10) p Fm(\)) n(,) 27 b(Fig.) g(4) f(\() p
Fl(B) p Fj 39 w(=) 34 b(2) p Fm 27 w(and) p Fl 26 w(N) p
Fk 1388 4472 a(i) p Fj 1450 4460 a(=) g(1) p Fm(\),) 26
b(and) -182 4556 y(Fig.) k(5) g(\() p Fl(B) p Fj 44 w(=) 41
b(10) p Fm 29 w(and) p Fl 30 w(N) p Fk 624 4568 a(i) p
Fj 692 4556 a(=) g(10) p Fm(\)) n(.) 30 b(In) g(these) g(\002gures,) f
(simula-) -182 4652 y(tion) 23 b(results) h(with) g(RED) h(oper) n
(ating) f(in) g(the) g(ECN) g(mode) f(are) h(also) -182
4748 y(includ) n(ed) c(for) g(comp) n(arison) g(purp) n(oses.) -83
4844 y(First,) 35 b(Fig.) g(3) g(indicates) f(that) h(FI-RED) f(can) h
(achie) n(v) o(e) e(better) -182 4940 y(f) o(airne) n(ss) e(than) f
(RED) h(ope) n(rating) f(in) g(the) g(ECN) g(mode.) f(This) h(ten-) -182
5037 y(den) n(c) o(y) 19 b(appear) n(s) h(notab) n(ly) -5
b(,) 19 b(in) f(particular) m(,) f(when) h(the) h(numb) n(er) p
Fl 19 w(N) p Fm 28 w(of) -182 5133 y(rou) n(ters) 27
b(is) g(small.) f(F) o(or) g(instance,) g(when) f(the) i(num) n(ber) f
(of) g(rou) n(ters) -182 5229 y(is) p Fl 21 w(N) p Fj
32 w(=) d(3) p Fm(,) d(the) g(f) o(airness) h(inde) o(x) e(of) h(RED) h
(is) g(abou) n(t) g(0.79,) e(whereas) -182 5325 y(that) h(of) g(FI-RED)
g(is) h(0.94) e(for) p Fl 20 w(\027) p Fj 28 w(=) k(0) p
Fl(:) p Fj(01) p Fm(.) p 1974 28 1969 4 v 1974 1135 a
@beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 410 @urx 302 @ury 2425
@rwi 1278 @rhi @setspecial
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@endspecial Fd 2073 1350 a(Figure) j(4.) h(F) n(airness) g(inde) o(x) p
Fl 26 w(F) p Fd 38 w(f) n(or) f(diff) o(erent) g(n) o(um-) 2073
1446 y(ber) o(s) e(of) e(r) n(outer) o(s) h(\() p Fl(B) p
Fj 27 w(=) g(2) p Fd 22 w([Mbit/s]) g(and) p Fl 22 w(N) p
Fk 3504 1458 a(i) p Fj 3555 1446 a(=) f(1) p Fd(\)) p
1974 1525 V 1974 1695 V 1974 2801 a @beginspecial 50
@llx 50 @lly 410 @urx 302 @ury 2425 @rwi 1278 @rhi @setspecial
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@endspecial 2073 3016 a(Figure) k(5.) h(F) n(airness) g(inde) o(x) p
Fl 26 w(F) p Fd 38 w(f) n(or) f(diff) o(erent) g(n) o(um-) 2073
3112 y(ber) o(s) e(of) e(r) n(outer) o(s) h(\() p Fl(B) p
Fj 27 w(=) g(10) p Fd 22 w([Mbit/s]) f(and) p Fl 23 w(N) p
Fk 3546 3124 a(i) p Fj 3596 3112 a(=) h(10) p Fd(\)) p
1974 3191 V Fm 2073 3391 a(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(er) -5 b(,) 39
b(ef) n(fec) n(ti) n(v) o(eness) f(of) g(FI-RED) h(is) g(depen) n(dent)
f(on) g(a) 1974 3487 y(con\002g) n(uration) 20 b(of) h(the) g(contro) n
(l) h(param) n(eter) p Fl 22 w(\027) p Fm 5 w(.) f(In) g(Fig.) g(3,) g
(the) g(f) o(air) n(-) 1974 3583 y(ness) 30 b(inde) o(x) f(tak) o(es) h
(the) f(lar) o(gest) g(v) n(alue) g(when) p Fl 29 w(\027) p
Fj 46 w(=) 40 b(0) p Fl(:) p Fj(1) p Fm(.) 29 b(On) h(the) 1974
