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a(probabilit) n(y) p 2658 3045 42 4 v Fk 2658 3090 a(p) 1706 3190 y(w) p Fs 1767 3190 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1845 3190 a(\)) p 1897 3190 a(+) p 1980 3190 a(1) p 2045 3190 a(otherwise) 3299 3134 y(\(1\)) 523 3364 y(Note) p 734 3364 a(that) p 924 3364 a(in) p 1031 3364 a(the) p 1185 3364 a(ab) r(o) n(v) n(e) p 1430 3364 a(equation,) p 1802 3364 a(it) p 1896 3364 a(is) p 1989 3364 a(assumed) p 2333 3364 a(that) p 2523 3364 a(all) p 2649 3364 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 2919 3364 a(losses) p 3157 3364 a(can) p 3320 3364 a(b) r(e) 523 3464 y(detected) p 855 3464 a(b) n(y) p 970 3464 a(duplicate) p 1329 3464 a(A) n(CKs) p 1573 3464 a([5].) p 1711 3464 a(The) p 1882 3464 a(curren) n(t) p 2170 3464 a(queue) p 2407 3464 a(length) p 2660 3464 a(at) p 2761 3464 a(slot) p Fk 2918 3464 a(k) p Fs 2982 3464 a(+) p 3064 3464 a(1) p 3133 3464 a(is) p 3216 3464 a(giv) n(en) 523 3564 y(b) n(y) p Fk 1002 3787 a(q) p Fs 1042 3787 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1138 3787 a(+) p 1221 3787 a(1\)) p 1318 3787 a(=) p Fk 1406 3787 a(q) p Fs 1446 3787 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1524 3787 a(\)) p 1575 3787 a(+) p Fk 1658 3787 a(n) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1805 3787 a(+) p 1888 3787 a(1\)) p Fk 1976 3787 a(w) p Fs 2037 3787 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2133 3787 a(+) p 2216 3787 a(1\)) p Fe 2309 3787 a(\000) p Fk 2392 3787 a(B) p Ff 2473 3670 a(\022) p Fk 2534 3787 a(\034) p Fs 2598 3787 a(+) p Fk 2691 3731 a(q) p Fs 2731 3731 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2809 3731 a(\)) p 2691 3768 151 4 v Fk 2733 3844 a(B) p Ff 2851 3670 a(\023) p Fs 1318 3961 a(=) p Fk 1406 3961 a(n) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1553 3961 a(+) p 1636 3961 a(1\)) p Fk 1724 3961 a(w) p Fs 1785 3961 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1881 3961 a(+) p 1965 3961 a(1\)) p Fe 2057 3961 a(\000) p Fk 2140 3961 a(B) p 2221 3961 a(\034) p Fs 3299 3961 a(\(2\)) 523 4140 y(The) p 694 4140 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 991 4140 a(queue) p 1229 4140 a(length) p 1483 4140 a(at) p 1584 4140 a(slot) p Fk 1741 4140 a(k) p Fs 1806 4140 a(+) p 1889 4140 a(1) p 1958 4140 a(is) p 2041 4140 a(giv) n(en) p 2258 4140 a(b) n(y) p 804 4327 41 4 v Fk 804 4373 a(q) p Fs 844 4373 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 940 4373 a(+) p 1023 4373 a(1\)) p 1120 4373 a(=) p 1208 4373 a(\(1) p Fe 1300 4373 a(\000) p Fk 1383 4373 a(q) p Fj 1420 4385 a(w) p Fs 1474 4373 a(\)) p Fj 1506 4338 a(n) p Fr(\() p Fj(k) p Fr 1609 4338 a(\)) p Fj 1647 4338 a(w) p Fr 1697 4338 a(\() p Fj(k) p Fr 1759 4338 a(\)) p 1790 4327 V Fk 1790 4373 a(q) p Fs 1830 4373 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1908 4373 a(\)) p 1959 4373 a(+) p Fk 2052 4316 a(q) p Fj 2089 4328 a(w) p Fe 2142 4316 a(f) p Fs(1) p Fe 2244 4316 a(\000) p Fs 2327 4316 a(\(1) p Fe 2419 4316 a(\000) p Fk 2502 4316 a(q) p Fj 2539 4328 a(w) p Fs 2593 4316 a(\)) p Fj 2625 4286 a(n) p Fr(\() p Fj(k) p Fr 2728 4286 a(\)) p Fj 2766 4286 a(w) p Fr 2816 4286 a(\() p Fj(k) p Fr 2878 4286 a(\)) p Fe 2909 4316 a(g) p 2052 4354 899 4 v Fs 2280 4430 a(1) p Fe 2340 4430 a(\000) p Fs 2423 4430 a(\(1) p Fe 2515 4430 a(\000) p Fk 2598 4430 a(q) p Fj 2635 4442 a(w) p Fs 2689 4430 a(\)) p Fk 2974 4373 a(q) p Fs 3014 4373 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 3092 4373 a(\)) p Fg 523 4662 a(4.2) p 741 4662 a(Deriv) p 969 4662 a(ation) p 1211 4662 a(of) p 1320 4662 a(Av) m(erage) p 1693 4662 a(State) p 1942 4662 a(T) p 2000 4662 a(ransition) p 2400 4662 a(Equations) p Fs 523 4825 a(W) p 601 4825 a(e) p 671 4825 a(deriv) n(e) p 921 4825 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 1224 4825 a(state) p 1432 4825 a(transition) p 1816 4825 a(equations) p 2193 4825 a(that) p 2378 4825 a(represen) n(t) p 2742 4825 a(a) p 2816 4825 a(t) n(ypical) p 3093 4825 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) 523 4924 y(of) p 619 4924 a(TCP) p 824 4924 a(connections) p 1273 4924 a(and) p 1436 4924 a(the) p 1580 4924 a(RED) p 1790 4924 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 2111 4924 a([5].) p 2251 4924 a(W) p 2329 4924 a(e) p 2395 4924 a(in) n(tro) r(duce) p 2765 4924 a(a) p Fc 2836 4924 a(se) l(quenc) l(e) p Fs(,) p 3195 4924 a(whic) n(h) p 90 rotate dyy eop %%Page: 5 5 5 4 bop 1316 1346 a @beginspecial -1 @llx 184 @lly 577 @urx 621 @ury 1556 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/red-sequence.eps %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 %%Creator: Adobe Illustrator(TM) 7.0 %%For: (mera yuuitirou) (osaka-u) %%Title: (wkfile.eps) %%CreationDate: (2/16/00) (8:18 PM) %%BoundingBox: -1 184 577 621 %%HiResBoundingBox: -0.4768 184.6631 576.3823 620.5983 %%DocumentProcessColors: Cyan Magenta Yellow Black %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica %%+ Helvetica-Oblique %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset Adobe_level2_AI5 1.2 0 %%+ procset Adobe_typography_AI5 1.0 1 %%+ procset Adobe_ColorImage_AI6 1.1 0 %%+ procset Adobe_Illustrator_AI5 1.2 0 %%+ procset Adobe_cshow 2.0 8 %AI5_FileFormat 3 %AI3_ColorUsage: Color %AI3_IncludePlacedImages %AI7_ImageSettings: 1 %%CMYKCustomColor: 1 0 0.55 0 (Aqua) %%+ 1 0.5 0 0 (Blue) %%+ 0.5 0.4 0.3 0 (Blue Gray) %%+ 0.8 0.05 0 0 (Blue Sky) %%+ 0.5 0.85 1 0 (Brown) %%+ 1 0.9 0.1 0 (Dark Blue) %%+ 1 0.55 1 0 (Forest Green) %%+ 0.05 0.2 0.95 0 (Gold) %%+ 0.75 0.05 1 0 (Grass Green) %%+ 0 0.45 1 0 (Orange) %%+ 0.15 1 1 0 (Red) %%+ 0.45 0.9 0 0 (Violet) %%AI6_ColorSeparationSet: 1 1 (AI6 Default Color Separation Set) %%+ Options: 1 16 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 8.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 %%+ PPD: 1 21 0 0 60 45 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 () %AI3_TemplateBox: 306 396 306 396 %AI3_TileBox: 23 -10 588 800 %AI3_DocumentPreview: Header %AI5_ArtSize: 595.2756 841.8898 %AI5_RulerUnits: 2 %AI5_ArtFlags: 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 %AI5_TargetResolution: 800 %AI5_NumLayers: 1 %AI5_OpenToView: -342 864 -1.5 884 655 18 0 1 11 113 0 0 %AI5_OpenViewLayers: 7 %%PageOrigin:23 -10 %%AI3_PaperRect:-15 825 580 -17 %%AI3_Margin:15 -15 -15 17 %AI7_GridSettings: 72 8 72 8 1 0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 %%EndComments %%BeginProlog %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_level2_AI5 1.2 0 %%Title: (Adobe Illustrator (R) Version 5.0 Level 2 Emulation) %%Version: 1.2 0 %%CreationDate: (04/10/93) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1996 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) userdict /Adobe_level2_AI5 25 dict dup begin put /packedarray where not { userdict begin /packedarray { array astore readonly } bind def /setpacking /pop load def /currentpacking false def end 0 } if pop userdict /defaultpacking currentpacking put true setpacking /initialize { Adobe_level2_AI5 begin } bind def /terminate { currentdict Adobe_level2_AI5 eq { end } if } bind def mark /setcustomcolor where not { /findcmykcustomcolor { 0 6 packedarray } bind def /findrgbcustomcolor { 1 5 packedarray } bind def /setcustomcolor { exch aload pop 0 eq { pop 4 { 4 index mul 4 1 roll } repeat 5 -1 roll pop setcmykcolor } { pop 3 { 1 exch sub 3 index mul 1 exch sub 3 1 roll } repeat 4 -1 roll pop setrgbcolor } ifelse } def } if /gt38? mark {version cvr cvx exec} stopped {cleartomark true} {38 gt exch pop} ifelse def userdict /deviceDPI 72 0 matrix defaultmatrix dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt put userdict /level2? systemdict /languagelevel known dup { pop systemdict /languagelevel get 2 ge } if put /level2ScreenFreq { begin 60 HalftoneType 1 eq { pop Frequency } if HalftoneType 2 eq { pop GrayFrequency } if HalftoneType 5 eq { pop Default level2ScreenFreq } if end } bind def userdict /currentScreenFreq level2? {currenthalftone level2ScreenFreq} {currentscreen pop pop} ifelse put level2? not { /setcmykcolor where not { /setcmykcolor { exch .11 mul add exch .59 mul add exch .3 mul add 1 exch sub setgray } def } if /currentcmykcolor where not { /currentcmykcolor { 0 0 0 1 currentgray sub } def } if /setoverprint where not { /setoverprint /pop load def } if /selectfont where not { /selectfont { exch findfont exch dup type /arraytype eq { makefont } { scalefont } ifelse setfont } bind def } if /cshow where not { /cshow { [ 0 0 5 -1 roll aload pop ] cvx bind forall } bind def } if } if cleartomark /anyColor? { add add add 0 ne } bind def /testColor { gsave setcmykcolor currentcmykcolor grestore } bind def /testCMYKColorThrough { testColor anyColor? } bind def userdict /composite? level2? { gsave 1 1 1 1 setcmykcolor currentcmykcolor grestore add add add 4 eq } { 1 0 0 0 testCMYKColorThrough 0 1 0 0 testCMYKColorThrough 0 0 1 0 testCMYKColorThrough 0 0 0 1 testCMYKColorThrough and and and } ifelse put composite? not { userdict begin gsave /cyan? 1 0 0 0 testCMYKColorThrough def /magenta? 0 1 0 0 testCMYKColorThrough def /yellow? 0 0 1 0 testCMYKColorThrough def /black? 0 0 0 1 testCMYKColorThrough def grestore /isCMYKSep? cyan? magenta? yellow? black? or or or def /customColor? isCMYKSep? not def end } if end defaultpacking setpacking %%EndResource %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_typography_AI5 1.0 1 %%Title: (Typography Operators) %%Version: 1.0 1 %%CreationDate:(6/10/1996) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1996 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_typography_AI5 68 dict dup begin put /initialize { begin begin Adobe_typography_AI5 begin Adobe_typography_AI5 { dup xcheck { bind } if pop pop } forall end end end Adobe_typography_AI5 begin } def /terminate { currentdict Adobe_typography_AI5 eq { end } if } def /modifyEncoding { /_tempEncode exch ddef /_pntr 0 ddef { counttomark -1 roll dup type dup /marktype eq { pop pop exit } { /nametype eq { _tempEncode /_pntr dup load dup 3 1 roll 1 add ddef 3 -1 roll put } { /_pntr exch ddef } ifelse } ifelse } loop _tempEncode } def /havefont { systemdict /languagelevel known { /Font resourcestatus dup { exch pop exch pop } if } { systemdict /FontDirectory get 1 index known { pop true } { systemdict /fileposition known { dup length 6 add exch Ss 6 250 getinterval cvs pop Ss exch 0 exch getinterval status { pop pop pop pop true } { false } ifelse } { pop false } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } def /TE { StandardEncoding 256 array copy modifyEncoding /_nativeEncoding exch def } def /subststring { exch 2 index exch search { exch pop exch dup () eq { pop exch concatstring } { 3 -1 roll exch concatstring concatstring } ifelse exch pop true } { pop pop false } ifelse } def /concatstring { 1 index length 1 index length 1 index add string dup 0 5 index putinterval dup 2 index 4 index putinterval 4 1 roll pop pop pop } def % /TZ { dup type /arraytype eq { /_wv exch def } { /_wv 0 def } ifelse /_useNativeEncoding exch def 2 index havefont { 3 index 255 string cvs dup (_Symbol_) eq { pop 2 index findfont } { dup length 1 sub 1 exch getinterval cvn findfont } ifelse } { dup 1 eq { 2 index 64 string cvs dup (-90pv-RKSJ-) (-83pv-RKSJ-) subststring { exch pop dup havefont { findfont false } { pop true } ifelse } { pop dup (-90ms-RKSJ-) (-Ext-RKSJ-) subststring { exch pop dup havefont { findfont false } { pop true } ifelse } { pop pop true } ifelse } ifelse { /Ryumin-Light-83pv-RKSJ-H havefont {/Ryumin-Light-83pv-RKSJ-H} {/Courier} ifelse findfont [1 0 0.5 1 0 0] makefont } if } { /Courier findfont } ifelse } ifelse _wv type /arraytype eq { _wv makeblendedfont } if dup length 10 add dict begin mark exch { 1 index /FID ne { def } if cleartomark mark } forall pop /FontScript exch def /FontDirection exch def /FontRequest exch def /FontName exch def counttomark 0 eq { 1 _useNativeEncoding eq { /Encoding _nativeEncoding def } if cleartomark } { /Encoding load 256 array copy modifyEncoding /Encoding exch def } ifelse FontName currentdict end definefont pop } def /tr { _ax _ay 3 2 roll } def /trj { _cx _cy _sp _ax _ay 6 5 roll } def /a0 { /Tx { dup currentpoint 3 2 roll tr _psf newpath moveto tr _ctm _pss } ddef /Tj { dup currentpoint 3 2 roll trj _pjsf newpath moveto trj _ctm _pjss } ddef } def /a1 { W B } def /e0 { /Tx { tr _psf } ddef /Tj { trj _pjsf } ddef } def /e1 { W F } def /i0 { /Tx { tr sp } ddef /Tj { trj jsp } ddef } def /i1 { W N } def /o0 { /Tx { tr sw rmoveto } ddef /Tj { trj swj rmoveto } ddef } def /r0 { /Tx { tr _ctm _pss } ddef /Tj { trj _ctm _pjss } ddef } def /r1 { W S } def /To { pop _ctm currentmatrix pop } def /TO { iTe _ctm setmatrix newpath } def /Tp { pop _tm astore pop _ctm setmatrix _tDict begin /W { } def /h { } def } def /TP { end iTm 0 0 moveto } def /Tr { _render 3 le { currentpoint newpath moveto } if dup 8 eq { pop 0 } { dup 9 eq { pop 1 } if } ifelse dup /_render exch ddef _renderStart exch get load exec } def /iTm { _ctm setmatrix _tm concat _shift aload pop _lineorientation 1 eq { exch } if translate _scale aload pop _lineorientation 1 eq _yokoorientation 1 eq or { exch } if scale } def /Tm { _tm astore pop iTm 0 0 moveto } def /Td { _mtx translate _tm _tm concatmatrix pop iTm 0 0 moveto } def /iTe { _render -1 eq { } { _renderEnd _render get dup null ne { load exec } { pop } ifelse } ifelse /_render -1 ddef } def /Ta { pop } def /Tf { 1 index type /nametype eq { dup 0.75 mul 1 index 0.25 mul neg } if /_fontDescent exch ddef /_fontAscent exch ddef /_fontSize exch ddef /_fontRotateAdjust _fontAscent _fontDescent add 2 div neg ddef /_fontHeight _fontSize ddef findfont _fontSize scalefont setfont } def /Tl { pop neg 0 exch _leading astore pop } def /Tt { pop } def /TW { 3 npop } def /Tw { /_cx exch ddef } def /TC { 3 npop } def /Tc { /_ax exch ddef } def /Ts { 0 exch _shift astore pop currentpoint iTm moveto } def /Ti { 3 npop } def /Tz { count 1 eq { 100 } if 100 div exch 100 div exch _scale astore pop iTm } def /TA { pop } def /Tq { pop } def /Tg { pop } def /TG { pop } def /Tv { /_lineorientation exch ddef } def /TV { /_charorientation exch ddef } def /Ty { dup /_yokoorientation exch ddef 1 sub neg Tv } def /TY { pop } def /T~ { Tx } def /Th { pop pop pop pop pop } def /TX { pop } def /Tk { _fontSize mul 1000 div _lineorientation 0 eq { neg 0 } { 0 exch } ifelse rmoveto pop } def /TK { 2 npop } def /T* { _leading aload pop _lineorientation 0 ne { exch } if Td } def /T*- { _leading aload pop _lineorientation 0 ne { exch } if exch neg exch neg Td } def /T- { _ax neg 0 rmoveto _lineorientation 1 eq _charorientation 0 eq and { 1 TV _hyphen Tx 0 TV } { _hyphen Tx } ifelse } def /T+ { } def /TR { _ctm currentmatrix pop _tm astore pop iTm 0 0 moveto } def /TS { currentfont 3 1 roll /_Symbol_ findfont _fontSize scalefont setfont 0 eq { Tx } { Tj } ifelse setfont } def /Xb { pop pop } def /Tb /Xb load def /Xe { pop pop pop pop } def /Te /Xe load def /XB { } def /TB /XB load def currentdict readonly pop end setpacking % /X^ { currentfont 5 1 roll dup havefont { findfont _fontSize scalefont setfont } { pop exch } ifelse 2 index 0 eq { Tx } { Tj } ifelse pop pop setfont } def /T^ /X^ load def %%EndResource %%BeginProcSet: Adobe_ColorImage_AI6 1.1 0 userdict /Adobe_ColorImage_AI6 known not { userdict /Adobe_ColorImage_AI6 24 dict put } if userdict /Adobe_ColorImage_AI6 get begin /initialize { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6 begin Adobe_ColorImage_AI6 { dup type /arraytype eq { dup xcheck { bind } if } if pop pop } forall } def /terminate { end } def currentdict /Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars known not { /Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars 15 dict def } if Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars begin /channelcount 0 def /sourcecount 0 def /sourcearray 4 array def /plateindex -1 def /XIMask 0 def /XIBinary 0 def /XIChannelCount 0 def /XIBitsPerPixel 0 def /XIImageHeight 0 def /XIImageWidth 0 def /XIImageMatrix null def /XIBuffer null def /XIDataProc null def /XIVersion 6 def end /WalkRGBString null def /WalkCMYKString null def /StuffRGBIntoGrayString null def /RGBToGrayImageProc null def /StuffCMYKIntoGrayString null def /CMYKToGrayImageProc null def /ColorImageCompositeEmulator null def /SeparateCMYKImageProc null def /FourEqual null def /TestPlateIndex null def currentdict /_colorimage known not { /colorimage where { /colorimage get /_colorimage exch def } { /_colorimage null def } ifelse } if /_currenttransfer systemdict /currenttransfer get def /colorimage null def /XI null def /WalkRGBString { 0 3 index dup length 1 sub 0 3 3 -1 roll { 3 getinterval { } forall 5 index exec 3 index } for 5 { pop } repeat } def /WalkCMYKString { 0 3 index dup length 1 sub 0 4 3 -1 roll { 4 getinterval { } forall 6 index exec 3 index } for 5 { pop } repeat } def /StuffRGBIntoGrayString { .11 mul exch .59 mul add exch .3 mul add cvi 3 copy put pop 1 add } def /RGBToGrayImageProc { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars begin sourcearray 0 get exec dup length 3 idiv string dup 3 1 roll /StuffRGBIntoGrayString load exch WalkRGBString end } def /StuffCMYKIntoGrayString { exch .11 mul add exch .59 mul add exch .3 mul add dup 255 gt { pop 255 } if 255 exch sub cvi 3 copy put pop 1 add } def /CMYKToGrayImageProc { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars begin sourcearray 0 get exec dup length 4 idiv string dup 3 1 roll /StuffCMYKIntoGrayString load exch WalkCMYKString end } def /ColorImageCompositeEmulator { pop true eq { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars /sourcecount get 5 add { pop } repeat } { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars /channelcount get 1 ne { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars begin sourcearray 0 3 -1 roll put channelcount 3 eq { /RGBToGrayImageProc } { /CMYKToGrayImageProc } ifelse load end } if image } ifelse } def /SeparateCMYKImageProc { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars begin sourcecount 0 ne { sourcearray plateindex get exec } { sourcearray 0 get exec dup length 4 idiv string 0 2 index plateindex 4 2 index length 1 sub { get 255 exch sub 3 copy put pop 1 add 2 index } for pop pop exch pop } ifelse end } def /FourEqual { 4 index ne { pop pop pop false } { 4 index ne { pop pop false } { 4 index ne { pop false } { 4 index eq } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } def /TestPlateIndex { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars begin /plateindex -1 def /setcmykcolor where { pop gsave 1 0 0 0 setcmykcolor systemdict /currentgray get exec 1 exch sub 0 1 0 0 setcmykcolor systemdict /currentgray get exec 1 exch sub 0 0 1 0 setcmykcolor systemdict /currentgray get exec 1 exch sub 0 0 0 1 setcmykcolor systemdict /currentgray get exec 1 exch sub grestore 1 0 0 0 FourEqual { /plateindex 0 def } { 0 1 0 0 FourEqual { /plateindex 1 def } { 0 0 1 0 FourEqual { /plateindex 2 def } { 0 0 0 1 FourEqual { /plateindex 3 def } { 0 0 0 0 FourEqual { /plateindex 5 def } if } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse pop pop pop pop } if plateindex end } def /colorimage { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars begin /channelcount 1 index def /sourcecount 2 index 1 eq { channelcount 1 sub } { 0 } ifelse def 4 sourcecount add index dup 8 eq exch 1 eq or not end { /_colorimage load null ne { _colorimage } { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars /sourcecount get 7 add { pop } repeat } ifelse } { dup 3 eq TestPlateIndex dup -1 eq exch 5 eq or or { /_colorimage load null eq { ColorImageCompositeEmulator } { dup 1 eq { pop pop image } { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars /plateindex get 5 eq { gsave 0 _currenttransfer exec 1 _currenttransfer exec eq { 0 _currenttransfer exec 0.5 lt } { 0 _currenttransfer exec 1 _currenttransfer exec gt } ifelse { { pop 0 } } { { pop 1 } } ifelse systemdict /settransfer get exec } if _colorimage Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars /plateindex get 5 eq { grestore } if } ifelse } ifelse } { dup 1 eq { pop pop image } { pop pop Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars begin sourcecount -1 0 { exch sourcearray 3 1 roll put } for /SeparateCMYKImageProc load end systemdict /image get exec } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } def /XG { pop pop } def /XF { 13 {pop} repeat } def /Xh { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars begin gsave /XIMask exch 0 ne def /XIImageHeight exch def /XIImageWidth exch def /XIImageMatrix exch def 0 0 moveto XIImageMatrix concat XIImageWidth XIImageHeight scale XIMask { /_lp /null ddef _fc /_lp /imagemask ddef } if /XIVersion 7 def end } def /XH { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars begin /XIVersion 6 def grestore end } def /XI { Adobe_ColorImage_AI6_Vars begin gsave /XIMask exch 0 ne def /XIBinary exch 0 ne def pop pop /XIChannelCount exch def /XIBitsPerPixel exch def /XIImageHeight exch def /XIImageWidth exch def pop pop pop pop /XIImageMatrix exch def XIBitsPerPixel 1 eq { XIImageWidth 8 div ceiling cvi } { XIImageWidth XIChannelCount mul } ifelse /XIBuffer exch string def XIBinary { /XIDataProc { currentfile XIBuffer readstring pop } def XIVersion 6 le { currentfile 128 string readline pop pop } if } { /XIDataProc { currentfile XIBuffer readhexstring pop } def } ifelse XIVersion 6 le { 0 0 moveto XIImageMatrix concat XIImageWidth XIImageHeight scale XIMask { /_lp /null ddef _fc /_lp /imagemask ddef } if } if XIMask { XIImageWidth XIImageHeight false [ XIImageWidth 0 0 XIImageHeight neg 0 0 ] /XIDataProc load imagemask } { XIImageWidth XIImageHeight XIBitsPerPixel [ XIImageWidth 0 0 XIImageHeight neg 0 0 ] /XIDataProc load XIChannelCount 1 eq { gsave 0 setgray image grestore } { false XIChannelCount colorimage } ifelse } ifelse grestore end } def end %%EndProcSet %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_Illustrator_AI5 1.2 0 %%Title: (Adobe Illustrator (R) Version 7.0 Full Prolog) %%Version: 1.2 0 %%CreationDate: (3/7/1994) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1996 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_Illustrator_AI5_vars 107 dict dup begin put /_eo false def /_lp /none def /_pf { } def /_ps { } def /_psf { } def /_pss { } def /_pjsf { } def /_pjss { } def /_pola 0 def /_doClip 0 def /cf currentflat def /_lineorientation 0 def /_charorientation 0 def /_yokoorientation 0 def /_tm matrix def /_renderStart [ /e0 /r0 /a0 /o0 /e1 /r1 /a1 /i0 ] def /_renderEnd [ null null null null /i1 /i1 /i1 /i1 ] def /_render -1 def /_shift [0 0] def /_ax 0 def /_ay 0 def /_cx 0 def /_cy 0 def /_leading [ 0 0 ] def /_ctm matrix def /_mtx matrix def /_sp 16#020 def /_hyphen (-) def /_fontSize 0 def /_fontAscent 0 def /_fontDescent 0 def /_fontHeight 0 def /_fontRotateAdjust 0 def /Ss 256 string def Ss 0 (fonts/) putinterval /_cnt 0 def /_scale [1 1] def /_nativeEncoding 0 def /_useNativeEncoding 0 def /_tempEncode 0 def /_pntr 0 def /_tDict 2 dict def /_hfname 100 string def /_hffound false def /Tx { } def /Tj { } def /CRender { } def /_AI3_savepage { } def /_gf null def /_cf 4 array def /_rgbf 3 array def /_if null def /_of false def /_fc { } def /_gs null def /_cs 4 array def /_rgbs 3 array def /_is null def /_os false def /_sc { } def /_pd 1 dict def /_ed 15 dict def /_pm matrix def /_fm null def /_fd null def /_fdd null def /_sm null def /_sd null def /_sdd null def /_i null def /_lobyte 0 def /_hibyte 0 def /_cproc null def /_cscript 0 def /_hvax 0 def /_hvay 0 def /_hvwb 0 def /_hvcx 0 def /_hvcy 0 def /_bitfont null def /_bitlobyte 0 def /_bithibyte 0 def /_bitkey null def /_bitdata null def /_bitindex 0 def /discardSave null def /buffer 256 string def /beginString null def /endString null def /endStringLength null def /layerCnt 1 def /layerCount 1 def /perCent (%) 0 get def /perCentSeen? false def /newBuff null def /newBuffButFirst null def /newBuffLast null def /clipForward? false def end userdict /Adobe_Illustrator_AI5 known not { userdict /Adobe_Illustrator_AI5 95 dict put } if userdict /Adobe_Illustrator_AI5 get begin /initialize { Adobe_Illustrator_AI5 dup begin Adobe_Illustrator_AI5_vars begin discardDict { bind pop pop } forall dup /nc get begin { dup xcheck 1 index type /operatortype ne and { bind } if pop pop } forall end newpath } def /terminate { end end } def /_ null def /ddef { Adobe_Illustrator_AI5_vars 3 1 roll put } def /xput { dup load dup length exch maxlength eq { dup dup load dup length 2 mul dict copy def } if load begin def end } def /npop { { pop } repeat } def /hswj { dup stringwidth 3 2 roll { _hvwb eq { exch _hvcx add exch _hvcy add } if exch _hvax add exch _hvay add } cforall } def /vswj { 0 0 3 -1 roll { dup 255 le _charorientation 1 eq and { dup cstring stringwidth 5 2 roll _hvwb eq { exch _hvcy sub exch _hvcx sub } if exch _hvay sub exch _hvax sub 4 -1 roll sub exch 3 -1 roll sub exch } { _hvwb eq { exch _hvcy sub exch _hvcx sub } if exch _hvay sub exch _hvax sub _fontHeight sub } ifelse } cforall } def /swj { 6 1 roll /_hvay exch ddef /_hvax exch ddef /_hvwb exch ddef /_hvcy exch ddef /_hvcx exch ddef _lineorientation 0 eq { hswj } { vswj } ifelse } def /sw { 0 0 0 6 3 roll swj } def /vjss { 4 1 roll { dup cstring dup length 1 eq _charorientation 1 eq and { -90 rotate currentpoint _fontRotateAdjust add moveto gsave false charpath currentpoint 5 index setmatrix stroke grestore _fontRotateAdjust sub moveto _sp eq { 5 index 5 index rmoveto } if 2 copy rmoveto 90 rotate } { currentpoint _fontHeight sub 5 index sub 3 index _sp eq { 9 index sub } if currentpoint exch 4 index stringwidth pop 2 div sub exch _fontAscent sub moveto gsave 2 index false charpath 6 index setmatrix stroke grestore moveto pop pop } ifelse } cforall 6 npop } def /hjss { 4 1 roll { dup cstring gsave false charpath currentpoint 5 index setmatrix stroke grestore moveto _sp eq { 5 index 5 index rmoveto } if 2 copy rmoveto } cforall 6 npop } def /jss { _lineorientation 0 eq { hjss } { vjss } ifelse } def /ss { 0 0 0 7 3 roll jss } def /vjsp { 4 1 roll { dup cstring dup length 1 eq _charorientation 1 eq and { -90 rotate currentpoint _fontRotateAdjust add moveto false charpath currentpoint _fontRotateAdjust sub moveto _sp eq { 5 index 5 index rmoveto } if 2 copy rmoveto 90 rotate } { currentpoint _fontHeight sub 5 index sub 3 index _sp eq { 9 index sub } if currentpoint exch 4 index stringwidth pop 2 div sub exch _fontAscent sub moveto 2 index false charpath moveto pop pop } ifelse } cforall 6 npop } def /hjsp { 4 1 roll { dup cstring false charpath _sp eq { 5 index 5 index rmoveto } if 2 copy rmoveto } cforall 6 npop } def /jsp { matrix currentmatrix _lineorientation 0 eq {hjsp} {vjsp} ifelse } def /sp { matrix currentmatrix 0 0 0 7 3 roll _lineorientation 0 eq {hjsp} {vjsp} ifelse } def /pl { transform 0.25 sub round 0.25 add exch 0.25 sub round 0.25 add exch itransform } def /setstrokeadjust where { pop true setstrokeadjust /c { curveto } def /C /c load def /v { currentpoint 6 2 roll curveto } def /V /v load def /y { 2 copy curveto } def /Y /y load def /l { lineto } def /L /l load def /m { moveto } def } { /c { pl curveto } def /C /c load def /v { currentpoint 6 2 roll pl curveto } def /V /v load def /y { pl 2 copy curveto } def /Y /y load def /l { pl lineto } def /L /l load def /m { pl moveto } def } ifelse /d { setdash } def /cf { } def /i { dup 0 eq { pop cf } if setflat } def /j { setlinejoin } def /J { setlinecap } def /M { setmiterlimit } def /w { setlinewidth } def /XR { 0 ne /_eo exch ddef } def /H { } def /h { closepath } def /N { _pola 0 eq { _doClip 1 eq { _eo {eoclip} {clip} ifelse /_doClip 0 ddef } if newpath } { /CRender { N } ddef } ifelse } def /n { N } def /F { _pola 0 eq { _doClip 1 eq { gsave _pf grestore _eo {eoclip} {clip} ifelse newpath /_lp /none ddef _fc /_doClip 0 ddef } { _pf } ifelse } { /CRender { F } ddef } ifelse } def /f { closepath F } def /S { _pola 0 eq { _doClip 1 eq { gsave _ps grestore _eo {eoclip} {clip} ifelse newpath /_lp /none ddef _sc /_doClip 0 ddef } { _ps } ifelse } { /CRender { S } ddef } ifelse } def /s { closepath S } def /B { _pola 0 eq { _doClip 1 eq gsave F grestore { gsave S grestore _eo {eoclip} {clip} ifelse newpath /_lp /none ddef _sc /_doClip 0 ddef } { S } ifelse } { /CRender { B } ddef } ifelse } def /b { closepath B } def /W { /_doClip 1 ddef } def /* { count 0 ne { dup type /stringtype eq { pop } if } if newpath } def /u { } def /U { } def /q { _pola 0 eq { gsave } if } def /Q { _pola 0 eq { grestore } if } def /*u { _pola 1 add /_pola exch ddef } def /*U { _pola 1 sub /_pola exch ddef _pola 0 eq { CRender } if } def /D { pop } def /*w { } def /*W { } def /` { /_i save ddef clipForward? { nulldevice } if 6 1 roll 4 npop concat pop userdict begin /showpage { } def 0 setgray 0 setlinecap 1 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 10 setmiterlimit [] 0 setdash /setstrokeadjust where {pop false setstrokeadjust} if newpath 0 setgray false setoverprint } def /~ { end _i restore } def /O { 0 ne /_of exch ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /R { 0 ne /_os exch ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /g { /_gf exch ddef /_fc { _lp /fill ne { _of setoverprint _gf setgray /_lp /fill ddef } if } ddef /_pf { _fc _eo {eofill} {fill} ifelse } ddef /_psf { _fc hvashow } ddef /_pjsf { _fc hvawidthshow } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /G { /_gs exch ddef /_sc { _lp /stroke ne { _os setoverprint _gs setgray /_lp /stroke ddef } if } ddef /_ps { _sc stroke } ddef /_pss { _sc ss } ddef /_pjss { _sc jss } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /k { _cf astore pop /_fc { _lp /fill ne { _of setoverprint _cf aload pop setcmykcolor /_lp /fill ddef } if } ddef /_pf { _fc _eo {eofill} {fill} ifelse } ddef /_psf { _fc hvashow } ddef /_pjsf { _fc hvawidthshow } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /K { _cs astore pop /_sc { _lp /stroke ne { _os setoverprint _cs aload pop setcmykcolor /_lp /stroke ddef } if } ddef /_ps { _sc stroke } ddef /_pss { _sc ss } ddef /_pjss { _sc jss } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /Xa { _rgbf astore pop /_fc { _lp /fill ne { _of setoverprint _rgbf aload pop setrgbcolor /_lp /fill ddef } if } ddef /_pf { _fc _eo {eofill} {fill} ifelse } ddef /_psf { _fc hvashow } ddef /_pjsf { _fc hvawidthshow } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /XA { _rgbs astore pop /_sc { _lp /stroke ne { _os setoverprint _rgbs aload pop setrgbcolor /_lp /stroke ddef } if } ddef /_ps { _sc stroke } ddef /_pss { _sc ss } ddef /_pjss { _sc jss } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /_rgbtocmyk { 3 { 1 exch sub 3 1 roll } repeat 3 copy 1 4 1 roll 3 { 3 index 2 copy gt { exch } if pop 4 1 roll } repeat pop pop pop 4 1 roll 3 { 3 index sub 3 1 roll } repeat 4 -1 roll } def /Xx { exch /_gf exch ddef 0 eq { findcmykcustomcolor } { /findrgbcustomcolor where not { 4 1 roll _rgbtocmyk 5 -1 roll findcmykcustomcolor } { pop findrgbcustomcolor } ifelse } ifelse /_if exch ddef /_fc { _lp /fill ne { _of setoverprint _if _gf 1 exch sub setcustomcolor /_lp /fill ddef } if } ddef /_pf { _fc _eo {eofill} {fill} ifelse } ddef /_psf { _fc hvashow } ddef /_pjsf { _fc hvawidthshow } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /XX { exch /_gs exch ddef 0 eq { findcmykcustomcolor } { /findrgbcustomcolor where not { 4 1 roll _rgbtocmyk 5 -1 roll findcmykcustomcolor } { pop findrgbcustomcolor } ifelse } ifelse /_is exch ddef /_sc { _lp /stroke ne { _os setoverprint _is _gs 1 exch sub setcustomcolor /_lp /stroke ddef } if } ddef /_ps { _sc stroke } ddef /_pss { _sc ss } ddef /_pjss { _sc jss } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /x { /_gf exch ddef findcmykcustomcolor /_if exch ddef /_fc { _lp /fill ne { _of setoverprint _if _gf 1 exch sub setcustomcolor /_lp /fill ddef } if } ddef /_pf { _fc _eo {eofill} {fill} ifelse } ddef /_psf { _fc hvashow } ddef /_pjsf { _fc hvawidthshow } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /X { /_gs exch ddef findcmykcustomcolor /_is exch ddef /_sc { _lp /stroke ne { _os setoverprint _is _gs 1 exch sub setcustomcolor /_lp /stroke ddef } if } ddef /_ps { _sc stroke } ddef /_pss { _sc ss } ddef /_pjss { _sc jss } ddef /_lp /none ddef } def /A { pop } def /annotatepage { userdict /annotatepage 2 copy known {get exec} {pop pop} ifelse } def /XT { pop pop } def /discard { save /discardSave exch store discardDict begin /endString exch store gt38? { 2 add } if load stopped pop end discardSave restore } bind def userdict /discardDict 7 dict dup begin put /pre38Initialize { /endStringLength endString length store /newBuff buffer 0 endStringLength getinterval store /newBuffButFirst newBuff 1 endStringLength 1 sub getinterval store /newBuffLast newBuff endStringLength 1 sub 1 getinterval store } def /shiftBuffer { newBuff 0 newBuffButFirst putinterval newBuffLast 0 currentfile read not { stop } if put } def 0 { pre38Initialize mark currentfile newBuff readstring exch pop { { newBuff endString eq { cleartomark stop } if shiftBuffer } loop } { stop } ifelse } def 1 { pre38Initialize /beginString exch store mark currentfile newBuff readstring exch pop { { newBuff beginString eq { /layerCount dup load 1 add store } { newBuff endString eq { /layerCount dup load 1 sub store layerCount 0 eq { cleartomark stop } if } if } ifelse shiftBuffer } loop } if } def 2 { mark { currentfile buffer readline not { stop } if endString eq { cleartomark stop } if } loop } def 3 { /beginString exch store /layerCnt 1 store mark { currentfile buffer readline not { stop } if dup beginString eq { pop /layerCnt dup load 1 add store } { endString eq { layerCnt 1 eq { cleartomark stop } { /layerCnt dup load 1 sub store } ifelse } if } ifelse } loop } def end userdict /clipRenderOff 15 dict dup begin put { /n /N /s /S /f /F /b /B } { { _doClip 1 eq { /_doClip 0 ddef _eo {eoclip} {clip} ifelse } if newpath } def } forall /Tr /pop load def /Bb {} def /BB /pop load def /Bg {12 npop} def /Bm {6 npop} def /Bc /Bm load def /Bh {4 npop} def end /Lb { 4 npop 6 1 roll pop 4 1 roll pop pop pop 0 eq { 0 eq { (%AI5_BeginLayer) 1 (%AI5_EndLayer--) discard } { /clipForward? true def /Tx /pop load def /Tj /pop load def currentdict end clipRenderOff begin begin } ifelse } { 0 eq { save /discardSave exch store } if } ifelse } bind def /LB { discardSave dup null ne { restore } { pop clipForward? { currentdict end end begin /clipForward? false ddef } if } ifelse } bind def /Pb { pop pop 0 (%AI5_EndPalette) discard } bind def /Np { 0 (%AI5_End_NonPrinting--) discard } bind def /Ln /pop load def /Ap /pop load def /Ar { 72 exch div 0 dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt dup 1 lt { pop 1 } if setflat } def /Mb { q } def /Md { } def /MB { Q } def /nc 4 dict def nc begin /setgray { pop } bind def /setcmykcolor { 4 npop } bind def /setrgbcolor { 3 npop } bind def /setcustomcolor { 2 npop } bind def currentdict readonly pop end end setpacking %%EndResource %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_cshow 2.0 8 %%Title: (Writing System Operators) %%Version: 2.0 8 %%CreationDate: (1/23/89) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1992-1996 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_cshow 14 dict dup begin put /initialize { Adobe_cshow begin Adobe_cshow { dup xcheck { bind } if pop pop } forall end Adobe_cshow begin } def /terminate { currentdict Adobe_cshow eq { end } if } def /cforall { /_lobyte 0 ddef /_hibyte 0 ddef /_cproc exch ddef /_cscript currentfont /FontScript known { currentfont /FontScript get } { -1 } ifelse ddef { /_lobyte exch ddef _hibyte 0 eq _cscript 1 eq _lobyte 129 ge _lobyte 159 le and _lobyte 224 ge _lobyte 252 le and or and _cscript 2 eq _lobyte 161 ge _lobyte 254 le and and _cscript 3 eq _lobyte 161 ge _lobyte 254 le and and _cscript 25 eq _lobyte 161 ge _lobyte 254 le and and _cscript -1 eq or or or or and { /_hibyte _lobyte ddef } { _hibyte 256 mul _lobyte add _cproc /_hibyte 0 ddef } ifelse } forall } def /cstring { dup 256 lt { (s) dup 0 4 3 roll put } { dup 256 idiv exch 256 mod (hl) dup dup 0 6 5 roll put 1 4 3 roll put } ifelse } def /clength { 0 exch { 256 lt { 1 } { 2 } ifelse add } cforall } def /hawidthshow { { dup cstring show _hvax _hvay rmoveto _hvwb eq { _hvcx _hvcy rmoveto } if } cforall } def /vawidthshow { { dup 255 le _charorientation 1 eq and { -90 rotate 0 _fontRotateAdjust rmoveto cstring _hvcx _hvcy _hvwb _hvax _hvay 6 -1 roll awidthshow 0 _fontRotateAdjust neg rmoveto 90 rotate } { currentpoint _fontHeight sub exch _hvay sub exch _hvax sub 2 index _hvwb eq { exch _hvcy sub exch _hvcx sub } if 3 2 roll cstring dup stringwidth pop 2 div neg _fontAscent