3679 y(contr) n(ary) -5 b(,) 28 b(the) h(f) o(airness) f(inde) o(x) g
(tak) o(es) h(the) f(smallest) i(v) n(alue) e(when) p
Fl 1974 3775 a(\027) p Fj 40 w(=) 35 b(0) p Fl(:) p Fj(0001) p
Fm(.) 25 b(Ho) n(we) n(v) m(er) m(,) h(it) i(should) d(be) i(noted) f
(that) h(e) n(v) o(e) n(n) g(in) g(the) 1974 3871 y(w) o(orst) 20
b(case,) h(FI-RED) f(achie) n(v) m(es) h(better) f(f) o(airness) g
(than) g(RED.) 2073 3973 y(Let) i(us) g(focu) n(s) h(on) e(the) g
(cases) h(when) f(the) g(numb) n(er) h(of) f(TCP) h(con-) 1974
4069 y(nection) n(s) 30 b(in) f(each) g(grou) n(p) h(is) p
Fl 30 w(N) p Fk 2932 4081 a(i) p Fj 2998 4069 a(=) 40
b(1) p Fm 29 w(\(Fig.) 29 b(4\),) f(and) h(when) f(the) 1974
4166 y(link) 17 b(band) n(width) h(between) e(routers) h(is) p
Fl 18 w(B) p Fj 28 w(=) 22 b(10) p Fm 17 w([Mbit/s]) 17
b(\(Fig.) h(5\).) 1974 4262 y(One) f(can) f(\002nd) h(that) f(FI-RED) h
(achie) n(v) o(es) f(better) h(f) o(airn) n(ess) h(than) f(RED) 1974
4358 y(in) 29 b(all) g(cases.) h(In) e(particular) -5
b(,) 29 b(it) h(should) e(be) g(noted) g(that) h(the) g(f) o(air) n(-)
1974 4454 y(ness) 21 b(inde) o(x) e(sho) n(ws) h(the) h(maxim) n(um) f
(v) n(alue) g(when) p Fl 20 w(\027) p Fj 29 w(=) j(0) p
Fl(:) p Fj(01) p Fm(.) c(This) 1974 4550 y(means) k(that) h(the) f
(optimal) g(con\002gu) n(ration) g(of) h(the) f(contro) n(l) h(param-)
1974 4646 y(eter) p Fl 27 w(\027) p Fm 33 w(is) k(hard) n(ly) g(dep) n
(endent) e(on) h(the) g(link) g(band) n(width) g(between) 1974
4742 y(route) n(rs) 21 b(and) f(the) g(numb) n(ers) h(of) f(TCP) h(con)
n(nections.) 2073 4844 y(From) 48 b(these) g(observ) n(a) n(tions,) g
(we) h(conc) n(lude) f(that) g(FI-RED) 1974 4940 y(achie) n(v) m(ed) 37
b(better) g(f) o(airness) g(amon) n(g) g(heterog) n(eneou) n(s) h(TCP) g
(con-) 1974 5037 y(nection) n(s) 57 b(as) f(comp) n(ared) f(with) h
(RED.) g(Moreo) m(v) o(er) m(,) e(we) i(\002nd) 1974
5133 y(that) c(the) g(optimal) f(con\002gur) n(ation) h(of) g(the) g
(contr) n(ol) h(param) n(e-) 1974 5229 y(ter) p Fl 30
w(\027) p Fm 36 w(of) 30 b(FI-RED) g(is) g(not) g(depen) n(dent) g(on) f
(the) h(numbe) n(r) h(of) e(TCP) 1974 5325 y(conn) n(ections) 20
b(or) g(the) g(link) g(bandwid) n(th) h(between) e(router) n(s.) p
dyy eop end
%%Page: 8 8
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(discussed) h(gen) n(eral) g(design) f(goals) g(re-) -182
416 y(quir) n(ed) 24 b(for) f(an) g(A) -5 b(QM) 24 b(mechanism.) e(W) -7
b(e) 25 b(ha) n(v) o(e) e(designed) f(a) i(no) o(v) o(e) n(l) -182
512 y(A) -5 b(QM) 23 b(mecha) n(nism,) g(called) f(FI-RED,) g(which) g
(operate) n(s) i(in) e(a) h(tan-) -182 609 y(dem) j(netw) o(ork) g(and)
g(impro) o(v) m(es) h(f) o(airness) g(among) f(hetero) n(geneou) n(s)
-182 705 y(TCP) f(connectio) n(ns.) g(By) h(suppr) n(essing) g(cong) n
(estion) f(indication) f(to) -182 801 y(TCP) d(conn) n(ections) f(tra) n
(v) o(ersing) f(cong) n(ested) i(rou) n(ters,) g(FI-RED) f(im-) -182
897 y(pro) m(v) o(es) 15 b(f) o(airness) h(amon) n(g) f(TCP) i(con) n
(nections) e(with) g(dif) n(feren) n(t) h(num-) -182
993 y(bers) h(of) f(hops.) h(Thr) n(ough) f(a) i(steady) e(state) i
(analysis) f(and) g(simulation) -182 1089 y(e) o(xp) n(eriments,) 22
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(heterog) n(eneous) f(TCP) i(conne) n(ctions) f(in) g(a) -182
1281 y(tande) n(m) i(netw) o(or) n(k.) -83 1386 y(In) c(this) h(paper) m
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(ism) g(for) e(impro) m(ving) g(f) o(airness) h(among) -182
1578 y(hetero) n(geneo) n(us) k(TCP) g(conn) n(ections) f(with) g(dif) n
(fere) n(nt) h(num) n(bers) f(of) -182 1674 y(hop) n(s.) 16
b(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(e) n(r) m(,) f(as) i(we) e(ha) n(v) o(e) g
(discussed) g(in) h(Section) f(4,) g(e) n(v) o(en) g(with) -182
1770 y(FI-RED,) 33 b(the) i(unf) m(airness) g(caused) e(by) h(the) g
(dif) n(fer) n(ence) g(in) g(TCP) -182 1867 y(con) n(nection') -5
b(s) 33 b(rou) n(nd-trip) f(times) h(is) h(dif) n(\002cult) e(to) i
(solv) o(e.) e(As) i(fu-) -182 1963 y(ture) 24 b(w) o(ork,) g(we) i
(need) e(to) h(in) m(v) o(estiga) n(te) h(an) f(appr) n(oach) g(for) f
(impro) m(v-) -182 2059 y(ing) 29 b(the) h(unf) o(airn) n(ess) i(amo) n
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2155 y(rou) n(nd-trip) 26 b(times.) h(Also,) g(in) m(v) o(estiga) n
(tion) g(of) g(interfer) n(ence) g(of) g(FI-) -182 2251
y(RED) 18 b(with) g(non-stan) n(dard) f(TCP) i(protoc) n(ols,) g(such) e
(as) i(TCP) g(V) -9 b(e) o(ga) n(s,) -182 2347 y(TCP) 20
b(W) -7 b(estw) o(ood,) 20 b(HighSp) n(eed) g(TCP) g(and) f(F) -6
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y(interesting) n(.) -83 2548 y(Other) j(importan) n(t) h(future) f(w) o
(ork) f(should) h(co) o(v) o(e) n(r) h(scalability) f(is-) -182
2644 y(sues) 32 b(of) g(FI-RED.) h(FI-RED) f(maintain) n(s) i(intern) n
(al) f(v) n(ariab) n(les) h(for) -182 2740 y(e) n(v) o(er) n(y) 24
b(TCP) h(connec) n(tion) f(to) h(chan) n(ge) f(the) h(pack) m(et) g
(markin) n(g) g(pro) n(b-) -182 2836 y(ability) -5 b(.) 29
b(Theref) n(ore,) h(the) h(maxim) n(um) f(numbe) n(r) h(of) f(TCP) i
(con) n(nec-) -182 2932 y(tions) 21 b(accomm) n(odated) g(in) g(the) h
(rou) n(ter) g(is) g(restricted) f(by) g(the) h(mem-) -182
3028 y(ory) h(size/processing) h(speed) g(of) g(the) h(rou) n(ter) -5
b(.) 25 b(Hence,) f(we) h(need) f(to) -182 3125 y(add) n(ress) j
(scalability) e(issue) h(of) f(FI-RED,) g(and) g(in) m(v) o(estiga) n
(te) h(possi-) -182 3221 y(ble) 20 b(solution) n(s.) p