neg rmoveto show moveto } ifelse } cforall } def /hvawidthshow { 6 1 roll /_hvay exch ddef /_hvax exch ddef /_hvwb exch ddef /_hvcy exch ddef /_hvcx exch ddef _lineorientation 0 eq { hawidthshow } { vawidthshow } ifelse } def /hvwidthshow { 0 0 3 -1 roll hvawidthshow } def /hvashow { 0 0 0 6 -3 roll hvawidthshow } def /hvshow { 0 0 0 0 0 6 -1 roll hvawidthshow } def currentdict readonly pop end setpacking %%EndResource %%EndProlog %%BeginSetup %%IncludeFont: Helvetica %%IncludeFont: Helvetica-Oblique Adobe_level2_AI5 /initialize get exec Adobe_cshow /initialize get exec Adobe_Illustrator_AI5_vars Adobe_Illustrator_AI5 Adobe_typography_AI5 /initialize get exec Adobe_ColorImage_AI6 /initialize get exec Adobe_Illustrator_AI5 /initialize get exec [ 39/quotesingle 96/grave 130/quotesinglbase/florin/quotedblbase/ellipsis /dagger/daggerdbl/circumflex/perthousand/Scaron/guilsinglleft/OE 145/quoteleft /quoteright/quotedblleft/quotedblright/bullet/endash/emdash/tilde/trademark /scaron/guilsinglright/oe/dotlessi 159/Ydieresis 164/currency 166/brokenbar 168/dieresis/copyright/ordfeminine 172/logicalnot 174/registered/macron/ring /plusminus/twosuperior/threesuperior/acute/mu 183/periodcentered/cedilla /onesuperior/ordmasculine 188/onequarter/onehalf/threequarters 192/Agrave /Aacute/Acircumflex/Atilde/Adieresis/Aring/AE/Ccedilla/Egrave/Eacute /Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute/Icircumflex/Idieresis/Eth/Ntilde /Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis/multiply/Oslash/Ugrave /Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute/Thorn/germandbls/agrave/aacute /acircumflex/atilde/adieresis/aring/ae/ccedilla/egrave/eacute/ecircumflex /edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis/eth/ntilde/ograve/oacute /ocircumflex/otilde/odieresis/divide/oslash/ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex /udieresis/yacute/thorn/ydieresis TE %AI55J_Tsume: None %AI3_BeginEncoding: _Helvetica Helvetica [/_Helvetica/Helvetica 0 0 1 TZ %AI3_EndEncoding AdobeType %AI55J_Tsume: None %AI3_BeginEncoding: _Helvetica-Oblique Helvetica-Oblique [/_Helvetica-Oblique/Helvetica-Oblique 0 0 1 TZ %AI3_EndEncoding AdobeType %AI5_Begin_NonPrinting Np %AI3_BeginPattern: (Arrow1.2.out/in) (Arrow1.2.out/in) 1 1 39.4039 39.4039 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0.75 0.75 0.375 0 k 0.75 0.75 0.375 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 1 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 33.9039 15.6187 m 39.4247 20.202 L 39.4247 20.202 L 33.8869 24.6252 L S 39.2997 20.202 m 24.5706 20.202 l 20.4039 20.4792 20.4039 16.8125 v 20.4039 13.1458 20.4039 12.5625 y S %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Arrow1.2.side) (Arrow1.2.side) 1 1 39.404 39.4039 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0.75 0.75 0.375 0 k 0.75 0.75 0.375 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 1 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 20.202 20.202 m 39.404 20.202 l S 33.904 15.6187 m 39.4248 20.202 L 39.4248 20.202 L 33.887 24.6252 L S %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Bricks) (Bricks) 1.6 1.6 73.6 73.6 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0.3 0.85 0.85 0 k 0.3 0.85 0.85 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 1.6 1.6 m 1.6 73.6 L 73.6 73.6 L 73.6 1.6 L 1.6 1.6 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 1 g 1 G ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 1.6 70.01 m 73.6 70.01 l S 1.6 62.809 m 73.6 62.809 L S 1.6 55.609 m 73.6 55.609 L S 1.6 48.408 m 73.6 48.408 L S 1.6 41.208 m 73.6 41.208 L S 1.6 34.007 m 73.6 34.007 L S 1.6 26.807 m 73.6 26.807 L S 1.6 19.606 m 73.6 19.606 L S 1.6 12.406 m 73.6 12.406 L S 1.6 5.206 m 73.6 5.206 L S 70.01 70.01 m 70.01 62.822 l S 55.61 70.01 m 55.61 62.822 L S 41.21 70.01 m 41.21 62.822 L S 26.81 70.01 m 26.81 62.822 L S 12.41 70.01 m 12.41 62.822 L S 70.01 55.572 m 70.01 48.385 l S 55.61 55.572 m 55.61 48.385 L S 41.21 55.572 m 41.21 48.385 L S 26.81 55.572 m 26.81 48.385 L S 12.41 55.572 m 12.41 48.385 L S 70.01 41.197 m 70.01 34.01 l S 55.61 41.197 m 55.61 34.01 L S 41.21 41.197 m 41.21 34.01 L S 26.81 41.197 m 26.81 34.01 L S 12.41 41.197 m 12.41 34.01 L S 70.01 26.822 m 70.01 19.635 l S 55.61 26.822 m 55.61 19.635 L S 41.21 26.822 m 41.21 19.635 L S 26.81 26.822 m 26.81 19.635 L S 12.41 26.822 m 12.41 19.635 L S 70.01 12.385 m 70.01 5.197 l S 55.61 12.385 m 55.61 5.197 L S 41.21 12.385 m 41.21 5.197 L S 26.81 12.385 m 26.81 5.197 L S 12.41 12.385 m 12.41 5.197 L S 62.797 5.197 m 62.797 1.6 L S 48.397 5.197 m 48.397 1.6 L S 33.997 5.197 m 33.997 1.6 L S 19.597 5.197 m 19.597 1.6 L S 5.197 5.197 m 5.197 1.6 l S 62.797 19.635 m 62.797 12.447 L S 48.397 19.635 m 48.397 12.447 L S 33.997 19.635 m 33.997 12.447 L S 19.597 19.635 m 19.597 12.447 L S 5.197 19.635 m 5.197 12.447 l S 62.797 34.01 m 62.797 26.822 L S 48.397 34.01 m 48.397 26.822 L S 19.597 34.01 m 19.597 26.822 L S 5.197 34.01 m 5.197 26.822 l S 62.797 48.385 m 62.797 41.197 L S 48.397 48.385 m 48.397 41.197 L S 33.997 48.385 m 33.997 41.197 L S 19.597 48.385 m 19.597 41.197 L S 5.197 48.385 m 5.197 41.197 l S 62.797 62.822 m 62.797 55.635 L S 48.397 62.822 m 48.397 55.635 L S 33.997 62.822 m 33.997 55.635 L S 19.597 62.822 m 19.597 55.635 L S 5.197 62.822 m 5.197 55.635 l S 62.797 73.5589 m 62.797 70.072 L S 48.397 73.5589 m 48.397 70.072 L S 33.997 73.5589 m 33.997 70.072 L S 19.597 73.5589 m 19.597 70.072 L S 5.197 73.5589 m 5.197 70.072 l S 33.997 34.01 m 33.997 26.822 L S %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Checks) (Checks) 1 1 31.3995 31.3995 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0 0.9 1 0 k 0 0.9 1 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 1 XR 19.9995 4.8 m 27.5995 4.8 L 27.5995 12.3995 L 19.9995 12.3995 L 19.9995 4.8 L f 31.3995 27.5995 m 31.3995 31.3995 L 27.5995 31.3995 L 27.5995 27.5995 L 31.3995 27.5995 L f 19.9995 27.5995 m 19.9995 19.9995 L 27.5995 19.9995 L 27.5995 27.5995 L 19.9995 27.5995 L f 0 XR 12.3995 12.3995 m 19.9995 12.3995 L 19.9995 19.9995 L 12.3995 19.9995 L 12.3995 12.3995 L f 1 XR 12.3995 27.5995 m 4.8 27.5995 L 4.8 19.9995 L 12.3995 19.9995 L 12.3995 27.5995 L f 4.8 12.3995 m 4.8 4.8 L 12.3995 4.8 L 12.3995 12.3995 L 4.8 12.3995 L f 19.9995 27.5995 m 19.9995 31.3995 L 12.3995 31.3995 L 12.3995 27.5995 L 19.9995 27.5995 L f 12.3995 4.8 m 12.3995 1 L 19.9995 1 L 19.9995 4.8 L 12.3995 4.8 L f 4.8 19.9995 m 1 19.9995 L 1 12.3995 L 4.8 12.3995 L 4.8 19.9995 L f 27.5995 19.9995 m 27.5995 12.3995 L 31.3995 12.3995 L 31.3995 19.9995 L 27.5995 19.9995 L f 4.8 31.3995 m 1 31.3995 L 1 27.5995 L 4.8 27.5995 L 4.8 31.3995 L f 27.5995 1 m 31.3995 1 L 31.3995 4.8 L 27.5995 4.8 L 27.5995 1 L f 1 4.8 m 1 1 L 4.8 1 L 4.8 4.8 L 1 4.8 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0.05 0.2 0 k 0 0.05 0.2 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 1 XR 4.8 4.8 m 4.8 1 L 12.3995 1 L 12.3995 4.8 L 4.8 4.8 L f 4.8 12.3995 m 1 12.3995 L 1 4.8 L 4.8 4.8 L 4.8 12.3995 L f 19.9995 4.8 m 19.9995 1 L 27.5995 1 L 27.5995 4.8 L 19.9995 4.8 L f 12.3995 12.3995 m 12.3995 4.8 L 19.9995 4.8 L 19.9995 12.3995 L 12.3995 12.3995 L f 27.5995 4.8 m 31.3995 4.8 L 31.3995 12.3995 L 27.5995 12.3995 L 27.5995 4.8 L f 12.3995 19.9995 m 4.8 19.9995 L 4.8 12.3995 L 12.3995 12.3995 L 12.3995 19.9995 L f 4.8 27.5995 m 1 27.5995 L 1 19.9995 L 4.8 19.9995 L 4.8 27.5995 L f 19.9995 12.3995 m 27.5995 12.3995 L 27.5995 19.9995 L 19.9995 19.9995 L 19.9995 12.3995 L f 19.9995 19.9995 m 19.9995 27.5995 L 12.3995 27.5995 L 12.3995 19.9995 L 19.9995 19.9995 L f 27.5995 19.9995 m 31.3995 19.9995 L 31.3995 27.5995 L 27.5995 27.5995 L 27.5995 19.9995 L f 12.3995 27.5995 m 12.3995 31.3995 L 4.8 31.3995 L 4.8 27.5995 L 12.3995 27.5995 L f 27.5995 27.5995 m 27.5995 31.3995 L 19.9995 31.3995 L 19.9995 27.5995 L 27.5995 27.5995 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Confetti) (Confetti) 4.85 3.617 76.85 75.617 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 1 g 1 G ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 4.85 3.617 m 4.85 75.617 L 76.85 75.617 L 76.85 3.617 L 4.85 3.617 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 g 0 G ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 10.6 64.867 m 7.85 62.867 l S 9.1 8.617 m 6.85 6.867 l S 78.1 68.617 m 74.85 67.867 l S 76.85 56.867 m 74.35 55.117 l S 79.6 51.617 m 76.6 51.617 l S 76.35 44.117 m 73.6 45.867 l S 78.6 35.867 m 76.6 34.367 l S 76.1 23.867 m 73.35 26.117 l S 78.1 12.867 m 73.85 13.617 l S 68.35 14.617 m 66.1 12.867 l S 76.6 30.617 m 73.6 30.617 l S 62.85 58.117 m 60.956 60.941 l S 32.85 59.617 m 31.196 62.181 l S 47.891 64.061 m 49.744 66.742 l S 72.814 2.769 m 73.928 5.729 l S 67.976 2.633 m 67.35 5.909 l S 61.85 27.617 m 59.956 30.441 l S 53.504 56.053 m 51.85 58.617 l S 52.762 1.779 m 52.876 4.776 l S 45.391 5.311 m 47.244 7.992 l S 37.062 3.375 m 35.639 5.43 l S 55.165 34.828 m 57.518 37.491 l S 20.795 3.242 m 22.12 5.193 l S 14.097 4.747 m 15.008 8.965 l S 9.736 1.91 m 8.073 4.225 l S 31.891 5.573 m 32.005 8.571 l S 12.1 70.367 m 15.6 68.867 l S 9.35 54.867 m 9.6 58.117 l S 12.85 31.867 m 14.35 28.117 l S 10.1 37.367 m 12.35 41.117 l S 34.1 71.117 m 31.85 68.617 l S 38.35 71.117 m 41.6 68.367 l S 55.1 71.117 m 58.35 69.117 l S 57.35 65.117 m 55.35 61.867 l S 64.35 66.367 m 69.35 68.617 l S 71.85 62.867 m 69.35 61.117 l S 23.6 70.867 m 23.6 67.867 l S 20.6 65.867 m 17.35 65.367 l S 24.85 61.367 m 25.35 58.117 l S 25.85 65.867 m 29.35 66.617 l S 14.1 54.117 m 16.85 56.117 l S 12.35 11.617 m 12.6 15.617 l S 12.1 19.867 m 14.35 22.367 l S 26.1 9.867 m 23.6 13.367 l S 34.6 47.117 m 32.1 45.367 l S 62.6 41.867 m 59.85 43.367 l S 31.6 35.617 m 27.85 36.367 l S 36.35 26.117 m 34.35 24.617 l S 33.85 14.117 m 31.1 16.367 l S 37.1 9.867 m 35.1 11.117 l S 34.35 20.867 m 31.35 20.867 l S 44.6 56.617 m 42.1 54.867 l S 47.35 51.367 m 44.35 51.367 l S 44.1 43.867 m 41.35 45.617 l S 43.35 33.117 m 42.6 30.617 l S 43.85 23.617 m 41.1 25.867 l S 44.35 15.617 m 42.35 16.867 l S 67.823 31.1 m 64.823 31.1 l S 27.1 32.617 m 29.6 30.867 l S 31.85 55.117 m 34.85 55.117 l S 19.6 40.867 m 22.1 39.117 l S 16.85 35.617 m 19.85 35.617 l S 20.1 28.117 m 22.85 29.867 l S 52.1 42.617 m 54.484 44.178 l S 52.437 50.146 m 54.821 48.325 l S 59.572 54.133 m 59.35 51.117 l S 50.185 10.055 m 53.234 9.928 l S 51.187 15.896 m 53.571 14.075 l S 58.322 19.883 m 59.445 16.823 l S 53.1 32.117 m 50.6 30.367 l S 52.85 24.617 m 49.6 25.617 l S 61.85 9.117 m 59.1 10.867 l S 69.35 34.617 m 66.6 36.367 l S 67.1 23.617 m 65.1 22.117 l S 24.435 46.055 m 27.484 45.928 l S 25.437 51.896 m 27.821 50.075 l S 62.6 47.117 m 65.321 46.575 l S 19.85 19.867 m 20.35 16.617 l S 21.85 21.867 m 25.35 22.617 l S 37.6 62.867 m 41.6 62.117 l S 38.323 42.1 m 38.823 38.6 l S 69.35 52.617 m 66.85 53.867 l S 14.85 62.117 m 18.1 59.367 l S 9.6 46.117 m 7.1 44.367 l S 20.6 51.617 m 18.6 50.117 l S 46.141 70.811 m 47.994 73.492 l S 69.391 40.561 m 71.244 43.242 l S 38.641 49.311 m 39.35 52.117 l S 25.141 16.811 m 25.85 19.617 l S 36.6 32.867 m 34.6 31.367 l S 6.1 68.617 m 2.85 67.867 l S 4.85 56.867 m 2.35 55.117 l S 7.6 51.617 m 4.6 51.617 l S 6.6 35.867 m 4.6 34.367 l S 6.1 12.867 m 1.85 13.617 l S 4.6 30.617 m 1.6 30.617 l S 72.814 74.769 m 73.928 77.729 l S 67.976 74.633 m 67.35 77.909 l S 52.762 73.779 m 52.876 76.776 l S 37.062 75.375 m 35.639 77.43 l S 20.795 75.242 m 22.12 77.193 l S 9.736 73.91 m 8.073 76.225 l S 10.1 23.617 m 6.35 24.367 l S 73.217 18.276 m 71.323 21.1 l S 28.823 39.6 m 29.505 42.389 l S 49.6 38.617 m 47.6 37.117 l S 60.323 73.6 m 62.323 76.6 l S 60.323 1.6 m 62.323 4.6 l S %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (DblLine1.2.inner) (DblLine1.2.inner) 1 1 39.2705 39.2706 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 1 0.14 0.09 0 k 1 0.14 0.09 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 39.2702 22.175 m 39.2702 13.6108 L 26.66 13.6108 L 26.66 1.0003 L 18.0958 1.0003 L 18.0948 22.175 L 18.0958 22.175 L 18.0958 22.1752 L 39.2702 22.175 L f 39.2708 24.6929 m 15.5779 24.6929 L 15.5779 1.0003 L 14.9037 1.0003 L 14.9032 25.3675 L 39.2708 25.3675 L 39.2708 24.6929 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (DblLine1.2.outer) (DblLine1.2.outer) 1 1.0003 39.2706 39.271 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 1 0.14 0.09 0 k 1 0.14 0.09 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 39.2708 26.6602 m 13.6111 26.6602 L 13.6111 1.0005 L 22.1751 1 L 22.1751 18.096 L 39.2708 18.096 L 39.2708 26.6602 L f 39.2708 15.578 m 24.6928 15.578 L 24.6928 1 L 25.367 1 L 25.367 14.9038 L 39.2708 14.9038 L 39.2708 15.578 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (DblLine1.2.side) (DblLine1.2.side) 1 1 39.2706 39.2706 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 1 0.14 0.09 0 k 1 0.14 0.09 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 39.2704 18.0958 m 39.2704 26.6598 L 1.0001 26.6598 L 1.0001 18.0958 L 39.2704 18.0958 L f 39.2704 14.9037 m 39.2704 15.5776 L 1.0001 15.5776 L 1.0001 14.9037 L 39.2704 14.9037 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Diamonds) (Diamonds) 1 1 37.1865 41.9411 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0.2 0 1 0 k 0.2 0 1 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 1.0002 1.0004 m 1.0002 41.9411 L 37.1865 41.9411 L 37.1865 1.0004 L 1.0002 1.0004 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 g 0 G ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 1 XR 19.0936 41.9408 m 19.0929 41.9408 L 19.0933 41.9402 L 19.0936 41.9408 L f 7.0311 41.9408 m 7.0304 41.9408 L 7.0308 41.9402 L 7.0311 41.9408 L f 31.1556 41.9408 m 31.1548 41.9408 L 31.1552 41.9402 L 31.1556 41.9408 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0.75 0.9 0 0 k 0.75 0.9 0 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 1 XR 37.1865 1 m 37.1865 11.2349 L 31.1552 1 L 37.1865 1 L f 19.0933 1 m 31.1552 1 L 25.124 11.2349 L 19.0933 1 L f 7.0308 1 m 19.0933 1 L 13.062 11.2349 L 7.0308 1 L f 1 1 m 7.0308 1 L 1 11.2349 L 1 1 L f 37.1859 11.2349 m 37.1865 11.236 L 37.1865 31.7059 L 31.1552 21.4704 L 37.1859 11.2349 L f 19.0933 21.4704 m 25.124 11.2349 L 31.1552 21.4704 L 25.124 31.7059 L 19.0933 21.4704 L f 7.0308 21.4704 m 13.062 11.2349 L 19.0933 21.4704 L 13.062 31.7059 L 7.0308 21.4704 L f 1 31.7059 m 1 11.2349 L 7.0308 21.4704 L 1 31.7059 L f 37.1859 31.7059 m 37.1865 31.707 L 37.1865 41.9408 L 31.1556 41.9408 L 31.1552 41.9402 L 37.1859 31.7059 L f 25.124 31.7059 m 31.1552 41.9402 L 31.1548 41.9408 L 19.0936 41.9408 L 19.0933 41.9402 L 25.124 31.7059 L f 13.062 31.7059 m 19.0933 41.9402 L 19.0929 41.9408 L 7.0311 41.9408 L 7.0308 41.9402 L 13.062 31.7059 L f 7.0304 41.9408 m 1 41.9408 L 1 31.7059 L 7.0308 41.9402 L 7.0304 41.9408 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Hexagon) (Hexagon) 4 1.6 70.151 77.983 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0 1 0.35 0 k 0 1 0.35 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 70.151 77.983 m 70.151 1.6 L 4 1.6 L 4 77.983 L 70.151 77.983 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0.9921 1 0 0 k 0.9921 1 0 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 20.538 30.244 m S 26.05 20.696 m 15.025 20.696 L 9.513 30.244 L 15.025 39.792 L 26.05 39.792 L 31.564 30.244 L 26.05 20.696 L s 20.537 11.148 m S 26.05 1.6 m 15.024 1.6 L 9.512 11.148 L 15.024 20.696 L 26.05 20.696 L 31.563 11.148 L 26.05 1.6 L s 53.614 30.244 m S 59.126 20.696 m 48.101 20.696 L 42.589 30.244 L 48.101 39.792 L 59.126 39.792 L 64.639 30.244 L 59.126 20.696 L s 53.614 11.148 m S 59.126 1.6 m 48.101 1.6 L 42.588 11.148 L 48.101 20.696 L 59.126 20.696 L 64.638 11.148 L 59.126 1.6 L s 20.538 68.436 m S 26.051 58.888 m 15.025 58.888 L 9.513 68.436 L 15.025 77.984 L 26.051 77.984 L 31.564 68.436 L 26.051 58.888 L s 20.538 49.34 m S 26.051 39.792 m 15.025 39.792 L 9.513 49.34 L 15.025 58.888 L 26.05 58.888 L 31.564 49.34 L 26.051 39.792 L s 53.614 68.436 m S 59.127 58.888 m 48.102 58.888 L 42.589 68.436 L 48.101 77.985 L 59.127 77.985 L 64.639 68.436 L 59.127 58.888 L s 53.614 49.34 m S 59.127 39.792 m 48.101 39.792 L 42.589 49.34 L 48.101 58.888 L 59.127 58.888 L 64.639 49.341 L 59.127 39.792 L s 4 20.696 m S 3.876 30.244 m 9.512 30.244 L 15.024 20.696 L 9.512 11.147 L 3.876 11.147 L S 37.075 20.696 m S 42.588 11.148 m 31.563 11.148 L 26.05 20.696 L 31.563 30.244 L 42.589 30.244 L 48.101 20.696 L 42.588 11.148 L s 37.076 58.888 m S 42.589 49.34 m 31.564 49.34 L 26.05 58.888 L 31.564 68.436 L 42.589 68.436 L 48.101 58.888 L 42.589 49.34 L s 70.151 20.696 m S 70.2094 11.147 m 64.639 11.147 L 59.127 20.696 L 64.639 30.244 L 70.2094 30.244 L S 70.152 58.888 m S 70.0427 49.34 m 64.639 49.34 L 59.127 58.888 L 64.639 68.436 L 70.0427 68.436 L S 4 58.888 m S 3.876 68.436 m 9.513 68.436 L 15.025 58.888 L 9.513 49.34 L 3.876 49.34 L S %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Laurel.inner) (Laurel.inner) 1 1 28.5392 28.5392 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0 0.55 1 0.12 k 0 0.55 1 0.12 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 19.2768 15.3585 m 28.9144 15.3585 L 28.9144 14.2335 L 19.2768 14.2335 L 19.2768 15.3585 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0.55 1 0.3 k 0 0.55 1 0.3 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 14.7461 18.9624 m 13.0264 17.8486 11.3273 14.4193 11.3273 10.0362 c 11.3273 5.6547 12.9768 2.1518 14.744 1.1112 C 14.7443 1.1112 L 16.4707 2.1518 18.1679 5.6547 18.1679 10.0362 c 18.1679 14.4143 16.432 17.8633 14.7461 18.9624 C f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Laurel.outer) (Laurel.outer) 1 1.3751 28.5393 28.9143 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0 0.55 1 0.12 k 0 0.55 1 0.12 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 14.2395 10.6375 m 14.2395 1 L 15.3645 1 L 15.3645 10.6375 L 14.2395 10.6375 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0.55 1 0.3 k 0 0.55 1 0.3 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 10.5769 15.124 m 11.6906 16.8438 15.1198 18.5429 19.503 18.5429 c 23.8844 18.5429 27.3874 16.8935 28.428 15.1262 C 28.428 15.1259 L 27.3874 13.3995 23.8844 11.7023 19.503 11.7023 c 15.1249 11.7023 11.676 13.4382 10.5769 15.124 C f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Laurel.side) (Laurel.side) 1.3972 1 28.9364 28.5392 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0 0.55 1 0.12 k 0 0.55 1 0.12 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 29.1571 15.2998 m 1 15.2998 L 1 14.1748 L 29.1571 14.1748 L 29.1571 15.2998 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0.55 1 0.3 k 0 0.55 1 0.3 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 2.0183 27.4787 m 1.5899 25.4751 2.8132 21.8488 5.9125 18.7494 c 9.0107 15.6513 12.654 14.3407 14.6395 14.8545 C 14.6398 14.8547 L 15.1246 16.8113 13.8478 20.4883 10.7496 23.5865 c 7.6538 26.6824 3.9876 27.8936 2.0183 27.4787 C f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0.39 0.7 0.12 k 0 0.39 0.7 0.12 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 2.0183 2.0091 m 1.5899 4.0126 2.8132 7.6389 5.9125 10.7382 c 9.0107 13.8365 12.654 15.147 14.6395 14.6332 C 14.6398 14.633 L 15.1246 12.6765 13.8478 8.9993 10.7496 5.9011 c 7.6538 2.8054 3.9876 1.5941 2.0183 2.0091 C f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0.55 1 0.3 k 0 0.55 1 0.3 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 15.821 2.0091 m 15.3925 4.0126 16.6159 7.6389 19.7152 10.7382 c 22.8134 13.8365 26.4567 15.147 28.4422 14.6332 C 28.4424 14.633 L 28.9273 12.6765 27.6505 8.9993 24.5523 5.9011 c 21.4565 2.8054 17.7903 1.5941 15.821 2.0091 C f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0.39 0.7 0.12 k 0 0.39 0.7 0.12 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 15.821 27.4787 m 15.3925 25.4751 16.6159 21.8488 19.7152 18.7494 c 22.8134 15.6513 26.4567 14.3407 28.4422 14.8545 C 28.4424 14.8547 L 28.9273 16.8113 27.6505 20.4883 24.5523 23.5865 c 21.4565 26.6824 17.7903 27.8936 15.821 27.4787 C f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Leaves-fall) (Leaves-fall) 1 1 52.733 89.816 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0.05 0.2 1 0 k 0.05 0.2 1 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 52.733 89.816 m 52.733 1 L 1 1 L 1 89.816 L 52.733 89.816 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0.83 0 1 0 k 0.83 0 1 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 1 D 0 XR 25.317 2.083 m 25.994 2.283 26.284 2.435 V 24.815 5.147 29.266 9.428 30.186 10.168 C 30.787 9.943 30.907 7.41 30.23 6.073 C 31.073 6.196 33.262 4.818 34.02 3.529 C 34.085 4.217 35.655 7.158 36.481 7.535 C 35.561 7.933 34.896 9.406 34.134 10.854 C 35.156 11.021 36.555 10.1 38.026 9.195 C 38.541 9.996 39.915 10.968 41.174 11.484 C 40.086 12.171 39.591 12.912 39.094 14.372 C 38.052 13.806 35.865 13.657 35.336 13.944 C 35.85 15.057 38.096 15.6 38.827 15.547 C 38.573 16.409 38.425 18.562 38.598 21.155 C 36.939 19.839 35.393 18.522 33.734 18.58 C 34.003 17.158 33.367 15.353 32.99 14.86 C 32.417 15.604 32.006 16.431 32.361 18.408 C 30.908 18.893 29.671 19.439 28.297 20.697 C 28.297 18.866 27.725 17.664 26.857 16.388 C 28.117 15.9 29.389 14.697 29.385 13.658 C 28.537 13.81 26.845 14.554 26.352 15.547 C 25.634 14.8 23.95 13.491 22.346 13.487 C 23.534 12.632 24.454 11.598 24.549 9.686 C 25.802 10.657 28.255 11.272 29.635 10.674 C 24.794 6.438 25.262 3.405 25.317 2.083 C f 12.412 33.743 m 11.887 33.272 11.691 33.01 V 14.182 31.192 11.928 25.366 11.415 24.303 C 10.776 24.247 9.369 26.988 9.405 28.486 C 8.273 27.73 6.608 27.851 5.006 28.137 C 5.578 27.049 5.177 25.104 4.376 24.303 C 5.378 24.339 6.729 23.624 8.038 22.643 C 7.203 21.823 5.376 21.984 3.46 22.643 C 3.46 21.27 2.638 19.533 1.801 18.351 C 3.117 18.408 4.262 17.722 5.12 16.691 C 5.785 18.26 7.819 19.373 8.725 19.324 C 8.742 17.959 7.169 15.869 6.147 15.47 C 6.747 14.801 7.766 13.27 8.725 10.854 C 9.524 12.78 10.694 14.022 11.927 14.955 C 10.785 16.517 10.959 17.388 11.358 18.866 C 12.101 18.325 13.132 17.893 13.303 15.89 C 15.02 16.176 16.156 16.104 17.653 15.203 C 17.198 16.865 17.195 18.466 17.515 20.166 C 15.665 20.026 14.105 20.239 13.075 21.728 C 13.905 21.955 16.165 22.014 17.039 21.082 C 17.366 22.064 18.261 23.47 19.707 24.164 C 18.267 24.424 17.282 25.523 16.373 27.209 C 15.66 25.793 13.433 24.128 11.93 24.073 C 13.933 28.137 13.933 31.055 12.412 33.743 C f 31.125 30.5 m 31.445 31.128 31.648 31.385 V 34.045 29.444 38.851 32.752 39.746 33.521 C 39.636 34.153 37.511 35.29 35.794 34.26 C 36.234 35.549 35.332 37.51 34.134 38.552 C 35.873 38.451 38.019 39.813 38.541 40.555 C 38.763 39.577 39.946 38.307 41.231 37.293 C 41.582 38.266 40.887 40.384 39.971 41.986 C 41.206 42.487 42.318 43.417 42.776 44.676 C 43.233 43.359 44.236 42.685 45.58 41.929 C 44.421 40.502 43.64 38.328 43.92 37.465 C 45.243 37.8 46.814 40.518 46.937 41.607 C 47.812 40.841 49.366 40.154 51.947 39.848 C 50.246 38.77 49.884 36.778 49.3 35.347 C 48.152 35.794 45.983 35.853 45.008 35.29 C 45.721 34.711 47.061 34.16 49.071 34.146 C 49.071 32.601 49.534 31.469 50.788 30.254 C 49.065 30.267 46.965 29.781 45.469 29.389 C 45.221 30.718 44.378 32.314 43.233 32.715 C 43.227 31.854 43.493 29.605 44.378 28.938 C 43.513 28.37 42.26 26.993 41.803 25.276 C 41.181 26.601 40.32 27.906 38.457 28.35 C 39.642 29.403 40.477 31.42 40.143 32.887 C 35.091 28.905 32.414 30.203 31.125 30.5 C f 25.317 46.491 m 25.994 46.691 26.284 46.843 V 24.815 49.556 29.266 53.837 30.186 54.576 C 30.787 54.351 30.907 51.818 30.23 50.482 C 31.073 50.605 33.262 49.227 34.02 47.938 C 34.085 48.625 35.655 51.566 36.481 51.944 C 35.561 52.341 34.896 53.814 34.134 55.263 C 35.156 55.43 36.555 54.508 38.026 53.603 C 38.541 54.404 39.915 55.377 41.174 55.892 C 40.086 56.579 39.591 57.321 39.094 58.78 C 38.052 58.215 35.865 58.065 35.336 58.353 C 35.85 59.465 38.096 60.008 38.827 59.955 C 38.573 60.817 38.425 62.97 38.598 65.563 C 36.939 64.247 35.393 62.931 33.734 62.988 C 34.003 61.567 33.367 59.761 32.99 59.268 C 32.417 60.012 32.006 60.839 32.361 62.817 C 30.908 63.302 29.671 63.847 28.297 65.106 C 28.297 63.274 27.725 62.073 26.857 60.796 C 28.117 60.308 29.389 59.106 29.385 58.067 C 28.537 58.219 26.845 58.963 26.352 59.955 C 25.634 59.209 23.95 57.899 22.346 57.895 C 23.534 57.041 24.454 56.006 24.549 54.094 C 25.802 55.065 28.255 55.68 29.635 55.083 C 24.794 50.846 25.262 47.814 25.317 46.491 C f 12.412 78.151 m 11.887 77.68 11.691 77.418 V 14.182 75.601 11.928 69.774 11.415 68.711 C 10.776 68.655 9.369 71.396 9.405 72.894 C 8.273 72.138 6.608 72.259 5.006 72.545 C 5.578 71.458 5.177 69.512 4.376 68.711 C 5.378 68.747 6.729 68.032 8.038 67.052 C 7.203 66.231 5.376 66.393 3.46 67.052 C 3.46 65.678 2.638 63.941 1.801 62.759 C 3.117 62.817 4.262 62.13 5.12 61.1 C 5.785 62.669 7.819 63.781 8.725 63.732 C 8.742 62.367 7.169 60.277 6.147 59.878 C 6.747 59.209 7.766 57.678 8.725 55.263 C 9.524 57.189 10.694 58.431 11.927 59.364 C 10.785 60.925 10.959 61.796 11.358 63.274 C 12.101 62.734 13.132 62.301 13.303 60.298 C 15.02 60.584 16.156 60.512 17.653 59.612 C 17.198 61.273 17.195 62.874 17.515 64.574 C 15.665 64.434 14.105 64.648 13.075 66.136 C 13.905 66.363 16.165 66.422 17.039 65.49 C 17.366 66.472 18.261 67.878 19.707 68.572 C 18.267 68.832 17.282 69.931 16.373 71.617 C 15.66 70.202 13.433 68.536 11.93 68.482 C 13.933 72.545 13.933 75.464 12.412 78.151 C f 31.125 74.908 m 31.445 75.537 31.648 75.794 V 34.045 73.853 38.851 77.161 39.746 77.929 C 39.636 78.562 37.511 79.698 35.794 78.668 C 36.234 79.957 35.332 81.918 34.134 82.96 C 35.873 82.86 38.019 84.221 38.541 84.963 C 38.763 83.986 39.946 82.716 41.231 81.701 C 41.582 82.675 40.887 84.792 39.971 86.394 C 41.206 86.895 42.318 87.825 42.776 89.084 C 43.233 87.768 44.236 87.093 45.58 86.337 C 44.421 84.91 43.64 82.736 43.92 81.873 C 45.243 82.208 46.814 84.926 46.937 86.016 C 47.812 85.249 49.366 84.563 51.947 84.257 C 50.246 83.179 49.884 81.187 49.3 79.756 C 48.152 80.203 45.983 80.262 45.008 79.698 C 45.721 79.119 47.061 78.569 49.071 78.554 C 49.071 77.009 49.534 75.877 50.788 74.663 C 49.065 74.675 46.965 74.189 45.469 73.798 C 45.221 75.126 44.378 76.723 43.233 77.123 C 43.227 76.262 43.493 74.013 44.378 73.347 C 43.513 72.779 42.26 71.401 41.803 69.684 C 41.181 71.009 40.32 72.314 38.457 72.759 C 39.642 73.812 40.477 75.829 40.143 77.295 C 35.091 73.313 32.414 74.611 31.125 74.908 C f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Polka dots) (Polka dots) 1 1 29.8 29.8 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0.45 0.9 0 0 k 0.45 0.9 0 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 1 1 m 1 29.8 L 29.8 29.8 L 29.8 1 L 1 1 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0.09 0.18 0 0 k 0.09 0.18 0 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer *u 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 11.08 8.2 m 11.08 9.791 9.79 11.08 8.2 11.08 c 6.609 11.08 5.32 9.791 5.32 8.2 c 5.32 6.61 6.609 5.32 8.2 5.32 c 9.79 5.32 11.08 6.61 11.08 8.2 c f 11.08 22.6 m 11.08 24.191 9.79 25.48 8.2 25.48 c 6.609 25.48 5.32 24.191 5.32 22.6 c 5.32 21.01 6.609 19.72 8.2 19.72 c 9.79 19.72 11.08 21.01 11.08 22.6 c f 18.28 15.4 m 18.28 16.991 16.99 18.28 15.4 18.28 c 13.809 18.28 12.52 16.991 12.52 15.4 c 12.52 13.81 13.809 12.52 15.4 12.52 c 16.99 12.52 18.28 13.81 18.28 15.4 c f 25.48 8.2 m 25.48 9.791 24.19 11.08 22.6 11.08 c 21.009 11.08 19.72 9.791 19.72 8.2 c 19.72 6.61 21.009 5.32 22.6 5.32 c 24.19 5.32 25.48 6.61 25.48 8.2 c f 25.48 22.6 m 25.48 24.191 24.19 25.48 22.6 25.48 c 21.009 25.48 19.72 24.191 19.72 22.6 c 19.72 21.01 21.009 19.72 22.6 19.72 c 24.19 19.72 25.48 21.01 25.48 22.6 c f *U 26.92 1 m 29.8 1 L 29.8 3.88 L 28.209 3.88 26.92 2.591 26.92 1 C f 15.4 3.88 m 13.809 3.88 12.52 2.591 12.52 1 C 18.28 1 L 18.28 2.591 16.99 3.88 15.4 3.88 c f 1 3.88 m 1 1 L 3.88 1 L 3.88 2.591 2.59 3.88 1 3.88 C f 1 XR 26.92 15.4 m 26.92 13.81 28.209 12.52 29.8 12.52 C 29.8 18.28 L 28.209 18.28 26.92 16.991 26.92 15.4 c f 0 XR 15.4 18.28 m 13.809 18.28 12.52 16.991 12.52 15.4 c 12.52 13.81 13.809 12.52 15.4 12.52 c 16.99 12.52 18.28 13.81 18.28 15.4 c 18.28 16.991 16.99 18.28 15.4 18.28 c f 1 XR 3.88 15.4 m 3.88 16.991 2.59 18.28 1 18.28 C 1 12.52 L 2.59 12.52 3.88 13.81 3.88 15.4 c f 0 XR 29.8 26.92 m 29.8 29.8 L 26.92 29.8 L 26.92 28.21 28.209 26.92 29.8 26.92 C f 15.4 26.92 m 16.99 26.92 18.28 28.21 18.28 29.8 C 12.52 29.8 L 12.52 28.21 13.809 26.92 15.4 26.92 c f 3.88 29.8 m 1 29.8 L 1 26.92 L 2.59 26.92 3.88 28.21 3.88 29.8 C f 1 XR 8.2 11.08 m 6.609 11.08 5.32 9.791 5.32 8.2 c 5.32 6.61 6.609 5.32 8.2 5.32 c 9.79 5.32 11.08 6.61 11.08 8.2 c 11.08 9.791 9.79 11.08 8.2 11.08 c f 22.6 11.08 m 21.009 11.08 19.72 9.791 19.72 8.2 c 19.72 6.61 21.009 5.32 22.6 5.32 c 24.19 5.32 25.48 6.61 25.48 8.2 c 25.48 9.791 24.19 11.08 22.6 11.08 c f 8.2 25.48 m 6.609 25.48 5.32 24.191 5.32 22.6 c 5.32 21.01 6.609 19.72 8.2 19.72 c 9.79 19.72 11.08 21.01 11.08 22.6 c 11.08 24.191 9.79 25.48 8.2 25.48 c f 22.6 25.48 m 21.009 25.48 19.72 24.191 19.72 22.6 c 19.72 21.01 21.009 19.72 22.6 19.72 c 24.19 19.72 25.48 21.01 25.48 22.6 c 25.48 24.191 24.19 25.48 22.6 25.48 c f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Random circles) (Random circles) 4.365 3.849 51.13 57.85 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0 0.1125 0.45 0 k 0 0.1125 0.45 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 4.365 3.849 m 4.365 57.85 L 51.13 57.85 L 51.13 3.849 L 4.365 3.849 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0.4 0.7 1 0 k 0.4 0.7 1 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 45.429 36.274 m 45.843 36.991 45.598 37.908 44.88 38.323 c 44.163 38.737 43.245 38.491 42.831 37.774 c 42.417 37.056 42.663 36.139 43.38 35.725 c 44.098 35.31 45.015 35.556 45.429 36.274 c s 44.179 27.926 m 43.765 28.643 42.848 28.889 42.13 28.475 c 41.413 28.06 41.167 27.143 41.581 26.425 c 41.995 25.708 42.913 25.462 43.63 25.876 c 44.348 26.291 44.593 27.208 44.179 27.926 c s 35.929 41.024 m 35.515 41.741 34.598 41.987 33.88 41.573 c 33.163 41.158 32.917 40.241 33.331 39.524 c 33.745 38.806 34.663 38.56 35.38 38.975 c 36.098 39.389 36.343 40.306 35.929 41.024 c s 28.38 34.225 m 28.794 34.942 28.549 35.859 27.831 36.274 c 27.114 36.688 26.196 36.442 25.782 35.725 c 25.368 35.007 25.614 34.09 26.331 33.675 c 27.049 33.261 27.966 33.507 28.38 34.225 c s 31.179 28.024 m 30.765 28.741 29.848 28.987 29.13 28.573 c 28.413 28.158 28.167 27.241 28.581 26.524 c 28.995 25.806 29.913 25.56 30.63 25.975 c 31.348 26.389 31.593 27.306 31.179 28.024 c s 36.792 23.349 m 35.963 23.349 35.292 22.678 35.292 21.849 c 35.292 21.021 35.963 20.349 36.792 20.349 c 37.62 20.349 38.292 21.021 38.292 21.849 c 38.292 22.678 37.62 23.349 36.792 23.349 c s 10.888 34.175 m 10.474 34.893 10.72 35.81 11.437 36.225 c 12.155 36.639 13.072 36.393 13.486 35.675 c 13.901 34.958 13.655 34.041 12.937 33.626 c 12.22 33.212 11.303 33.458 10.888 34.175 c s 11.517 26.601 m 11.931 27.318 12.848 27.564 13.566 27.15 c 14.283 26.735 14.529 25.818 14.115 25.1 c 13.701 24.383 12.783 24.137 12.066 24.551 c 11.348 24.966 11.103 25.883 11.517 26.601 c s 16.782 41.426 m 17.196 42.143 18.114 42.389 18.831 41.975 c 19.549 41.56 19.794 40.643 19.38 39.926 c 18.966 39.208 18.049 38.962 17.331 39.377 c 16.614 39.791 16.368 40.708 16.782 41.426 c s 22.365 24.35 m 23.194 24.35 23.865 23.678 23.865 22.85 c 23.865 22.021 23.194 21.35 22.365 21.35 c 21.537 21.35 20.865 22.021 20.865 22.85 c 20.865 23.678 21.537 24.35 22.365 24.35 c s 45.385 7.849 m 44.971 7.132 44.053 6.886 43.336 7.3 c 42.619 7.714 42.373 8.632 42.787 9.349 c 43.201 10.067 44.119 10.312 44.836 9.898 c 45.553 9.484 45.799 8.567 45.385 7.849 c s 29.679 7.774 m 29.265 7.056 28.348 6.81 27.63 7.225 c 26.913 7.639 26.667 8.556 27.081 9.274 c 27.495 9.991 28.413 10.237 29.13 9.823 c 29.848 9.408 30.093 8.491 29.679 7.774 c s 35.542 11.349 m 34.713 11.349 34.042 12.021 34.042 12.849 c 34.042 13.678 34.713 14.349 35.542 14.349 c 36.37 14.349 37.042 13.678 37.042 12.849 c 37.042 12.021 36.37 11.349 35.542 11.349 c s 10.13 7.475 m 10.544 6.757 11.462 6.511 12.179 6.926 c 12.897 7.34 13.142 8.257 12.728 8.975 c 12.314 9.692 11.397 9.938 10.679 9.524 c 9.962 9.109 9.716 8.192 10.13 7.475 c s 20.203 13.349 m 21.031 13.349 21.703 14.021 21.703 14.849 c 21.703 15.678 21.031 16.349 20.203 16.349 c 19.375 16.349 18.703 15.678 18.703 14.849 c 18.703 14.021 19.375 13.349 20.203 13.349 c s 44.635 54.1 m 45.049 53.382 44.803 52.465 44.086 52.051 c 43.369 51.636 42.451 51.882 42.037 52.6 c 41.623 53.317 41.869 54.234 42.586 54.649 c 43.303 55.063 44.221 54.817 44.635 54.1 c s 36.841 48.1 m 36.427 47.382 35.509 47.136 34.792 47.551 c 34.074 47.965 33.828 48.882 34.243 49.6 c 34.657 50.317 35.574 50.563 36.292 50.149 c 37.009 49.734 37.255 48.817 36.841 48.1 c s 29.728 54.725 m 30.143 54.007 29.897 53.09 29.179 52.675 c 28.462 52.261 27.544 52.507 27.13 53.225 c 26.716 53.942 26.962 54.859 27.679 55.274 c 28.397 55.688 29.314 55.442 29.728 54.725 c s 10.86 54.1 m 10.446 53.382 10.691 52.465 11.409 52.051 c 12.126 51.636 13.044 51.882 13.458 52.6 c 13.872 53.317 13.626 54.234 12.909 54.649 c 12.191 55.063 11.274 54.817 10.86 54.1 c s 19.154 49.1 m 19.568 48.382 20.486 48.136 21.203 48.551 c 21.92 48.965 22.166 49.882 21.752 50.6 c 21.338 51.317 20.42 51.563 19.703 51.149 c 18.986 50.734 18.74 49.817 19.154 49.1 c s 51.88 38.85 m 51.052 38.85 50.38 39.521 50.38 40.35 c 50.38 41.178 51.052 41.85 51.88 41.85 c 52.709 41.85 53.38 41.178 53.38 40.35 c 53.38 39.521 52.709 38.85 51.88 38.85 c s 51.865 11.349 m 52.693 11.349 53.365 12.021 53.365 12.849 c 53.365 13.678 52.693 14.349 51.865 14.349 c 51.036 14.349 50.365 13.678 50.365 12.849 c 50.365 12.021 51.036 11.349 51.865 11.349 c s 30.179 18.524 m 29.765 19.241 28.848 19.487 28.13 19.073 c 27.413 18.658 27.167 17.741 27.581 17.024 c 27.995 16.306 28.913 16.06 29.63 16.475 c 30.348 16.889 30.593 17.806 30.179 18.524 c s 21.679 31.524 m 21.265 32.241 20.348 32.487 19.63 32.073 c 18.913 31.658 18.667 30.741 19.081 30.024 c 19.495 29.306 20.413 29.06 21.13 29.475 c 21.848 29.889 22.093 30.806 21.679 31.524 c s 37.914 33.399 m 37.5 34.116 36.583 34.362 35.865 33.948 c 35.148 33.533 34.902 32.616 35.316 31.899 c 35.73 31.181 36.648 30.935 37.365 31.35 c 38.083 31.764 38.328 32.681 37.914 33.399 c s 28.929 45.024 m 28.515 45.741 27.598 45.987 26.88 45.573 c 26.163 45.158 25.917 44.241 26.331 43.524 c 26.745 42.806 27.663 42.56 28.38 42.975 c 29.098 43.389 29.343 44.306 28.929 45.024 c s 12.429 45.524 m 12.015 46.241 11.098 46.487 10.38 46.073 c 9.663 45.658 9.417 44.741 9.831 44.024 c 10.245 43.306 11.163 43.06 11.88 43.475 c 12.598 43.889 12.843 44.806 12.429 45.524 c s 44.49 45.6 m 44.075 46.317 43.158 46.563 42.441 46.149 c 41.723 45.734 41.477 44.817 41.891 44.1 c 42.306 43.382 43.223 43.136 43.941 43.55 c 44.658 43.965 44.904 44.882 44.49 45.6 c s 12.679 18.524 m 12.265 19.241 11.348 19.487 10.63 19.073 c 9.913 18.658 9.667 17.741 10.081 17.024 c 10.495 16.306 11.413 16.06 12.13 16.475 c 12.848 16.889 13.093 17.806 12.679 18.524 c s 21.179 5.774 m 20.765 6.491 19.848 6.737 19.13 6.323 c 18.413 5.908 18.167 4.991 18.581 4.274 c 18.995 3.557 19.913 3.311 20.63 3.725 c 21.348 4.139 21.593 5.056 21.179 5.774 c s 38.929 5.274 m 38.515 5.991 37.598 6.237 36.88 5.823 c 36.163 5.408 35.917 4.491 36.331 3.774 c 36.745 3.057 37.663 2.811 38.38 3.225 c 39.098 3.639 39.343 4.556 38.929 5.274 c s 43.865 18.1 m 44.694 18.1 45.365 17.429 45.365 16.6 c 45.365 15.772 44.694 15.1 43.865 15.1 c 43.037 15.1 42.365 15.772 42.365 16.6 c 42.365 17.429 43.037 18.1 43.865 18.1 c s 51.13 4.6 m 50.302 4.6 49.63 3.928 49.63 3.1 c 49.63 2.272 50.302 1.6 51.13 1.6 c 51.959 1.6 52.63 2.272 52.63 3.1 c 52.63 3.928 51.959 4.6 51.13 4.6 c s 52.163 31.649 m 51.748 32.366 50.831 32.612 50.114 32.198 c 49.396 31.783 49.15 30.866 49.565 30.149 c 49.979 29.431 50.896 29.185 51.614 29.6 c 52.331 30.014 52.577 30.931 52.163 31.649 c s 51.85 51.35 m 51.021 51.35 50.35 50.678 50.35 49.85 c 50.35 49.021 51.021 48.35 51.85 48.35 c 52.678 48.35 53.35 49.021 53.35 49.85 c 53.35 50.678 52.678 51.35 51.85 51.35 c s 49.85 23.1 m 50.679 23.1 51.35 22.428 51.35 21.6 c 51.35 20.771 50.679 20.1 49.85 20.1 c 49.022 20.1 48.35 20.771 48.35 21.6 c 48.35 22.428 49.022 23.1 49.85 23.1 c s 5.13 38.85 m 4.302 38.85 3.63 39.521 3.63 40.35 c 3.63 41.178 4.302 41.85 5.13 41.85 c 5.959 41.85 6.63 41.178 6.63 40.35 c 6.63 39.521 5.959 38.85 5.13 38.85 c s 5.115 11.349 m 5.943 11.349 6.615 12.021 6.615 12.849 c 6.615 13.678 5.943 14.349 5.115 14.349 c 4.286 14.349 3.615 13.678 3.615 12.849 c 3.615 12.021 4.286 11.349 5.115 11.349 c s 4.38 4.6 m 3.552 4.6 2.88 3.928 2.88 3.1 c 2.88 2.272 3.552 1.6 4.38 1.6 c 5.209 1.6 5.88 2.272 5.88 3.1 c 5.88 3.928 5.209 4.6 4.38 4.6 c s 5.413 31.649 m 4.998 32.366 4.081 32.612 3.364 32.198 c 2.646 31.783 2.4 30.866 2.815 30.149 c 3.229 