Fo -182 3474 a(Refer) n(ence) r(s) p Fb -145 3703 a([1]) 42
b(B.) 20 b(Braden) p Fa 21 w(et) h(al.) p Fb(,) f(\223Recommen) r
(dations) h(on) g(queu) r(e) g(managemen) r(t) -16 3791
y(and) f(congestion) g(a) o(v) o(oidance) h(in) e(the) g(Internet,) -5
b(\224) p Fa 19 w(Request) 20 b(for) f(Com-) -16 3879
y(ments) g(\(RFC\)) e(2309) p Fb 2 w(,) h(Apr) l(.) g(1998) r(.) -145
3992 y([2]) 42 b(V) -10 b(.) 28 b(Jacobs) r(on) h(and) h(M.) e(J.) h
(Karels,) f(\223Cong) r(estion) h(a) o(v) o(oidance) g(and) -16
4080 y(control,) -5 b(\224) 24 b(in) p Fa 24 w(Pr) m(oceedings) h(of) g
(SIGCOMM) f('88) p Fb(,) g(No) o(v) -5 b(.) 25 b(1988,) g(pp.) -16
4168 y(314\22632) r(9.) -145 4281 y([3]) 42 b(S.) 14
b(Flo) o(yd) i(and) g(V) -10 b(.) 15 b(Jacobson) r(,) f(\223Rando) r(m)
h(early) g(detection) h(gate) n(w) o(ays) -16 4369 y(for) k(congestion)
h(a) o(v) o(oidance,) -5 b(\224) p Fa 20 w(IEEE/A) n(C) n(M) 20
b(T) l(r) o(ansactions) h(on) g(Net-) -16 4458 y(working) p
Fb(,) e(v) o(ol.) f(1,) h(no.) g(4,) g(pp.) g(397\2264) r(13,) g(Aug.) g
(1993.) -145 4570 y([4]) 42 b(D.) 14 b(Lin) g(and) i(R.) e(Morris,) g
(\223Dynam) r(ics) g(of) h(random) h(early) f(detection,) -5
b(\224) -16 4659 y(in) p Fa 18 w(Pr) m(oceedings) 19
b(of) f(A) n(CM) f(SIGCOMM) h('97) p Fb(,) g(Oct.) g(1997,) h(pp.) f
(127\226) -16 4747 y(137.) -145 4860 y([5]) 42 b(E.) 14
b(Altman) i(and) g(T) -6 b(.) 15 b(Jimenez,) h(\223Simulation) f
(analysis) h(of) g(RED) e(with) -16 4948 y(short) 23
b(li) n(v) o(ed) g(TCP) f(conne) r(ctions,) -5 b(\224) p
Fa 23 w(Computer) 23 b(Networks) p Fb(,) g(v) o(ol.) g(44,) -16
5036 y(pp.) c(631\22664) r(1,) g(2004.) -145 5149 y([6]) 42
b(S.) 34 b(Flo) o(yd,) h(\223Recommen) r(dations) g(on) h(using) g(the)
f(gentle) h(v) n(ariant) -16 5237 y(of) 20 b(RED,) -5
b(\224) 19 b(May) i(2000) r(,) e(a) o(v) n(ailable) i(at) f(http://www)
-5 b(.aciri.or) o(g/\003) n(o) o(yd) r(/) -16 5325 y(red/gentle.html.)
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b(.) 22 b(V) -10 b(.) 22 b(Lakshman,) h(and) f(L.) g(W) -6
b(ong,) 22 b(\223SRED:) f(Stabilized) 2140 171 y(RED,) -5
b(\224) 23 b(in) p Fa 24 w(Pr) m(oceedings) i(of) g(IEEE) e(INFOCOM) g
('99) p Fb(,) h(Mar) l(.) g(199) r(9,) 2140 259 y(pp.) 19
b(1346\226) r(1355.) 2011 353 y([8]) 42 b(J.) 17 b(A) -7
b(we) o(ya,) 17 b(M.) h(Ouellette,) f(and) h(D.) f(Y) -10
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441 y(retic) g(approach) i(to) f(acti) n(v) o(e) f(queu) r(e) g
(managem) r(ent,) -5 b(\224) p Fa 18 w(Computer) 19 b(Net-) 2140
529 y(works) p Fb(,) g(v) o(ol.) f(36,) h(pp.) g(203\226) r(235,) g
(2001) r(.) 2011 623 y([9]) 42 b(M.) 23 b(V) -10 b(ojno) q(vid,) 23
b(J.-Y) -10 b(.) 23 b(L.) g(Boudec,) h(and) h(C.) e(Boutremans,) h