29.431 4.146 29.185 4.864 29.6 c 5.581 30.014 5.827 30.931 5.413 31.649 c s 5.1 51.35 m 4.271 51.35 3.6 50.678 3.6 49.85 c 3.6 49.021 4.271 48.35 5.1 48.35 c 5.928 48.35 6.6 49.021 6.6 49.85 c 6.6 50.678 5.928 51.35 5.1 51.35 c s 3.1 23.1 m 3.929 23.1 4.6 22.428 4.6 21.6 c 4.6 20.771 3.929 20.1 3.1 20.1 c 2.272 20.1 1.6 20.771 1.6 21.6 c 1.6 22.428 2.272 23.1 3.1 23.1 c s 21.194 59.775 m 20.78 60.492 19.863 60.738 19.145 60.324 c 18.428 59.909 18.182 58.992 18.596 58.275 c 19.01 57.558 19.928 57.312 20.645 57.726 c 21.363 58.14 21.608 59.057 21.194 59.775 c s 38.944 59.275 m 38.53 59.992 37.613 60.238 36.895 59.824 c 36.178 59.409 35.932 58.492 36.346 57.775 c 36.76 57.058 37.678 56.812 38.395 57.226 c 39.113 57.64 39.358 58.557 38.944 59.275 c s 51.145 58.601 m 50.317 58.601 49.645 57.929 49.645 57.101 c 49.645 56.273 50.317 55.601 51.145 55.601 c 51.974 55.601 52.645 56.273 52.645 57.101 c 52.645 57.929 51.974 58.601 51.145 58.601 c s 4.395 58.601 m 3.567 58.601 2.895 57.929 2.895 57.101 c 2.895 56.273 3.567 55.601 4.395 55.601 c 5.224 55.601 5.895 56.273 5.895 57.101 c 5.895 57.929 5.224 58.601 4.395 58.601 c s %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Rope.side) (Rope.side) 1 4.6 60.9998 33.3999 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 1 k 0 0 0 1 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 1 J 1 j 0.6 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 24.9999 7 m 15.6521 4.663 8.125 8.6981 1 14.1407 C S 36.9999 7 m 22.3477 3.337 12.168 15.3276 1 23.859 C S 48.9999 7 m 29.3464 2.0866 17.7386 25.3332 1 30.6213 C S 1 30.9999 m 24.9999 36.9999 36.9999 1 60.9998 7 C S 13 30.9999 m 32.6534 35.9133 44.2611 12.6667 60.9998 7.3786 C S 24.9999 30.9999 m 39.652 34.6629 49.8317 22.6722 60.9998 14.1407 C S 36.9999 30.9999 m 46.3476 33.3369 53.8749 29.3018 60.9998 23.859 C S 48.9999 30.9999 m 53.3464 32.0865 57.2978 31.7908 60.9998 30.6213 C S 13 7 m 8.6535 5.9134 4.7019 6.2091 1 7.3786 C S %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Scales) (Scales) 1.6 9.3475 48.088 55.8355 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 1 g 1 G ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 1.6 9.3475 m 1.6 55.8355 L 48.088 55.8355 L 48.088 9.3475 L 1.6 9.3475 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 g 0 G ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 17.0956 9.3475 m 12.8162 9.3475 9.3475 5.8787 9.3475 1.6 C 9.3475 5.8787 5.8787 9.3475 1.6 9.3475 C 1.6 13.6262 5.0687 17.095 9.3475 17.095 c 13.6268 17.095 17.0956 13.6262 17.0956 9.3475 C s 32.5918 9.3475 m 28.3125 9.3475 24.8437 5.8787 24.8437 1.6 C 24.8437 5.8787 21.3743 9.3475 17.0956 9.3475 C 17.0956 13.6262 20.5644 17.095 24.8437 17.095 c 29.1224 17.095 32.5918 13.6262 32.5918 9.3475 C s 48.088 9.3475 m 43.8087 9.3475 40.3399 5.8787 40.3399 1.6 C 40.3399 5.8787 36.8705 9.3475 32.5918 9.3475 C 32.5918 13.6262 36.0606 17.095 40.3399 17.095 c 44.6186 17.095 48.088 13.6262 48.088 9.3475 C s 17.0956 40.3393 m 12.8162 40.3393 9.3475 36.8699 9.3475 32.5912 C 9.3475 36.8699 5.8787 40.3393 1.6 40.3393 C 1.6 44.6181 5.0687 48.0874 9.3475 48.0874 c 13.6268 48.0874 17.0956 44.6181 17.0956 40.3393 C s 17.0956 24.8431 m 12.8162 24.8431 9.3475 21.3743 9.3475 17.095 C 9.3475 21.3743 5.8787 24.8431 1.6 24.8431 C 1.6 29.1218 5.0687 32.5912 9.3475 32.5912 c 13.6268 32.5912 17.0956 29.1218 17.0956 24.8431 C s 32.5918 24.8431 m 28.3125 24.8431 24.8437 21.3743 24.8437 17.095 C 24.8437 21.3743 21.3743 24.8431 17.0956 24.8431 C 17.0956 29.1218 20.5644 32.5912 24.8437 32.5912 c 29.1224 32.5912 32.5918 29.1218 32.5918 24.8431 C s 48.088 24.8431 m 43.8087 24.8431 40.3399 21.3743 40.3399 17.095 C 40.3399 21.3743 36.8705 24.8431 32.5918 24.8431 C 32.5918 29.1218 36.0606 32.5912 40.3399 32.5912 c 44.6186 32.5912 48.088 29.1218 48.088 24.8431 C s 32.5918 40.3393 m 28.3125 40.3393 24.8437 36.8699 24.8437 32.5912 C 24.8437 36.8699 21.3743 40.3393 17.0956 40.3393 C 17.0956 44.6181 20.5644 48.0874 24.8437 48.0874 c 29.1224 48.0874 32.5918 44.6181 32.5918 40.3393 C s 48.088 40.3393 m 43.8087 40.3393 40.3399 36.8699 40.3399 32.5912 C 40.3399 36.8699 36.8705 40.3393 32.5918 40.3393 C 32.5918 44.6181 36.0606 48.0874 40.3399 48.0874 c 44.6186 48.0874 48.088 44.6181 48.088 40.3393 C s 17.0956 55.8355 m 12.8162 55.8355 9.3475 52.3662 9.3475 48.0874 C 9.3475 52.3662 5.8787 55.8355 1.6 55.8355 C 1.6 60.1143 5.0687 63.5836 9.3475 63.5836 c 13.6268 63.5836 17.0956 60.1143 17.0956 55.8355 C s 32.5918 55.8355 m 28.3125 55.8355 24.8437 52.3662 24.8437 48.0874 C 24.8437 52.3662 21.3743 55.8355 17.0956 55.8355 C 17.0956 60.1143 20.5644 63.5836 24.8437 63.5836 c 29.1224 63.5836 32.5918 60.1143 32.5918 55.8355 C s 48.088 55.8355 m 43.8087 55.8355 40.3399 52.3662 40.3399 48.0874 C 40.3399 52.3662 36.8705 55.8355 32.5918 55.8355 C 32.5918 60.1143 36.0606 63.5836 40.3399 63.5836 c 44.6186 63.5836 48.088 60.1143 48.088 55.8355 C s %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (SolidStar.side) (SolidStar.side) 1 1 33.0117 33.0117 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0.05 0.2 0.95 0 k 0.05 0.2 0.95 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 1 D 0 XR 7.9689 26.0458 m 14.5331 22.9874 l 17.0095 29.7904 L 19.4859 22.9874 l 26.0473 26.0458 l 22.9889 19.4815 l 29.792 17.0052 l 22.9889 14.5288 l 26.0473 7.9674 l 19.4859 11.0257 l 17.0095 4.2226 l 14.5305 11.0257 l 7.9689 7.9674 l 11.0273 14.5288 l 4.2242 17.0052 l 11.0273 19.4843 L 7.9689 26.0458 l f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Stars) (Stars) 1 1 63.384 84.766 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 1 0.9 0.1 0 k 1 0.9 0.1 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.3 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 1 1 m 1 84.766 L 63.384 84.766 L 63.384 1 L 1 1 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0.25 1 0 k 0 0.25 1 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer *u 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 37.668 67.113 m 43.924 62.567 L 41.535 55.213 L 47.791 59.757 L 54.046 55.212 L 51.657 62.566 L 57.914 67.112 L 50.18 67.112 L 47.791 74.467 L 45.402 67.113 L 37.668 67.113 L f 16.596 59.757 m 22.851 55.212 L 20.462 62.566 L 26.719 67.112 L 18.985 67.112 L 16.596 74.467 L 14.207 67.113 L 6.473 67.113 L 12.729 62.567 L 10.34 55.213 L 16.596 59.757 L f 20.462 20.683 m 26.719 25.229 L 18.985 25.229 L 16.596 32.584 L 14.207 25.23 L 6.473 25.23 L 12.729 20.684 L 10.34 13.33 L 16.596 17.874 L 22.851 13.329 L 20.462 20.683 L f 38.447 34.271 m 36.058 41.625 L 42.315 46.171 L 34.581 46.171 L 32.192 53.526 L 29.803 46.172 L 22.069 46.172 L 28.325 41.626 L 25.936 34.272 L 32.192 38.816 L 38.447 34.271 L f 51.657 20.683 m 57.914 25.229 L 50.18 25.229 L 47.791 32.584 L 45.402 25.23 L 37.668 25.23 L 43.924 20.684 L 41.535 13.33 L 47.791 17.874 L 54.046 13.329 L 51.657 20.683 L f *U 1 XR 34.581 4.288 m 32.192 11.643 L 29.803 4.289 L 22.069 4.289 L 26.5962 1 L 37.7885 1 L 42.315 4.288 L 34.581 4.288 L f 53.261 4.289 m 57.7882 1 L 63.384 1 L 63.384 11.643 L 60.995 4.289 L 53.261 4.289 L f 4.866 41.625 m 11.123 46.171 L 3.389 46.171 L 1 53.526 L 1 38.816 L 7.255 34.271 L 4.866 41.625 L f 36.058 41.625 m 42.315 46.171 L 34.581 46.171 L 32.192 53.526 L 29.803 46.172 L 22.069 46.172 L 28.325 41.626 L 25.936 34.272 L 32.192 38.816 L 38.447 34.271 L 36.058 41.625 L f 53.261 46.172 m 59.517 41.626 L 57.128 34.272 L 63.384 38.816 L 63.384 53.526 L 60.995 46.172 L 53.261 46.172 L f 4.866 83.508 m 6.5974 84.766 L 1 84.766 L 1 80.699 L 7.255 76.154 L 4.866 83.508 L f 25.936 76.155 m 32.192 80.699 L 38.447 76.154 L 36.058 83.508 L 37.7895 84.766 L 26.5951 84.766 L 28.325 83.509 L 25.936 76.155 L f 22.851 55.212 m 20.462 62.566 L 26.719 67.112 L 18.985 67.112 L 16.596 74.467 L 14.207 67.113 L 6.473 67.113 L 12.729 62.567 L 10.34 55.213 L 16.596 59.757 L 22.851 55.212 L f 41.535 55.213 m 47.791 59.757 L 54.046 55.212 L 51.657 62.566 L 57.914 67.112 L 50.18 67.112 L 47.791 74.467 L 45.402 67.113 L 37.668 67.113 L 43.924 62.567 L 41.535 55.213 L f 50.18 25.229 m 47.791 32.584 L 45.402 25.23 L 37.668 25.23 L 43.924 20.684 L 41.535 13.33 L 47.791 17.874 L 54.046 13.329 L 51.657 20.683 L 57.914 25.229 L 50.18 25.229 L f 18.985 25.229 m 16.596 32.584 L 14.207 25.23 L 6.473 25.23 L 12.729 20.684 L 10.34 13.33 L 16.596 17.874 L 22.851 13.329 L 20.462 20.683 L 26.719 25.229 L 18.985 25.229 L f 3.388 4.289 m 1 11.643 L 1 1 L 6.5948 1 L 11.122 4.289 L 3.388 4.289 L f 57.128 76.154 m 63.384 80.699 L 63.384 84.766 L 57.7855 84.766 L 59.517 83.508 L 57.128 76.154 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Stripes) (Stripes) 8.45 4.6001 80.45 76.6001 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 1 0.07 1 0 k 1 0.07 1 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 3.6 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 8.2 8.2 m 80.7 8.2 L S 8.2 22.6001 m 80.7 22.6001 L S 8.2 37.0002 m 80.7 37.0002 L S 8.2 51.4 m 80.7 51.4 L S 8.2 65.8001 m 80.7 65.8001 L S 8.2 15.4 m 80.7 15.4 L S 8.2 29.8001 m 80.7 29.8001 L S 8.2 44.2 m 80.7 44.2 L S 8.2 58.6001 m 80.7 58.6001 L S 8.2 73.0002 m 80.7 73.0002 L S %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (TriBevel.outer) (TriBevel.outer) 1 1.0004 31.6124 31.6127 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.3 k 0 0 0 0.3 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 31.6118 5.4917 m 27.1221 5.4917 L 27.1205 1.0011 L 27.8031 1.0011 L 27.8031 4.8091 L 31.6118 4.8091 L 31.6118 5.4917 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.2 k 0 0 0 0.2 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 31.6149 9.5062 m 23.1111 9.5062 L 23.1111 1.0015 L 27.1205 1.0015 L 27.1205 5.493 L 31.6144 5.493 L 31.6149 9.5062 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.4 k 0 0 0 0.4 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 31.6124 10.485 m 22.1297 10.485 L 22.1292 1.0015 L 23.1084 1.0015 L 23.1084 9.5049 L 31.6124 9.5049 L 31.6124 10.485 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.3 k 0 0 0 0.3 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 31.6129 17.2066 m 15.4064 17.2085 L 15.4064 1 L 22.1301 1 L 22.1301 10.4868 L 31.6129 10.4868 L 31.6129 17.2066 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.5 k 0 0 0 0.5 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 31.6149 18.3658 m 14.2517 18.3658 L 14.2515 1.0009 L 15.4043 1.0009 L 15.4043 17.2093 L 31.6149 17.2093 L 31.6149 18.3658 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.4 k 0 0 0 0.4 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 31.6124 30.4755 m 2.1395 30.4755 L 2.1395 1.0015 L 14.249 1 L 14.249 18.366 L 31.6149 18.366 L 31.6124 30.4755 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.6 k 0 0 0 0.6 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 15.4066 16.847 m 14.2778 18.3257 l 15.4066 17.2057 l 15.4066 16.847 l f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.5 k 0 0 0 0.5 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 23.1095 9.1906 m 22.1759 10.4392 l 23.1082 9.505 l 23.1095 9.1906 l f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.4 k 0 0 0 0.4 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 27.8039 4.6026 m 27.1619 5.4533 l 27.8029 4.8093 l 27.8039 4.6026 l f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (TriBevel.side) (TriBevel.side) 1.0006 1 29.0006 31.6124 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.3 k 0 0 0 0.3 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 29 4.8087 m 29 4.8087 L 29.0026 5.4927 L 1.0026 5.4927 L 1 4.8087 L 1 4.8087 L 29 4.8087 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.2 k 0 0 0 0.2 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 29.0026 5.4927 m 29.0005 9.5045 L 1.0005 9.5045 L 1.0026 5.4927 L 29.0026 5.4927 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.4 k 0 0 0 0.4 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 29.0005 9.5045 m 29.0011 10.4865 L 1.0011 10.4865 L 1.0005 9.5045 L 29.0005 9.5045 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.3 k 0 0 0 0.3 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 29.0011 10.4865 m 29.003 17.209 L 1.003 17.209 L 1.0011 10.4865 L 29.0011 10.4865 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.5 k 0 0 0 0.5 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 29.003 17.209 m 29.0031 18.3656 L 1.0031 18.3656 L 1.003 17.209 L 29.003 17.209 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0 0 0 0.4 k 0 0 0 0.4 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 29.0031 18.3656 m 29.0006 30.4752 L 1.0006 30.4752 L 1.0031 18.3656 L 29.0031 18.3656 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & ] E %AI3_EndPattern %AI3_BeginPattern: (Waves-scroll) (Waves-scroll) 17.926 10.516 68.663 69.012 [ %AI3_Tile (0 O 0 R 1 0 0.3 0 k 1 0 0.3 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 1 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 1 D 0 XR 17.926 69.012 m 17.926 10.516 L 68.663 10.516 L 68.663 69.012 L 17.926 69.012 L f %AI6_EndPatternLayer ) & (0 O 0 R 0.55 0 0 0 k 0.55 0 0 0 K ) @ ( %AI6_BeginPatternLayer 800 Ar 0 J 0 j 0.75 w 4 M []0 d %AI3_Note: 0 D 0 XR 65.335 70.465 m 65.881 68.746 67.444 68.168 68.663 69.012 C 67.538 69.668 68.011 71.255 69.686 70.933 c 72.124 70.464 71.894 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02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202 02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020303 030303 > 1 %_Br [ 1 0.87 0 0 1 50 95 %_Bs 0 0.63 0.96 0 1 50 65 %_Bs 0.61 0.96 0 0.01 1 50 35 %_Bs 0.05 0.03 0.95 0 1 50 5 %_Bs BD %AI5_EndGradient %AI5_End_NonPrinting-- %AI5_BeginPalette 0 0 Pb 0 0 0 0 k (C=0 M=0 Y=0 K=0) Pc 0 0 0 1 k (C=0 M=0 Y=0 K=100) Pc 0 0.45 0.6 0 k (C=0 M=45 Y=60 K=0) Pc 0 0.5 0.05 0 k (C=0 M=50 Y=5 K=0) Pc 0 0.9 1 0 k (C=0 M=90 Y=100 K=0) Pc 1 0.2 1 0 k (C=100 M=20 Y=100 K=0) Pc 1 0.4 0.15 0 k (C=100 M=40 Y=15 K=0) Pc 0.2 0 1 0 k (C=20 M=0 Y=100 K=0) Pc 0.25 1 0.25 0 k (C=25 M=100 Y=25 K=0) Pc 0.4 0.4 0.4 0 k (C=40 M=40 Y=40 K=0) Pc 0.4 0.7 1 0 k (C=40 M=70 Y=100 K=0) Pc 0.75 0.9 0 0 k (C=75 M=90 Y=0 K=0) Pc 1 0 0.55 0 (Aqua) 0 x (Aqua) Pc 1 0.5 0 0 (Blue) 0 x (Blue) Pc 0.5 0.4 0.3 0 (Blue Gray) 0 x (Blue Gray) Pc 0.8 0.05 0 0 (Blue Sky) 0 x (Blue Sky) Pc 0.5 0.85 1 0 (Brown) 0 x (Brown) Pc 1 0.9 0.1 0 (Dark Blue) 0 x (Dark Blue) Pc 1 0.55 1 0 (Forest Green) 0 x (Forest Green) Pc 0.05 0.2 0.95 0 (Gold) 0 x (Gold) Pc 0.75 0.05 1 0 (Grass Green) 0 x (Grass Green) Pc 0 0.45 1 0 (Orange) 0 x (Orange) Pc 0.15 1 1 0 (Red) 0 x (Red) Pc 0.45 0.9 0 0 (Violet) 0 x (Violet) Pc Bb 2 (Black, White) -4014 4716 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg 0 BB (Black, White) Pc Bb 2 (Chrome) -4014 4716 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg 0 BB (Chrome) Pc Bb 2 (Green, Blue) -4014 4716 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg 0 BB (Green, Blue) Pc Bb 2 (Orange, Green, Violet) -4014 4716 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg 0 BB (Orange, Green, Violet) Pc Bb 2 (Pink, Yellow, Green ) -4014 4716 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg 0 BB (Pink, Yellow, Green ) Pc Bb 2 (Purple, Red, Yellow) -4014 4716 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg 0 BB (Purple, Red, Yellow) Pc Bb 2 (Rainbow) -4014 4716 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg 0 BB (Rainbow) Pc Bb 2 (Steel Bar) -4014 4716 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg 0 BB (Steel Bar) Pc Bb 0 0 0 0 Bh 2 (White & Red Radial) -4014 4716 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg 0 BB (White & Red Radial) Pc Bb 0 0 0 0 Bh 2 (Yellow & 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Pc (Laurel.outer) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (Laurel.outer) Pc (Laurel.side) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (Laurel.side) Pc (Leaves-fall) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (Leaves-fall) Pc (Polka dots) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (Polka dots) Pc (Random circles) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (Random circles) Pc (Rope.side) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (Rope.side) Pc (Scales) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (Scales) Pc (SolidStar.side) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (SolidStar.side) Pc (Stars) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (Stars) Pc (Stripes) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (Stripes) Pc (TriBevel.outer) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (TriBevel.outer) Pc (TriBevel.side) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (TriBevel.side) Pc (Waves-scroll) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 [1 0 0 1 0 0] p (Waves-scroll) Pc PB %AI5_EndPalette %%EndSetup %AI5_BeginLayer 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 79 128 255 Lb (\203\214\203C\203\204\201[ 1) Ln 0 A 0 To 1 0.0002 0 1 178.2978 235.6649 0 Tp 0 Tv TP 0 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467.7378 297.1049 m 467.7378 296.8649 L S 467.7378 295.6649 m 467.7378 295.4249 L S 467.7378 294.2249 m 467.7378 293.9849 L S 467.7378 292.7849 m 467.7378 292.5449 L S 467.7378 291.3449 m 467.7378 291.1049 L S 467.7378 289.9049 m 467.7378 289.6649 L S 467.7378 288.4649 m 467.7378 288.2249 L S 467.7378 287.0249 m 467.7378 286.7849 L S 467.7378 285.5849 m 467.7378 285.3449 L S 467.7378 284.1449 m 467.7378 283.9049 L S 467.7378 282.7049 m 467.7378 282.4649 L S 467.7378 281.2649 m 467.7378 281.0249 L S 467.7378 279.8249 m 467.7378 279.5849 L S 467.7378 278.3849 m 467.7378 278.1449 L S 467.7378 276.9449 m 467.7378 276.7049 L S 467.7378 275.5049 m 467.7378 275.3849 L S 524.3778 388.7849 m 524.3778 388.5449 L S 524.3778 387.3449 m 524.3778 387.1049 L S 524.3778 385.9049 m 524.3778 385.6649 L S 524.3778 384.4649 m 524.3778 384.2249 L S 524.3778 383.0249 m 524.3778 382.7849 L S 524.3778 381.5849 m 524.3778 381.3449 L S 524.3778 380.1449 m 524.3778 379.9049 L S 524.3778 378.7049 m 524.3778 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360.4649 L S 105.4578 360.4649 m 105.6978 360.4649 L S 106.8978 360.4649 m 107.1378 360.4649 L S 108.3378 360.4649 m 108.5778 360.4649 L S 109.7778 360.4649 m 110.0178 360.4649 L S 111.2178 360.4649 m 111.4578 360.4649 L S 112.6578 360.4649 m 112.8978 360.4649 L S 114.0978 360.4649 m 114.3378 360.4649 L S 115.5378 360.4649 m 115.7778 360.4649 L S 116.9778 360.4649 m 117.2178 360.4649 L S 118.4178 360.4649 m 118.6578 360.4649 L S 119.8578 360.4649 m 120.0978 360.4649 L S 121.2978 360.4649 m 121.5378 360.4649 L S 122.7378 360.4649 m 122.9778 360.4649 L S 124.1778 360.4649 m 124.4178 360.4649 L S 125.6178 360.4649 m 125.8578 360.4649 L S 127.0578 360.4649 m 127.2978 360.4649 L S 128.4978 360.4649 m 128.7378 360.4649 L S 129.9378 360.4649 m 130.1778 360.4649 L S 131.3778 360.4649 m 131.6178 360.4649 L S 132.8178 360.4649 m 133.0578 360.4649 L S 134.2578 360.4649 m 134.4978 360.4649 L S 135.6978 360.4649 m 135.9378 360.4649 L S 137.1378 360.4649 m 137.3778 360.4649 L S 138.5778 360.4649 m 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360.4649 m 173.3778 360.4649 L S 174.5778 360.4649 m 174.8178 360.4649 L S 176.0178 360.4649 m 176.2578 360.4649 L S 177.4578 360.4649 m 177.6978 360.4649 L S 178.8978 360.4649 m 179.1378 360.4649 L S 180.3378 360.4649 m 180.5778 360.4649 L S 181.7778 360.4649 m 182.0178 360.4649 L S 183.2178 360.4649 m 183.4578 360.4649 L S 0 To 1 0.0002 0 1 45.0978 235.6649 0 Tp 0 Tv TP 0 Tr 0 O 0 0 0 Xa 1 w 4 M 0 XR /_Helvetica-Oblique 23.9338 22.2824 -5.3849 Tf (k) Tx (\r) TX TO 0 To 1 0.0002 0 1 57.0978 235.6649 0 Tp 0 Tv TP 0 Tr /_Helvetica 23.9338 22.2824 -5.3849 Tf (-2) Tx (\r) TX TO 0 To 1 0.0002 0 1 116.0178 235.6649 0 Tp 0 Tv TP 0 Tr /_Helvetica-Oblique 23.9338 22.2824 -5.3849 Tf (k) Tx (\r) TX TO 0 To 1 0.0002 0 1 128.0178 235.6649 0 Tp 0 Tv TP 0 Tr /_Helvetica 23.9338 22.2824 -5.3849 Tf (-1) Tx (\r) TX TO 0 To 1 0.0002 0 1 221.2578 235.6649 0 Tp 0 Tv TP 0 Tr /_Helvetica-Oblique 23.9338 22.2824 -5.3849 Tf (k) Tx (\r) TX TO 0 To 1 0.0002 0 1 233.2578 235.6649 0 Tp 0 Tv TP 0 Tr /_Helvetica 23.9338 22.2824 -5.3849 Tf (+1) Tx (\r) TX TO 0 To 1 0.0002 0 1 445.8978 405.7049 0 Tp 0 Tv TP 0 Tr (1/2) Tx (\r) TX TO 0 To 1 0.0002 0 1 477.2178 363.2249 0 Tp 0 Tv TP 0 Tr (+1) Tx (\r) TX TO 0 To 1 0.0002 0 1 533.9778 391.5449 0 Tp 0 Tv TP 0 Tr (+1) Tx (\r) TX TO LB %AI5_EndLayer-- %%PageTrailer gsave annotatepage grestore showpage %%Trailer Adobe_Illustrator_AI5 /terminate get exec Adobe_ColorImage_AI6 /terminate get exec Adobe_typography_AI5 /terminate get exec Adobe_cshow /terminate get exec Adobe_level2_AI5 /terminate get exec %%EOF %%EndDocument @endspecial Fm 1160 1512 a(Fig.) p 1323 1512 a(3.) p Fp 1418 1512 a(Relationship) p 1863 1512 a(b) r(et) n(w) n(een) p 2159 1512 a(slot) p 2305 1512 a(and) p 2454 1512 a(sequence.) p Fs 523 1870 a(is) p 612 1870 a(a) p 687 1870 a(series) p 916 1870 a(of) p 1016 1870 a(adjacen) n(t) p 1354 1870 a(slots) p 1550 1870 a(in) p 1652 1870 a(whic) n(h) p 1896 1870 a(all) p 2017 1870 a(pac) n(k) n(ets) p 2316 1870 a(from) p 2518 1870 a(a) p 2593 1870 a(source) p 2853 1870 a(host) p 3039 1870 a(ha) n(v) n(e) p 3237 1870 a(b) r(een) 523 1970 y(unmark) n(ed) p 917 1970 a(b) n(y) p 1038 1970 a(the) p 1187 1970 a(RED) p 1402 1970 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1728 1970 a(\(Fig.) p 1936 1970 a(3\).) p 2067 1970 a(W) p 2145 1970 a(e) p 2216 1970 a(then) p 2411 1970 a(treat) p 2620 1970 a(the) p 2769 1970 a(en) n(tire) p 3008 1970 a(net) n(w) n(ork) p 3331 1970 a(as) 523 2070 y(a) p 596 2070 a(discrete-time) p 1093 2070 a(system) p 1372 2070 a(where) p 1615 2070 a(a) p 1688 2070 a(time) p 1880 2070 a(slot) p 2041 2070 a(corresp) r(onds) p 2500 2070 a(to) p 2605 2070 a(a) p 2678 2070 a(sequence,) p 3048 2070 a(instead) p 3338 2070 a(of) 523 2169 y(a) p 594 2169 a(slot.) p 775 2169 a(Let) p 925 2124 39 4 v Fk 925 2169 a(s) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1042 2169 a(\)) p 1104 2169 a(b) r(e) p 1218 2169 a(the) p 1362 2169 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 1661 2169 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 1965 2169 a(of) p 2061 2169 a(slots) p 2252 2169 a(that) p 2434 2169 a(consists) 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a(\000) p Fs 2472 2629 a(1) p 1948 2666 566 4 v 2210 2742 a(2) 3299 2685 y(\(3\)) 523 2882 y(Note) p 737 2882 a(that) p Fk 929 2882 a(w) p Fs 990 2882 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1068 2882 a(\)) p 1142 2882 a(represen) n(ts) p 1546 2882 a(the) p 1702 2882 a(exp) r(ected) p 2060 2882 a(v) p 2099 2882 a(alue) p 2288 2882 a(of) p 2395 2882 a(the) p Fc 2551 2882 a(minimum) p Fs 2937 2882 a(windo) n(w) p 3252 2882 a(size.) 523 2981 y(Similarly) p 842 2981 a(,) p 885 2981 a(the) p 1020 2981 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 1310 2981 a(state) p 1506 2981 a(transition) p 1877 2981 a(equations) p 2241 2981 a(from) p Fk 2430 2981 a(q) p Fs 2470 2981 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2548 2981 a(\)) p 2600 2981 a(to) p Fk 2694 2981 a(q) p Fs 2734 2981 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2815 2981 a(+) p 2883 2936 39 4 v Fk 2883 2981 a(s) p Fj 2922 2993 a(k) p Fs 2963 2981 a(\)) p 3015 2981 a(is) p 3091 2981 a(obtained) 523 3081 y(from) p 719 3081 a(Eq.) p 870 3081 a(\(2\)) p 1004 3081 a(as) p Fk 1170 3250 a(q) p Fs 1210 3250 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1306 3250 a(+) p 1390 3204 V Fk 1390 3250 a(s) p Fs 1428 3250 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1506 3250 a(\)\)) p 1594 3250 a(=) p Fk 1682 3250 a(n) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1829 3250 a(+) p 1912 3204 V Fk 1912 3250 a(s) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2029 3250 a(\)\)) p Fk 2107 3250 a(w) p Fs 2168 3250 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2265 3250 a(+) p 2348 3204 V Fk 2348 3250 a(s) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2465 3250 a(\)\)) p Fe 2548 3250 a(\000) p Fk 2631 3250 a(B) p 2712 3250 a(\034) p Fs 3299 3250 a(\(4\)) 523 3419 y(The) p 694 3419 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 991 3419 a(state) p 1195 3419 a(transition) p 1574 3419 a(equation) p 1913 3419 a(from) p 2109 3373 41 4 v Fk 2109 3419 a(q) p Fs 2149 3419 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2227 3419 a(\)) p 2287 3419 a(to) p 2389 3373 V Fk 2389 3419 a(q) p Fs 2429 3419 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2525 3419 a(+) p 2608 3373 39 4 v Fk 2608 3419 a(s) p Fj 2647 3431 a(k) p Fs 2688 3419 a(\)) p 2748 3419 a(is) p 2831 3419 a(obtained) p 3173 3419 a(as) p 944 3562 41 4 v Fk 944 3607 a(q) p Fs 984 3607 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1080 3607 a(+) p 1163 3562 39 4 v Fk 1163 3607 a(s) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1280 3607 a(\)\)) p Fe 1368 3607 a(') p Fs 1456 3607 a(\(1) p Fe 1548 3607 a(\000) p Fk 1631 3607 a(q) p Fj 1668 3619 a(w) p Fs 1722 3607 a(\)) p 1754 3524 59 4 v Fj 1754 3573 a(X) p Fr 1813 3573 a(\() p Fj(k) p Fr 1875 3573 a(\)) p 1906 3562 41 4 v Fk 1906 3607 a(q) p Fs 1946 3607 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2024 3607 a(\)) p 2075 3607 a(+) p Fe 2158 3607 a(f) p Fs(1) p Fe 2259 3607 a(\000) p Fs 2342 3607 a(\(1) p Fe 2435 3607 a(\000) p Fk 2518 3607 a(q) p Fj 2555 3619 a(w) p Fs 2608 3607 a(\)) p 2640 3524 59 4 v Fj 2640 3573 a(X) p Fr 2700 3573 a(\() p Fj(k) p Fr 2762 3573 a(\)) p Fe 2792 3607 a(g) p Fk(q) p Fs 2874 3607 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2952 3607 a(\)) p 3299 3607 a(\(5\)) 523 3776 y(Av) n(erage) p 848 3776 a(state) p 1055 3776 a(transition) p 1438 3776 a(equations) p 1813 3776 a(giv) n(en) p 2034 3776 a(b) n(y) p 2153 3776 a(Eqs.) p 2340 3776 a(\(3\),) p 2501 3776 a(\(4\),) p 2662 3776 a(and) p 2827 3776 a(\(5\)) p 2965 3776 a(describ) r(e) p 3290 3776 a(the) 523 3876 y(a) n(v) n(erage) p 826 3876 a(b) r(eha) n(viors) p 1203 3876 a(of) p 1303 3876 a(the) p 1452 3876 a(windo) n(w) p 1759 3876 a(size,) p 1945 3876 a(the) p 2093 3876 a(curren) n(t) p 2387 3876 a(queue) p 2630 3876 a(length,) p 2912 3876 a(and) p 3079 3876 a(the) p 3227 3876 a(a) n(v) n(er-) 523 3976 y(age) p 679 3976 a(queue) p 924 3976 a(length,) p 1209 3976 a(resp) r(ectiv) n(ely) p 1628 3976 a(.) p 1686 3976 a(An) p Fc 1831 3976 a(aver) l(age) p 2136 3976 a(e) l(quilibrium) p 2573 3976 a(value) p Fs 2794 3976 a(is) p 2885 3976 a(de\014ned) p 3180 3976 a(as) p 3290 3976 a(the) 523 4075 y(exp) r(ected) p 875 4075 a(v) p 914 4075 a(alue) p 1095 4075 a(in) p 1197 4075 a(steady) p 1464 4075 a(state.) p 1696 4075 a(Let) p Fk 1851 4075 a(w) p Fd 1912 4045 a(\003) p Fs 1950 4075 a(,) p Fk 2007 4075 a(q) p Fd 2047 4045 a(\003) p Fs 2085 4075 a(,) p 2141 4029 41 4 v Fk 2141 4075 a(q) p Fd 2181 4043 a(\003) p Fs 2220 4075 a(,) p 2276 4075 a(and) p Fk 2443 4075 a(n) p Fd 2493 4045 a(\003) p Fs 2564 4075 a(b) r(e) p 2683 4075 a(the) p 2832 4075 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 3135 4075 a(equilib-) 523 4175 y(rium) p 720 4175 a(v) p 759 4175 a(alues) p 966 4175 a(of) p 1059 4175 a(the) p 1200 4175 a(windo) n(w) p 1500 4175 a(size) p Fk 1656 4175 a(w) p Fs 1717 4175 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1795 4175 a(\),) p 1877 4175 a(the) p 2019 4175 a(curren) n(t) p 2306 4175 a(queue) p 2542 4175 a(length) p Fk 2794 4175 a(q) p Fs 2834 4175 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2912 4175 a(\),) p 2993 4175 a(the) p 3135 4175 a(a) n(v) n(erage) 523 4274 y(queue) p 767 4274 a(length) p 1028 4229 V Fk 1028 4274 a(q) p Fs 1068 4274 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1146 4274 a(\),) p 1236 4274 a(and) p 1404 4274 a(the) p 1554 4274 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 1859 4274 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 2168 4274 a(of) p 2269 4274 a(TCP) p 2480 4274 a(connections) p Fk 2935 4274 a(n) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 3063 4274 a(\),) p 3153 4274 a(resp) r(ec-) 523 4374 y(tiv) n(ely) p 717 4374 a(.) p 775 4374 a(Let) p 931 4374 a(us) p 1046 4374 a(in) n(tro) r(duce) p Fk 1422 4374 a(\016) p Fg 1462 4374 a(x) p Fs 1513 4374 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1591 4374 a(\)) p 1658 4374 a(as) p 1768 4374 a(the) p 1918 4374 a(di\013erence) p 2298 4374 a(b) r(et) n(w) n(een) p 2626 4374 a(the) p 2776 4374 a(state) p 2987 4374 a(v) n(ector) p Fg 3244 4374 a(x) p Fs 3295 4374 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 3373 4374 a(\)) 523 4474 y(and) p 684 4474 a(the) p 827 4474 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 1125 4474 a(equilibrium) p 1566 4474 a(p) r(oin) n(t.) p Fk 1554 4787 a(\016) p Fg 1594 4787 a(x) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1722 4787 a(\)) p Fe 1778 4787 a(\021) p Ff 1866 4571 a(2) 1866 4717 y(6) 1866 4767 y(6) 1866 4820 y(4) p Fk 1933 4637 a(w) p Fs 1994 4637 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2072 4637 a(\)) p Fe 2124 4637 a(\000) p Fk 2207 4637 a(w) p Fd 2268 4607 a(\003) p Fk 1955 4737 a(q) p Fs 1995 4737 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2073 4737 a(\)) p Fe 2124 4737 a(\000) p Fk 2207 4737 a(q) p Fd 2247 4707 a(\003) p 1955 4791 V Fk 1955 4836 a(q) p Fs 1995 4836 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2073 4836 a(\)) p Fe 2124 4836 a(\000) p 2207 4791 V Fk 2207 4836 a(q) p Fd 2247 4805 a(\003) p Fk 1945 4936 a(n) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2073 4936 a(\)) p Fe 2124 4936 a(\000) p Fk 2207 4936 a(n) p Fd 2257 4906 a(\003) p Ff 2318 4571 a(3) 2318 4717 y(7) 2318 4767 y(7) 2318 4820 y(5) p 90 rotate dyy eop %%Page: 6 6 6 5 bop Fs 523 448 a(By) p 651 448 a(lineally) p 938 448 a(appro) n(ximating) p Fk 1490 448 a(w) p Fs 1551 448 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1629 448 a(\),) p Fk 1711 448 a(q) p Fs 1751 448 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1829 448 a(\),) p 1910 403 41 4 v Fk 1910 448 a(q) p Fs 1950 448 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2028 448 a(\),) p 2109 448 a(and) p Fk 2269 448 a(n) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2397 448 a(\)) p 2455 448 a(around) p 2735 448 a(their) p 2931 448 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 3227 448 a(equi-) 523 548 y(librium) p 814 548 a(v) p 853 548 a(alues,) p Fk 1084 548 a(\016) p Fg 1124 548 a(x) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1271 548 a(+) p 1354 502 39 4 v Fk 1354 548 a(s) p Fs(\)) p 1453 548 a(can) p 1605 548 a(b) r(e) p 1718 548 a(written) p 2009 548 a(as) p Fk 1546 733 a(\016) p Fg 1586 733 a(x) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1733 733 a(+) p 1816 687 V Fk 1816 733 a(s) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1933 733 a(\)\)) p Fe 2021 733 a(') p Fg 2109 733 a(A) p Fk(\016) p Fg 2221 733 a(x) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2349 733 a(\)) p 3299 733 a(\(6\)) 523 918 y(where) p Fg 763 918 a(A) p Fs 863 918 a(is) p 946 918 a(a) p 1016 918 a(state) p 1219 918 a(transition) p 1598 918 a(matrix.) p Fl 523 1179 a(5) p 691 1179 a(Analysis) p 1140 1179 a(of) p 1267 1179 a(T) p 1336 1179 a(ransien) m(t) p 1765 1179 a(Beha) m(vior) p Fg 523 1375 a(5.1) p 741 1375 a(T) m(yp) s(es) p 1024 1375 a(of) p 1132 1375 a(TCP) p 1365 1375 a(Connections) p 1908 1375 a(V) p 1972 1375 a(ariation) p Fs 523 1547 a(W) p 601 1547 a(e) p 665 1547 a(assume) p 951 1547 a(that) p Fk 1130 1547 a(N) p Fs 1232 1547 a(TCP) p 1435 1547 a(connections) p 1882 1547 a(exist) p 2078 1547 a(in) p 2174 1547 a(steady) p 2434 1547 a(state.) p 2659 1547 a(W) p 2737 1547 a(e) p 2801 1547 a(also) p 2967 1547 a(assume) p 3253 1547 a(that) 523 1647 y(all) p 642 1647 a(TCP) p 850 1647 a(connections) p 1302 1647 a(are) p 1444 1647 a(in) p 1545 1647 a(the) p 1692 1647 a(congestion) p 2102 1647 a(a) n(v) n(oidance) p 2486 1647 a(phase.) p 2744 1647 a(In) p 2852 1647 a(this) p 3018 1647 a(case,) p 3220 1647 a(there) 523 1746 y(are) p 662 1746 a(four) p 835 1746 a(t) n(yp) r(es) p 1054 1746 a(of) p 1149 1746 a(c) n(hanges) p 1456 1746 a(in) p 1553 1746 a(the) p 1696 1746 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 1998 1746 a(of) p 2093 1746 a(TCP) p 2297 1746 a(connections.) 648 1847 y(The) p 810 1847 a(\014rst) p 974 1847 a(case) p 1142 1847 a(is) p 1217 1847 a(that) p Fk 1389 1847 a(\001N) p Fs 1554 1847 a(\() p Fk(\001N) p 1754 1847 a(<) p 1842 1847 a(N) p Fs 1918 1847 a(\)) p 1970 1847 a(TCP) p 2166 1847 a(connections) p 2606 1847 a(of) p Fk 2693 1847 a(N) p Fs 2789 1847 a(TCP) p 2985 1847 a(connections) 523 1947 y(end) p 682 1947 a(their) p 883 1947 a(data) p 1075 1947 a(transmissions) p 1591 1947 a(\(C1\).) p 1810 1947 a(In) p 1916 1947 a(this) p 2081 1947 a(case,) p Fk 2282 1947 a(N) p Fe 2378 1947 a(\000) p Fk 2462 1947 a(\001N) p Fs 2637 1947 a(TCP) p 2844 1947 a(connections) p 3294 1947 a(are) 523 2047 y(in) p 628 2047 a(the) p 778 2047 a(congestion) p 1192 2047 a(a) n(v) n(oidance) p 1580 2047 a(phase) p 1819 2047 a(and) p 1988 2047 a(will) p 2153 2047 a(reac) n(h) p 2379 2047 a(the) p 2530 2047 a(steady) p 2799 2047 a(state) p 3010 2047 a(again.) p 3262 2047 a(The) 523 2146 y(second) p 792 2146 a(and) p 954 2146 a(the) p 1098 2146 a(third) p 1307 2146 a(cases) p 1516 2146 a(\(C2) p 1678 2146 a(and) p 1841 2146 a(C3\)) p 2003 2146 a(are) p 2143 2146 a(that) p Fk 2323 2146 a(\001N) p Fs 2497 2146 a(TCP) p 2702 2146 a(connections) p 3151 2146 a(resume) 523 2246 y(their) p 715 2246 a(data) p 898 2246 a(transmissions) p 1406 2246 a(after) p 1597 2246 a(an) p 1706 2246 a(idle) p 1856 2246 a(p) r(erio) r(d.) p 2132 2246 a(In) p 2230 2246 a(these) p 2436 2246 a(cases,) p 2662 2246 a(the) p 2798 2246 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 3132 2246 a(of) p 3220 2246 a(these) p Fk 523 2345 a(\001N) p Fs 698 2345 a(TCP) p 905 2345 a(connections) p 1355 2345 a(dep) r(ends) p 1679 2345 a(on) p 1797 2345 a(the) p 1943 2345 a(length) p 2199 2345 a(of) p 2296 2345 a(the) p 2442 2345 a(idle) p 2601 2345 a(p) r(erio) r(d.) p 2885 2345 a(When) p 3130 2345 a(the) p 3276 2345 a(idle) 523 2445 y(p) r(erio) r(d) p 781 2445 a(is) p 863 2445 a(short) p 1075 2445 a(\(C2\),) p Fk 1291 2445 a(\001N) p Fs 1462 2445 a(TCP) p 1665 2445 a(connections) p 2112 2445 a(op) r(erate) p 2409 2445 a(in) p 2505 2445 a(the) p 2647 2445 a(congestion) p 3052 2445 a(a) n(v) n(oidance) 523 2545 y(phase) p 762 2545 a(with) p 958 2545 a(using) p 1183 2545 a(their) p 1389 2545 a(previous) p 1727 2545 a(windo) n(w) p 2036 2545 a(sizes.) p 2257 2545 a(In) p 2368 2545 a(this) p 2537 2545 a(case,) p 2744 2545 a(there) p 2963 2545 a(exist) p 3167 2545 a(totally) p Fk 523 2644 a(N) p Fs 617 2644 a(+) p Fk 700 2644 a(\001N) p Fs 873 2644 a(TCP) p 1077 2644 a(connections) p 1525 2644 a(in) p 1622 2644 a(the) p 1765 2644 a(congestion) p 2171 2644 a(a) n(v) n(oidance) p 2552 2644 a(phase.) 