(\223Global) 2140 711 y(f) o(airness) 50 b(of) g(additi) n(v) o
(e-increa) r(se) g(and) g(multiplicati) n(v) o(e-decrease) 2140
799 y(with) 40 b(heterogene) r(ous) g(round) r(-trip) f(times,) -5
b(\224) 40 b(in) p Fa 40 w(Pr) m(oceedings) h(of) 2140
887 y(IEEE) 17 b(INFOCOM) h(2000) p Fb 2 w(,) g(2000) r(.) 1974
981 y([10]) 42 b(K.) 28 b(Ramakrishnan,) h(\223) -6 b(A) 29
b(proposal) h(to) e(add) h(Explicit) f(Congestion) 2140
1069 y(Noti\002cation) 35 b(\(ECN\)) f(to) h(IP,) -5
b(\224) p Fa 34 w(Request) 36 b(for) f(Comments) h(\(RFC\)) 2140
1157 y(2481) p Fb(,) 20 b(Jan.) f(1999.) 1974 1250 y([11]) 42
b(D.-M.) 26 b(Chiu) i(and) f(R.) g(Jain,) g(\223) -6
b(Analysis) 27 b(of) h(the) f(increase) g(and) h(de-) 2140
1339 y(crease) 19 b(algorithms) g(for) g(congestion) h(a) o(v) o
(oidance) f(in) g(computer) g(net-) 2140 1427 y(w) o(orks,) -5
b(\224) p Fa 37 w(Computer) 37 b(Networks) f(and) i(ISDN) e(Systems) p
Fb(,) g(v) o(ol.) g(17,) 2140 1515 y(no.) 19 b(1,) g(pp.) g(1\22614,) h
(June) f(1989) r(.) 1974 1608 y([12]) 42 b(S.) k(Flo) o(yd,) i(M.) f
(Handle) o(y) -5 b(,) 48 b(and) g(J.) f(P) o(adhye,) g(\223) -6
b(A) 47 b(comparison) 2140 1697 y(of) 30 b(equation-b) r(ased) g(and) h
(AIMD) f(cong) r(estion) g(control,) -5 b(\224) 31 b(A) m(CIRI,) 2140
1785 y(T) -5 b(ech.) 15 b(Rep.,) g(2000,) h(a) o(v) n(ailable) g(at) f
(http://www) -5 b(.aciri.or) o(g/tfrc/) n(aimd.) 2140
1873 y(pdf.) 1974 1966 y([13]) 42 b(D.) 23 b(Bansal) h(and) h(H.) e
(Balakrishnan,) h(\223Binomial) g(cong) r(estion) g(con-) 2140
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25 w(Pr) m(oceeding) r(s) g(of) g(IEEE) f(INFOCOM) g(200) r(1) p
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b(P) -8 b(.) 14 b(Hurle) o(y) -5 b(,) 16 b(J.) f(L.) g(Boudec,) i(and) f
(P) -8 b(.) 15 b(Thiran,) g(\223) -6 b(A) 16 b(note) g(on) g(the) g(f) o
(airness) 2140 2506 y(of) f(additi) n(v) o(e) h(increase) g(and) g
(multiplicati) n(v) o(e) f(decrease,) -5 b(\224) 16 b(in) p
Fa 15 w(Pr) m(oceed-) 2140 2594 y(ings) j(of) g(ITC-16) p
Fb(,) f(June) i(1999,) g(pp.) f(467\22647) r(8.) 1974
2688 y([16]) 42 b(D.) 20 b(Bertsekas) h(and) g(R.) f(Gallager) m(,) p
Fa 20 w(Data) h(Networks) p Fb(.) 80 b(Engle) n(w) o(ood) 2140
2776 y(Clif) n(fs,) 18 b(Ne) n(w) g(Jerse) o(y:) h(Prentice-Hall,) f
(1987) r(.) 1974 2869 y([17]) 42 b(S.) 30 b(Flo) o(yd,) i
(\223Connection) r(s) f(with) g(multiple) g(cong) r(ested) h(gate) n(w)
o(ays) 2140 2958 y(in) 27 b(pack) o(et-switched) h(netw) o(orks) g
(part1:) f(One-w) o(ay) h(traf) n(\002c,) -5 b(\224) p
Fa 26 w(A) n(CM) 2140 3046 y(Computer) 18 b(Communication) h(Re) o(vie)
o(w) p Fb(,) e(v) o(ol.) g(21,) h(no.) g(5,) f(pp.) h(30\2264) r(7,)
2140 3134 y(Oct.) g(1991) r(.) 1974 3227 y([18]) 42 b(T) -6