648 2745 y(On) p 785 2745 a(the) p 928 2745 a(other) p 1144 2745 a(hand,) p 1375 2745 a(when) p 1591 2745 a(the) p 1733 2745 a(idle) p 1890 2745 a(p) r(erio) r(d) p 2148 2745 a(is) p 2231 2745 a(long) p 2410 2745 a(\(in) p 2539 2745 a(general,) p 2848 2745 a(longer) p 3096 2745 a(than) p 3290 2745 a(the) 523 2845 y(TCP's) p 791 2845 a(retransmission) p 1350 2845 a(timer\)) p 1613 2845 a(\(C3\),) p Fk 1838 2845 a(\001N) p Fs 2019 2845 a(TCP) p 2231 2845 a(connections) p 2687 2845 a(op) r(erate) p 2993 2845 a(in) p 3099 2845 a(the) p 3250 2845 a(slo) n(w) 523 2944 y(start) p 724 2944 a(phase) p 958 2944 a(with) p 1149 2944 a(the) p 1295 2944 a(initial) p 1537 2944 a(windo) n(w) p 1841 2944 a(size.) p 2024 2944 a(Moreo) n(v) n(er,) p 2414 2944 a(the) p 2560 2944 a(fourth) p 2814 2944 a(case) p 2992 2944 a(is) p 3078 2944 a(that) p Fk 3260 2944 a(\001N) p Fs 523 3044 a(TCP) p 724 3044 a(connections) p 1169 3044 a(newly) p 1403 3044 a(start) p 1599 3044 a(their) p 1794 3044 a(data) p 1980 3044 a(transmissions) p 2491 3044 a(\(C4\).) p 2705 3044 a(In) p 2805 3044 a(this) p 2964 3044 a(case,) p 3160 3044 a(similar) 523 3144 y(to) p 630 3144 a(the) p 779 3144 a(third) p 992 3144 a(case,) p 1197 3144 a(there) p 1415 3144 a(exist) p Fk 1617 3144 a(N) p Fs 1726 3144 a(TCP) p 1936 3144 a(connections) p 2389 3144 a(in) p 2491 3144 a(the) p 2640 3144 a(congestion) p 3052 3144 a(a) n(v) n(oidance) 523 3243 y(phase) p 767 3243 a(and) p Fk 942 3243 a(\001N) p Fs 1128 3243 a(TCP) p 1345 3243 a(connections) p 1807 3243 a(in) p 1917 3243 a(the) p 2073 3243 a(slo) n(w) p 2269 3243 a(start) p 2481 3243 a(phase.) p 2749 3243 a(In) p 2866 3243 a(this) p 3041 3243 a(pap) r(er,) p 3310 3243 a(w) n(e) 523 3343 y(analyze) p 827 3343 a(the) p 977 3343 a(transien) n(t) p 1333 3343 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 1679 3343 a(of) p 1780 3343 a(the) p 1930 3343 a(RED) p 2146 3343 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 2473 3343 a(in) p 2577 3343 a(eac) n(h) p 2770 3343 a(case.) p 2976 3343 a(W) p 3054 3343 a(e) p 3126 3343 a(use) p 3276 3343 a(t) n(w) n(o) 523 3442 y(di\013eren) n(t) p 846 3442 a(approac) n(hes) p 1269 3442 a(for) p 1391 3442 a(the) p 1529 3442 a(cases) p 1733 3442 a(that) p 1909 3442 a(all) p 2019 3442 a(TCP) p 2219 3442 a(connections) p 2662 3442 a(are) p 2796 3442 a(in) p 2888 3442 a(the) p 3026 3442 a(congestion) 523 3542 y(a) n(v) n(oidance) p 903 3542 a(phase) p 1134 3542 a(\(C1) p 1295 3542 a(and) p 1456 3542 a(C2\)) p 1617 3542 a(and) p 1778 3542 a(for) p 1905 3542 a(the) p 2047 3542 a(cases) p 2256 3542 a(that) p 2435 3542 a(some) p 2643 3542 a(TCP) p 2847 3542 a(connections) p 3294 3542 a(are) 523 3642 y(in) p 620 3642 a(the) p 763 3642 a(slo) n(w) p 946 3642 a(start) p 1145 3642 a(phase) p 1376 3642 a(\(C3) p 1537 3642 a(and) p 1698 3642 a(C4\).) p Fg 523 3888 a(5.2) p 741 3888 a(Cases) p 1007 3888 a(C1) p 1155 3888 a(and) p 1340 3888 a(C2:) p 1515 3888 a(Congestion) p 2010 3888 a(Av) m(oidance) p 2474 3888 a(Phase) p 2752 3888 a(Only) p Fs 523 4060 a(W) p 601 4060 a(e) p 664 4060 a(consider) p 986 4060 a(the) p 1127 4060 a(cases) p 1334 4060 a(that) p 1512 4060 a(all) p 1626 4060 a(TCP) p 1828 4060 a(connections) p 2274 4060 a(are) p 2411 4060 a(in) p 2506 4060 a(the) p 2647 4060 a(congestion) p 3052 4060 a(a) n(v) n(oidance) 523 4159 y(phase) p 752 4159 a(\(C1) p 911 4159 a(or) p 1011 4159 a(C2\).) p 1194 4159 a(Let) p Fk 1340 4159 a(u) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1466 4159 a(\)) p 1524 4159 a(\() p Fe(\021) p Fk 1646 4159 a(n) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1774 4159 a(\)) p Fe 1832 4159 a(\000) p Fk 1922 4159 a(n) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fe 2065 4159 a(\000) p Fs 2144 4159 a(1\)\)) p 2275 4159 a(b) r(e) p 2386 4159 a(the) p 2527 4159 a(di\013erence) p 2897 4159 a(of) p 2989 4159 a(the) p 3130 4159 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) 523 4259 y(of) p 617 4259 a(TCP) p 820 4259 a(connections) p 1267 4259 a(from) p 1463 4259 a(slot) p Fk 1619 4259 a(k) p Fe 1682 4259 a(\000) p Fs 1763 4259 a(1) p 1832 4259 a(to) p 1932 4259 a(slot) p Fk 2089 4259 a(k) p Fs 2135 4259 a(.) p 2185 4259 a(F) p 2232 4259 a(or) p 2333 4259 a(instance,) p 2678 4259 a(when) p 2894 4259 a(the) p 3037 4259 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 3338 4259 a(of) 523 4359 y(TCP) p 727 4359 a(connections) p 1175 4359 a(is) p 1258 4359 a(increased) p 1619 4359 a(b) n(y) p Fk 1734 4359 a(\001N) p Fs 1907 4359 a(at) p 2008 4359 a(slot) p Fk 2166 4359 a(i) p Fs(,) p Fk 2245 4359 a(u) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2371 4359 a(\)) p 2431 4359 a(is) p 2514 4359 a(giv) n(en) p 2731 4359 a(b) n(y) p Fk 1527 4593 a(u) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1653 4593 a(\)) p 1708 4593 a(=) p Ff 1796 4476 a(\032) p Fk 1870 4543 a(\001N) p Fs 2038 4543 a(if) p Fk 2114 4543 a(k) p Fs 2183 4543 a(=) p Fk 2270 4543 a(i) p Fs 1870 4642 a(0) p 2038 4642 a(otherwise) 648 4825 y(W) p 726 4825 a(e) p 793 4825 a(analyze) p 1092 4825 a(the) p 1237 4825 a(e\013ect) p 1458 4825 a(of) p 1555 4825 a(the) p 1700 4825 a(TCP) p 1906 4825 a(connections) p 2356 4825 a(v) p 2395 4825 a(ariation) p 2706 4825 a(on) p 2824 4825 a(the) p 2969 4825 a(dynamics) p 3338 4825 a(of) 523 4924 y(the) p 660 4924 a(curren) n(t) p 943 4924 a(queue) p 1175 4924 a(length) p 1423 4924 a(of) p 1512 4924 a(the) p 1650 4924 a(RED) p 1853 4924 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 2141 4924 a(.) p 2184 4924 a(The) p 2349 4924 a(main) p 2550 4924 a(idea) p 2720 4924 a(is) p 2798 4924 a(to) p 2894 4924 a(treat) p 3091 4924 a(the) p 3229 4924 a(TCP) p 90 rotate dyy eop %%Page: 7 7 7 6 bop Fs 523 448 a(connections) p 969 448 a(v) p 1008 448 a(ariation,) p Fk 1339 448 a(u) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1465 448 a(\),) p 1547 448 a(and) p 1707 448 a(the) p 1848 448 a(curren) n(t) p 2135 448 a(queue) p 2371 448 a(length,) p Fk 2647 448 a(q) p Fs 2687 448 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2765 448 a(\),) p 2846 448 a(as) p 2947 448 a(the) p 3088 448 a(input) p 3308 448 a(to,) 523 548 y(and) p 682 548 a(the) p 823 548 a(output) p 1092 548 a(from) p 1286 548 a(the) p 1427 548 a(system) p 1699 548 a(form) n(ulated) p 2117 548 a(b) n(y) p 2230 548 a(Eq.) p 2378 548 a(\(6\),) p 2533 548 a(resp) r(ectiv) n(ely) p 2952 548 a(.) p 2999 548 a(Namely) p 3269 548 a(,) p 3317 548 a(b) n(y) 523 648 y(adding) p 795 648 a(b) r(oth) p 991 648 a(the) p 1134 648 a(input) p Fk 1356 648 a(u) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1482 648 a(\)) p 1541 648 a(and) p 1703 648 a(the) p 1846 648 a(output) p Fk 2118 648 a(q) p Fs 2158 648 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2236 648 a(\)) p 2296 648 a(to) p 2397 648 a(Eq.) p 2548 648 a(\(6\),) p 2705 648 a(w) n(e) p 2827 648 a(ha) n(v) n(e) p Fk 1382 827 a(\016) p Fg 1422 827 a(x) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1569 827 a(+) p 1652 781 39 4 v Fk 1652 827 a(s) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1769 827 a(\)\)) p 1857 827 a(=) p Fg 1945 827 a(A) p Fk(\016) p Fg 2057 827 a(x) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2185 827 a(\)) p 2237 827 a(+) p Fg 2320 827 a(B) p Fk(u) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2514 827 a(\)) p Fk 1684 951 a(q) p Fs 1724 951 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1802 951 a(\)) p 1857 951 a(=) p Fg 1945 951 a(C) p Fk(\016) p Fg 2054 951 a(x) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2182 951 a(\)) 523 1131 y(where) p Fg 763 1131 a(B) p Fs 859 1131 a(and) p Fg 1020 1131 a(C) p Fs 1117 1131 a(are) p 1255 1131 a(de\014ned) p 1541 1131 a(b) n(y) p 1657 1131 a(the) p 1800 1131 a(follo) n(wing) p 2150 1131 a(equations.) p Fg 1674 1310 a(B) p Fs 1765 1310 a(=) p 1853 1310 a([) p 1903 1310 a(0) p 1972 1310 a(0) p 2042 1310 a(0) p 2111 1310 a(1) p 2180 1310 a(]) p Fj 2203 1276 a(T) p Fg 1673 1435 a(C) p Fs 1765 1435 a(=) p 1853 1435 a([) p 1903 1435 a(0) p 1972 1435 a(1) p 2042 1435 a(0) p 2111 1435 a(0) p 2180 1435 a(]) 523 1614 y(Namely) p 793 1614 a(,) p 844 1614 a(the) p 988 1614 a(v) p 1027 1614 a(ariation) p 1337 1614 a(of) p 1432 1614 a(the) p 1575 1614 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 1878 1614 a(of) p 1973 1614 a(TCP) p 2178 1614 a(connections,) p Fk 2649 1614 a(u) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2775 1614 a(\),) p 2859 1614 a(is) p 2943 1614 a(added) p 3188 1614 a(to) p 3290 1614 a(the) 523 1714 y(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 829 1714 a(of) p 928 1714 a(activ) n(e) p 1172 1714 a(TCP) p 1380 1714 a(connections,) p Fk 1855 1714 a(n) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1983 1714 a(\),) p 2070 1714 a(b) n(y) p Fg 2189 1714 a(B) p Fs(.) p 2312 1714 a(And) p 2498 1714 a(the) p 2645 1714 a(curren) n(t) p 2937 1714 a(queue) p 3179 1714 a(length) 523 1813 y(of) p 618 1813 a(the) p 761 1813 a(RED) p 969 1813 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1257 1813 a(,) p Fk 1306 1813 a(q) p Fs 1346 1813 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1424 1813 a(\),) p 1507 1813 a(is) p 1591 1813 a(extracted) p 1958 1813 a(from) p 2154 1813 a(the) p 2297 1813 a(state) p 2500 1813 a(v) n(ector) p 2750 1813 a(b) n(y) p Fg 2865 1813 a(C) p Fs(.) 648 1913 y(Using) p 893 1913 a(suc) n(h) p 1092 1913 a(a) p 1173 1913 a(SISO) p 1399 1913 a(\(Single-Input) p 1915 1913 a(Single-Output\)) p 2499 1913 a(mo) r(del) p 2758 1913 a(giv) n(en) p 2986 1913 a(b) n(y) p 3113 1913 a(Eq.) p 3276 1913 a(\(7\),) 523 2012 y(the) p 667 2012 a(dynamics) p 1035 2012 a(of) p 1130 2012 a(the) p 1274 2012 a(curren) n(t) p 1563 2012 a(queue) p 1802 2012 a(length) p 2056 2012 a(of) p 2152 2012 a(the) p 2295 2012 a(RED) p 2505 2012 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 2826 2012 a(can) p 2979 2012 a(b) r(e) p 3093 2012 a(precisely) 523 2112 y(analyzed.) p 898 2112 a(F) p 945 2112 a(or) p 1056 2112 a(example,) p 1413 2112 a(the) p 1565 2112 a(ev) n(olution) p 1933 2112 a(of) p 2037 2112 a(the) p 2188 2112 a(curren) n(t) p 2486 2112 a(queue) p 2732 2112 a(length,) p Fk 3018 2112 a(q) p Fs 3058 2112 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 3136 2112 a(\),) p 3228 2112 a(for) p 3363 2112 a(a) 523 2212 y(giv) n(en) p 740 2212 a(TCP) p 944 2212 a(connections) p 1392 2212 a(v) p 1431 2212 a(ariation,) p Fk 1763 2212 a(u) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1889 2212 a(\),) p 1972 2212 a(can) p 2124 2212 a(b) r(e) p 2237 2212 a(calculated) p 2629 2212 a(b) n(y) p Fk 1524 2473 a(q) p Fs 1564 2473 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1642 2473 a(\)) p 1697 2473 a(=) p Fj 1827 2369 a(k) p Ff 1785 2394 a(X) p Fj 1791 2571 a(i) p Fr(=0) p Fk 1919 2473 a(u) p Fs(\() p Fk(i) p Fs(\)) p Fk 2074 2473 a(\016) p Fg 2114 2473 a(x) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fe 2260 2473 a(\000) p Fk 2343 2473 a(i) p Fs(\)) p 3299 2473 a(\(7\)) 523 2725 y(The) p 691 2725 a(great) p 900 2725 a(adv) p 1027 2725 a(an) n(tage) p 1289 2725 a(of) p 1381 2725 a(this) p 1540 2725 a(approac) n(h) p 1894 2725 a(is) p 1975 2725 a(that) p 2152 2725 a(v) p 2191 2725 a(arious) p 2433 2725 a(analytic) p 2746 2725 a(tec) n(hniques) p 3149 2725 a(used) p 3336 2725 a(in) 523 2824 y(the) p 668 2824 a(con) n(trol) p 950 2824 a(theory) p 1213 2824 a(can) p 1367 2824 a(b) r(e) p 1482 2824 a(directly) p 1787 2824 a(applied.) p 2102 2824 a(F) p 2149 2824 a(or) p 2254 2824 a(example,) p 2604 2824 a(if) p 2682 2824 a(the) p 2827 2824 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 3132 2824 a(of) p 3229 2824 a(TCP) 523 2924 y(connections) p 974 2924 a(is) p 1062 2924 a(increased) p 1426 2924 a(b) n(y) p Fk 1544 2924 a(\001N) p Fs 1721 2924 a(at) p 1826 2924 a(slot) p Fk 1987 2924 a(k) p Fs 2033 2924 a(,) p 2087 2924 a(the) p 2233 2924 a(input) p Fk 2458 2924 a(u) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2584 2924 a(\)) p 2647 2924 a(b) r(ecomes) p 2981 2924 a(the) p 3128 2924 a(impulse) 523 3024 y(function) p 847 3024 a([10].) p 1025 3024 a(Therefore,) p 1424 3024 a(it) p 1505 3024 a(is) p 1587 3024 a(easy) p 1769 3024 a(to) p 1869 3024 a(analyze) p 2165 3024 a(the) p 2307 3024 a(dynamics) p 2673 3024 a(of) p 2766 3024 a(the) p 2908 3024 a(curren) n(t) p 3195 3024 a(queue) 523 3123 y(length,) p Fk 798 3123 a(q) p Fs 838 3123 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 916 3123 a(\),) p 998 3123 a(b) n(y) p 1112 3123 a(in) n(v) n (estigating) p 1597 3123 a(the) p 1739 3123 a(impulse) p 2042 3123 a(resp) r(onse) p 2376 3123 a(of) p 2469 3123 a(the) p 2610 3123 a(system.) p 2907 3123 a(W) p 2985 3123 a(e) p 3049 3123 a(can) p 3199 3123 a(in) n(v) n(es-) 523 3223 y(tigate) p 762 3223 a(the) p 910 3223 a(dynamics) p 1281 3223 a(of) p 1380 3223 a(the) p 1527 3223 a(curren) n(t) p 1820 3223 a(queue) p 2061 3223 a(length) p 2319 3223 a(not) p 2471 3223 a(only) p 2657 3223 a(for) p 2789 3223 a(an) p 2908 3223 a(instan) n(taneous) 523 3323 y(TCP) p 724 3323 a(connections) p 1169 3323 a(v) p 1208 3323 a(ariation) p 1515 3323 a(but) p 1664 3323 a(also) p 1828 3323 a(for) p 1952 3323 a(an) p 2064 3323 a(arbitrary) p 2415 3323 a(TCP) p 2616 3323 a(connections) p 3061 3323 a(v) p 3100 3323 a(ariation.) p Fg 523 3560 a(5.3) p 741 3560 a(Cases) p 1007 3560 a(C3) p 1156 3560 a(and) p 1341 3560 a(C4:) p 1517 3560 a(Congestion) p 2012 3560 a(Av) m(oidance) p 2478 3560 a(Phase) p 2756 3560 a(and) p 2941 3560 a(Slo) m(w) p 3167 3560 a(Start) 741 3651 y(Phase) p Fs 523 3814 a(W) p 601 3814 a(e) p 663 3814 a(next) p 847 3814 a(fo) r(cus) p 1057 3814 a(on) p 1170 3814 a(the) p 1310 3814 a(other) p 1525 3814 a(t) n(w) n(o) p 1679 3814 a(cases:) p 1908 3814 a(when) p 2122 3814 a(TCP) p 2323 3814 a(connections) p 2768 3814 a(resume) p 3048 3814 a(their) p 3243 3814 a(data) 523 3914 y(transmissions) p 1035 3914 a(\(C3\)) p 1227 3914 a(and) p 1387 3914 a(when) p 1602 3914 a(TCP) p 1804 3914 a(connections) p 2250 3914 a(newly) p 2486 3914 a(start) p 2683 3914 a(their) p 2880 3914 a(data) p 3067 3914 a(transmis-) 523 4013 y(sions) p 728 4013 a(\(C4\).) p 947 4013 a(Let) p Fk 1097 4013 a(u) p Fd 1145 3983 a(0) p Fs 1168 4013 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1246 4013 a(\)) p 1308 4013 a(b) r(e) p 1422 4013 a(the) p 1567 4013 a(di\013erence) p 1940 4013 a(in) p 2038 4013 a(the) p 2183 4013 a(total) p 2383 4013 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 2686 4013 a(of) p 2783 4013 a(pac) n(k) n(ets) p 3078 4013 a(from) p 3275 4013 a(slot) p Fk 523 4113 a(k) p Fe 582 4113 a(\000) p Fs 660 4113 a(1) p 726 4113 a(to) p 825 4113 a(slot) p Fk 980 4113 a(k) p Fs 1026 4113 a(,) p 1073 4113 a(whic) n(h) p 1308 4113 a(are) p 1444 4113 a(sen) n(t) p 1615 4113 a(from) p 1808 4113 a(all) p 1921 4113 a(TCP) p 2123 4113 a(connections) p 2568 4113 a(in) p 2662 4113 a(the) p 2802 4113 a(slo) n(w) p 2982 4113 a(start) p 3178 4113 a(phase.) 523 4213 y(More) p 738 4213 a(sp) r(eci\014cally) p 1124 4213 a(,) p Fk 1174 4213 a(u) p Fd 1222 4182 a(0) p Fs 1245 4213 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1323 4213 a(\)) p 1383 4213 a(is) p 1466 4213 a(de\014ned) p 1752 4213 a(b) n(y) p Fk 1399 4473 a(u) p Fd 1447 4439 a(0) p Fs 1470 4473 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1548 4473 a(\)) p 1603 4473 a(=) p Fj 1694 4369 a(\001N) p Ff 1691 4394 a(X) p Fj 1697 4571 a(i) p Fr(=1) p Fs 1825 4473 a(\() p Fk(w) p Fj 1916 4485 a(i) p Fs 1944 4473 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2022 4473 a(\)) p Fe 2073 4473 a(\000) p Fk 2156 4473 a(w) p Fj 2215 4485 a(i) p Fs 2243 4473 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fe 2340 4473 a(\000) p Fs 2423 4473 a(1\)\)) 523 4725 y(where) p Fk 761 4725 a(\001N) p Fs 932 4725 a(is) p 1013 4725 a(the) p 1154 4725 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 1455 4725 a(of) p 1547 4725 a(TCP) p 1749 4725 a(connections) p 2195 4725 a(op) r(erating) p 2565 4725 a(in) p 2660 4725 a(the) p 2801 4725 a(slo) n(w) p 2981 4725 a(start) p 3178 4725 a(phase,) 523 4825 y(and) p Fk 690 4825 a(w) p Fj 749 4837 a(i) p Fs 777 4825 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 855 4825 a(\)) p 921 4825 a(is) p 1011 4825 a(the) p 1160 4825 a(windo) n(w) p 1468 4825 a(size) p 1631 4825 a(of) p Fk 1732 4825 a(i) p Fs(th) p 1872 4825 a(TCP) p 2082 4825 a(connection.) p 2526 4825 a(In) p 2636 4825 a(the) p 2785 4825 a(slo) n(w) p 2974 4825 a(start) p 3178 4825 a(phase,) 523 4924 y(the) p 675 4924 a(windo) n(w) p 987 4924 a(size) p 1153 4924 a(is) p 1246 4924 a(\014rst) p 1427 4924 a(initialized) p 1819 4924 a(and) p 1989 4924 a(then) p 2188 4924 a(doubled) p 2511 4924 a(ev) n(ery) p 2739 4924 a(R) p 2793 4924 a(TT.) p 2973 4924 a(Th) n(us,) p 3216 4924 a(when) p 90 rotate dyy eop %%Page: 8 8 8 7 bop Fk 523 448 a(\001N) p Fs 705 448 a(TCP) p 919 448 a(connections) p 1377 448 a(newly) p 1624 448 a(start) p 1833 448 a(their) p 2041 448 a(data) p 2240 448 a(transmissions) p 2763 448 a(at) p 2875 448 a(slot) p Fk 3042 448 a(i) p Fs(,) p Fk 3131 448 a(u) p Fd 3179 418 a(0) p Fs 3201 448 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 3279 448 a(\)) p 3349 448 a(is) 523 548 y(appro) n(ximately) p 1070 548 a(giv) n(en) p 1287 548 a(b) n(y) p Fk 1238 786 a(u) p Fd 1286 752 a(0) p Fs 1308 786 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1386 786 a(\)) p Fe 1442 786 a(') p Ff 1530 669 a(\032) p Fj 1621 698 a(\001N) p 1614 712 130 4 v 1614 759 a(n) p Fr(\() p Fj(k) p Fr 1717 759 a(\)) p Fe 1772 731 a(\002) p Fs 1855 731 a(2) p 1897 665 32 4 v Fj 1897 700 a(s) p Fr(\() p Fj(k) p Fr 1990 700 a(\)\() p Fj(k) p Fd 2078 700 a(\000) p Fj(s) p Fb 2161 708 a(i) p Fd 2188 700 a(\000) p Fr(1\)) p Fs 2327 731 a(if) p Fk 2403 731 a(k) p 2472 731 a(>) p 2559 731 a(s) p Fj 2598 743 a(i) p Fs 1604 843 a(0) p 2327 843 a(otherwise) 648 1024 y(Similarly) p 992 1024 a(to) p 1085 1024 a(the) p 1219 1024 a(previous) p 1541 1024 a(subsection,) p 1957 1024 a(the) p 2092 1024 a(dynamics) p 2450 1024 a(of) p 2536 1024 a(the) p 2670 1024 a(curren) n(t) p 2950 1024 a(queue) p 3179 1024 a(length) 523 1124 y(of) p 613 1124 a(the) p 751 1124 a(RED) p 954 1124 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1270 1124 a(can) p 1417 1124 a(b) r(e) p 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stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 240 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 1080 720 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 720 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 1085 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 1085 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (50)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 1451 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 1451 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (100)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 1816 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 1816 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (150)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 2182 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 2182 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (200)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 2547 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 2547 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (250)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 2912 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 2912 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (300)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 3278 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 3278 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (350)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 3643 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 3643 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (400)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 1080 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (1)] ] -80.0 MCshow 1704 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 1704 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (2)] ] -80.0 MCshow 2328 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 2328 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (3)] ] -80.0 MCshow 2952 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 2952 