b(.) 20 b(H.) g(Henderson,) h(E.) f(Sahouria,) g(S.) g(McCanne,) h(and)
g(R.) f(H.) g(Katz,) 2140 3316 y(\223On) 25 b(impro) o(ving) i(the) e
(f) o(airness) h(of) f(TCP) f(conge) r(stion) h(a) o(v) o(oidance,) -5
b(\224) 2140 3404 y(in) p Fa 17 w(Pr) m(oceedings) 19
b(of) e(IEEE) g(Global) h(T) -7 b(elecommunications) 19
b(Confer) o(-) 2140 3492 y(ence) g(\(GLOBECOM\)) p Fb(,) e(v) o(ol.) i
(1,) f(No) o(v) -5 b(.) 19 b(199) r(8,) f(pp.) h(539\226) r(544.) 1974
3585 y([19]) 42 b(B.) 31 b(W) -5 b(ydro) n(wski) 31 b(and) h(M.) g(Zuk)
o(erman,) g(\223MaxNe) r(t:) e(a) i(congestion) 2140
3673 y(control) 22 b(architecture,) -5 b(\224) p Fa 22
w(IEEE) 20 b(Communication) r(s) h(Letter) o(s) p Fb(,) g(v) o(ol.) h
(7,) 2140 3762 y(no.) d(10,) g(pp.) g(511\226) r(513,) g(Oct.) f(2003) r
(.) 1974 3855 y([20]) 42 b(F) -6 b(.) 25 b(Bak) o(er) m(,) h
(\223Requirements) h(for) f(IP) f(v) o(ersion) i(4) f(routers,) -5
b(\224) p Fa 26 w(Request) 2140 3943 y(for) 19 b(Comments) g(\(RFC\)) e
(181) r(2) p Fb(,) h(June) i(1995.) 1974 4037 y([21]) 42
b(T) -6 b(.) 46 b(Blackwell,) g(H.) g(T) -6 b(.) 46 b(K) o(ung,) h(and)
g(D.) f(Lin.,) g(\223Credit-based) 2140 4125 y(\003o) n(w) 24
b(control) g(for) h(A) -8 b(TM) 23 b(netw) o(orks,) -5
b(\224) p Fa 25 w(IEEE) 23 b(Network) h(Ma) o(ga) r(zine) p
Fb(,) 2140 4213 y(v) o(ol.) 18 b(90,) h(no.) g(2,) g(pp.) g(40\2264) r
(8,) f(Mar) l(.) h(1994.) 1974 4307 y([22]) 42 b(S.) 19
b(Flo) o(yd) h(and) g(K.) g(F) o(all,) e(\223Promoting) j(the) e(use) i
(of) f(end-to-end) h(con-) 2140 4395 y(gestion) e(control) h(in) f(the)
g(Internet,) -5 b(\224) p Fa 18 w(N/A) p Fb(,) 18 b(1998.) 1974
4488 y([23]) 42 b(J.) 22 b(P) o(adhye,) i(V) -10 b(.) 22
b(Firoiu,) h(D.) f(T) -6 b(o) n(wsle) o(y) h(,) 23 b(and) h(J.) f(K) o
(urose,) g(\223Modeling) 2140 4577 y(TCP) 28 b(Reno) h(performance) r
(:) f(a) h(simple) g(model) g(and) h(its) e(empirical) 2140
4665 y(v) n(alidation,) -5 b(\224) p Fa 21 w(IEEE/A) n(C) n(M) 21
b(T) l(r) o(ansactions) h(on) g(Networking) p Fb(,) f(v) o(ol.) g(8,)
2140 4753 y(no.) e(2,) g(pp.) g(133\2261) r(45,) g(Apr) l(.) f(2000.)
1974 4846 y([24]) 42 b(\223The) 25 b(netw) o(ork) h(simulator) g(\226) f
(ns2,) -5 b(\224) 26 b(a) o(v) n(ailable) f(at) g(http://www) -5
b(.isi.) 2140 4935 y(edu/nsnam) r(/ns/.) 1974 5028 y([25]) 42
b(R.) 26 b(K.) h(Jain,) g(D.-M.) f(W) -7 b(.) 27 b(Chiu,) g(and) g(W) -7
b(.) 27 b(R.) f(Ha) o(we,) h(\223) -6 b(A) 27 b(quantita-) 2140
5116 y(ti) n(v) o(e) 17 b(measure) g(of) g(f) o(airness) h(and) f
(discrimination) h(for) f(resource) h(allo-) 2140 5204
y(cation) 23 b(in) f(shared) i(computer) f(systems,) -5
b(\224) 23 b(DEC) e(Research) j(Report,) 2140 5292 y(T) -5
b(ech.) 18 b(Rep.,) h(Sept.) f(1984.) p dyy eop end
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