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (4)] ] -80.0 MCshow 3575 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 3575 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (5)] ] -80.0 MCshow 4199 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 4199 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (6)] ] -80.0 MCshow 4823 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 4823 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (7)] ] -80.0 MCshow 4823 720 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 720 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 1085 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 1085 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (1)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 1451 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 1451 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (2)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 1816 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 1816 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (3)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 2182 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 2182 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (4)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 2547 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 2547 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (5)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 2912 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 2912 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (6)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 3278 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 3278 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (7)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 3643 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 3643 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (8)] ] -80.0 MLshow 1.000 UL LTb 1080 720 M 3743 0 V 0 2923 V -3743 0 V 0 -2923 V stroke 240 2181 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Rise/Settling Time [ms])] ] -80.0 MCshow grestore 5374 2181 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Overshoot [packet])] ] -80.0 MCshow grestore 2951 120 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (The Number of Previous TCP Connections)] ] -80.0 MCshow 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT0 3743 2547 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (overshoot)] ] -80.0 MRshow 3887 2547 M 639 0 V 1080 2127 M 624 -743 V 624 -246 V 624 -123 V 623 -74 V 624 -50 V 624 -34 V 1080 2127 Pls 1704 1384 Pls 2328 1138 Pls 2952 1015 Pls 3575 941 Pls 4199 891 Pls 4823 857 Pls 4206 2547 Pls 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT1 3743 2307 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (rise time)] ] -80.0 MRshow 3887 2307 M 639 0 V 1080 883 M 624 -51 V 624 -19 V 624 -10 V 623 -7 V 624 -4 V 624 -3 V 1080 883 Crs 1704 832 Crs 2328 813 Crs 2952 803 Crs 3575 796 Crs 4199 792 Crs 4823 789 Crs 4206 2307 Crs 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT2 3743 2067 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (settling time)] ] -80.0 MRshow 3887 2067 M 639 0 V 1080 1504 M 624 1037 V 624 401 V 624 226 V 623 87 V 624 99 V 624 44 V 1080 1504 Star 1704 2541 Star 2328 2942 Star 2952 3168 Star 3575 3255 Star 4199 3354 Star 4823 3398 Star 4206 2067 Star stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fm 2108 1481 a(Fig.) p 2272 1481 a(5.) p Fp 2361 1481 a(P) n(erformance) p 2801 1481 a(measures) p 3126 1481 a(for) p 3238 1481 a(tran-) 2108 1564 y(sien) n(t) p 2288 1564 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 2600 1564 a(\(the) p 2761 1564 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 3039 1564 a(of) p 3125 1564 a(previous) 2108 1647 y(TCP) p 2297 1647 a(connections) p Fi 2711 1647 a(N) p Fp 2806 1647 a(=) p 2892 1647 a(1{7\).) p Fs 523 2011 a(rise) p 688 2011 a(time) p 889 2011 a(represen) n(ts) p 1292 2011 a(the) p 1447 2011 a(con) n(v) n(ergence) p 1918 2011 a(sp) r(eed) p 2159 2011 a(of) p 2265 2011 a(the) p 2420 2011 a(curren) n(t) p 2721 2011 a(queue) p 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3280 2309 a(rise) 523 2409 y(time.) p 728 2409 a(The) p 891 2409 a(settling) p 1179 2409 a(time) p 1361 2409 a(implies) p 1636 2409 a(the) p 1771 2409 a(con) n(v) n (ergence) p 2223 2409 a(sp) r(eed) p 2445 2409 a(of) p 2532 2409 a(the) p 2667 2409 a(curren) n(t) p 2949 2409 a(queue) p 3179 2409 a(length) 523 2509 y(to) p 625 2509 a(its) p 740 2509 a(equilibrium) p 1181 2509 a(v) p 1220 2509 a(alue) p 1395 2509 a(after) p 1592 2509 a(the) p 1735 2509 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 2037 2509 a(of) p 2132 2509 a(TCP) p 2336 2509 a(connections) p 2784 2509 a(is) p 2867 2509 a(c) n(hanged.) p Fg 523 2739 a(6.2) p 741 2739 a(Case) p 969 2739 a(C2:) p 1144 2739 a(Congestion) p 1639 2739 a(Av) m(oidance) p 2104 2739 a(Phase) p 2382 2739 a(Only) p Fs 523 2895 a(Due) p 705 2895 a(to) p 814 2895 a(space) p 1044 2895 a(limitation,) p 1458 2895 a(w) n(e) p 1588 2895 a(only) p 1778 2895 a(sho) n(w) p 1992 2895 a(n) n(umerical) p 2380 2895 a(examples) p 2746 2895 a(for) p 2881 2895 a(the) p 3032 2895 a(case) p 3216 2895 a(\(C2\):) 523 2995 y(when) p Fk 744 2995 a(\001N) p Fs 920 2995 a(TCP) p 1128 2995 a(connections) p 1580 2995 a(resume) p 1866 2995 a(their) p 2068 2995 a(data) p 2261 2995 a(transmissions) p 2779 2995 a(in) p 2879 2995 a(the) p 3026 2995 a(congestion) 523 3094 y(a) n(v) n(oidance) p 901 3094 a(phase) p 1129 3094 a(after) p 1322 3094 a(a) p 1388 3094 a(short) p 1598 3094 a(idle) p 1752 3094 a(p) r(erio) r(d.) p 2031 3094 a(W) p 2109 3094 a(e) p 2171 3094 a(use) p 2311 3094 a(the) p 2451 3094 a(equilibrium) p 2889 3094 a(v) p 2928 3094 a(alues,) p Fk 3156 3094 a(w) p Fd 3217 3064 a(\003) p Fs 3256 3094 a(,) p Fk 3304 3094 a(q) p Fd 3344 3064 a(\003) p Fs 3382 3094 a(,) 523 3194 y(and) p 683 3148 41 4 v Fk 683 3194 a(q) p Fd 723 3162 a(\003) p Fs 761 3194 a(,) p 810 3194 a(as) p 910 3194 a(the) p 1051 3194 a(initial) p 1289 3194 a(v) p 1328 3194 a(alues) p 1534 3194 a(for) p Fk 1660 3194 a(w) p Fs 1721 3194 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1799 3194 a(\),) p Fk 1881 3194 a(q) p Fs 1921 3194 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1999 3194 a(\),) p 2080 3194 a(and) p 2240 3148 V Fk 2240 3194 a(q) p Fs 2280 3194 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 2358 3194 a(\).) p 2439 3194 a(W) p 2517 3194 a(e) p 2580 3194 a(calculate) p 2924 3194 a(the) p 3065 3194 a(dynamics) 523 3293 y(of) p 628 3293 a(the) p 781 3293 a(queue) p 1028 3293 a(length) p Fk 1292 3293 a(q) p Fs 1332 3293 a(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1410 3293 a(\)) p 1480 3293 a(of) p 1585 3293 a(the) p 1738 3293 a(RED) p 1956 3293 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 2287 3293 a(using) p 2514 3293 a(Eq.) p 2675 3293 a(\(7\)) p 2819 3293 a(when) p Fk 3046 3293 a(\001N) p Fs 3229 3293 a(TCP) 523 3393 y(connections) p 971 3393 a(resume) p 1253 3393 a(at) p 1354 3393 a(slot) p 1512 3393 a(0;) p 1604 3393 a(i.e.,) p Fk 1471 3608 a(n) p Fs(\() p Fk(k) p Fs 1599 3608 a(\)) p 1654 3608 a(=) p Ff 1742 3491 a(\032) p Fk 1816 3558 a(N) p Fs 2161 3558 a(if) p Fk 2238 3558 a(k) p 2306 3558 a(<) p Fs 2394 3558 a(0) p Fk 1816 3657 a(N) p Fs 1910 3657 a(+) p Fk 1993 3657 a(\001N) p Fs 2161 3657 a(if) p Fk 2238 3657 a(k) p Fe 2306 3657 a(\025) p Fs 2394 3657 a(0) 648 3828 y(Figure) p 914 3828 a(5) p 988 3828 a(sho) n(ws) p 1231 3828 a(p) r(erformance) p 1711 3828 a(measures) p 2071 3828 a(for) p 2203 3828 a(the) p 2350 3828 a(transien) n(t) p 2704 3828 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 3047 3828 a(\(the) p 3227 3828 a(o) n(v) n(er-) 523 3928 y(sho) r(ot,) p 784 3928 a(the) p 940 3928 a(rise) p 1106 3928 a(time,) p 1332 3928 a(and) p 1507 3928 a(the) p 1663 3928 a(settling) p 1972 3928 a(time\)) p 2207 3928 a(for) p 2347 3928 a(di\013eren) n(t) p 2688 3928 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p Fk 3004 3928 a(N) p Fs 3121 3928 a(of) p 3229 3928 a(TCP) 523 4028 y(connections) p 969 4028 a(in) p 1064 4028 a(steady) p 1323 4028 a(state,) p Fk 1547 4028 a(n) p Fd 1597 3998 a(\003) p Fs 1635 4028 a(.) p 1684 4028 a(In) p 1785 4028 a(the) p 1926 4028 a(follo) n(wing) p 2275 4028 a(\014gures,) p 2559 4028 a(unless) p 2802 4028 a(explicitly) p 3160 4028 a(stated,) 523 4127 y(w) n(e) p 642 4127 a(use) p 781 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920 4426 a(resumed) p 1249 4426 a(TCP) p 1453 4426 a(connections) p Fk 1901 4426 a(\001N) p Fs 2070 4426 a(=) p 2158 4426 a(1.) p 2250 4426 a(Figure) p 2512 4426 a(5) p 2582 4426 a(sho) n(ws) p 2821 4426 a(that) p 3001 4426 a(the) p 3144 4426 a(curren) n(t) 523 4526 y(queue) p 758 4526 a(length) p 1009 4526 a(of) p 1102 4526 a(the) p 1242 4526 a(RED) p 1449 4526 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1767 4526 a(c) n(hanges) p 2071 4526 a(more) p 2277 4526 a(dynamically) p 2740 4526 a(\(i.e.,) p 2927 4526 a(a) p 2994 4526 a(larger) p 3227 4526 a(o) n(v) n(er-) 523 4625 y(sho) r(ot\)) p 776 4625 a(when) p Fk 990 4625 a(N) p Fs 1090 4625 a(is) p 1170 4625 a(smaller.) p 1476 4625 a(It) p 1563 4625 a(is) p 1643 4625 a(b) r(ecause) p 1947 4625 a(when) p 2160 4625 a(the) p 2300 4625 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 2599 4625 a(of) p 2690 4625 a(TCP) p 2891 4625 a(connections) p 3336 4625 a(in) 523 4725 y(steady) p 781 4725 a(state,) p Fk 1005 4725 a(N) p Fs 1081 4725 a(,) p 1129 4725 a(is) p 1210 4725 a(smaller,) p 1517 4725 a(the) p 1657 4725 a(impact) p 1931 4725 a(of) p 2023 4725 a(the) p 2163 4725 a(resumed) p 2489 4725 a(TCP) p 2690 4725 a(connection) p 3102 4725 a(b) r(ecomes) 523 4825 y(larger.) p 781 4825 a(The) p 951 4825 a(\014gure) p 1181 4825 a(also) p 1347 4825 a(sho) n(ws) p 1585 4825 a(that) p 1764 4825 a(the) p 1906 4825 a(o) n(v) n(ersho) r(ot) p 2280 4825 a(is) p 2362 4825 a(smaller) p 2648 4825 a(than) p 2841 4825 a(1) p 2910 4825 a([pac) n(k) n(et]) p 3216 4825 a(when) 523 4924 y(the) p 662 4924 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 960 4924 a(of) p 1051 4924 a(TCP) p 1250 4924 a(connections,) p Fk 1717 4924 a(N) p Fs 1793 4924 a(,) p 1840 4924 a(is) p 1919 4924 a(greater) p 2197 4924 a(than) p 2386 4924 a(4.) p 2474 4924 a(It) p 2560 4924 a(suggests) p 2880 4924 a(that) p 3056 4924 a(the) p 3195 4924 a(bu\013er) p 90 rotate dyy eop %%Page: 10 10 10 9 bop 523 1232 a @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 330 @urx 246 @ury 1556 @rwi 1039 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/bw-5-1-5-15-0_1-0_002+1-t.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 1 %%CreationDate: Tue Mar 27 02:28:44 2001 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 330 246 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -80 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M 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moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 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240.0 0.0 true true (6)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 3278 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 3278 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (7)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 3643 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 3643 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (8)] ] -80.0 MLshow 1.000 UL LTb 1080 720 M 3743 0 V 0 2923 V -3743 0 V 0 -2923 V stroke 240 2181 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Rise/Settling Time [ms])] ] -80.0 MCshow grestore 5374 2181 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Overshoot [packet])] ] -80.0 MCshow grestore 2951 120 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Transmission Capacity of RED gateway [packet/ms])] ] -80.0 MCshow 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT0 3752 3460 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (overshoot)] ] -80.0 MRshow 3896 3460 M 639 0 V 1080 912 M 416 29 V 416 31 V 416 33 V 416 35 V 415 37 V 416 38 V 416 39 V 416 40 V 416 41 V 1080 912 Pls 1496 941 Pls 1912 972 Pls 2328 1005 Pls 2744 1040 Pls 3159 1077 Pls 3575 1115 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1564 y(transien) n(t) p 897 1564 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 1262 1564 a(\(the) p 1475 1564 a(pro) r(cessing) 523 1647 y(sp) r(eed) p 773 1647 a(of) p 898 1647 a(the) p 1069 1647 a(RED) p 1300 1647 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p Fi 1635 1647 a(B) p Fp 1760 1647 a(=) 523 1730 y(1{10) p 702 1730 a([pac) n(k) n(et/ms]\)) 2108 1232 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 330 @urx 246 @ury 1556 @rwi 1039 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/2-5-tau-5-15-0_1-0_002+1-t.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 1 %%CreationDate: Tue Mar 27 02:42:28 2001 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 330 246 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -80 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 240 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 1080 720 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 720 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 1085 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 1085 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (50)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 1451 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 1451 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (100)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 1816 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 1816 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (150)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 2182 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 2182 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (200)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 2547 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 2547 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (250)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 2912 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 2912 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (300)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 3278 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 3278 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (350)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 3643 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 3643 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (400)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 1080 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (1)] ] -80.0 MCshow 1829 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 1829 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (2)] ] -80.0 MCshow 2577 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 2577 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (3)] ] -80.0 MCshow 3326 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 3326 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (4)] ] -80.0 MCshow 4074 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 4074 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (5)] ] -80.0 MCshow 4823 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 4823 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (6)] ] -80.0 MCshow 4823 720 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 720 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 1085 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 1085 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (1)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 1451 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 1451 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (2)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 1816 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 1816 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (3)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 2182 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 2182 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (4)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 2547 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 2547 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (5)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 2912 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 2912 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (6)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 3278 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 3278 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (7)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 3643 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 3643 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (8)] ] -80.0 MLshow 1.000 UL LTb 1080 720 M 3743 0 V 0 2923 V -3743 0 V 0 -2923 V stroke 240 2181 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Rise/Settling Time [ms])] ] -80.0 MCshow grestore 5374 2181 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Overshoot [packet])] ] -80.0 MCshow grestore 2951 120 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Propagation Delay of TCP Connection [ms])] ] -80.0 MCshow 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT0 3107 3424 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (overshoot)] ] -80.0 MRshow 3251 3424 M 639 0 V 1080 941 M 749 64 V 748 72 V 749 77 V 748 81 V 749 84 V 1080 941 Pls 1829 1005 Pls 2577 1077 Pls 3326 1154 Pls 4074 1235 Pls 4823 1319 Pls 3570 3424 Pls 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT1 3107 3184 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (rise time)] ] -80.0 MRshow 3251 3184 M 639 0 V 1080 796 M 749 17 V 748 19 V 749 23 V 748 25 V 749 29 V 1080 796 Crs 1829 813 Crs 2577 832 Crs 3326 855 Crs 4074 880 Crs 4823 909 Crs 3570 3184 Crs 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT2 3107 2944 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (settling time)] ] -80.0 MRshow 3251 2944 M 639 0 V 1080 3255 M 749 -493 V 748 -606 V 749 -89 V 748 818 V 222 758 V 1080 3255 Star 1829 2762 Star 2577 2156 Star 3326 2067 Star 4074 2885 Star 3570 2944 Star stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fm 2108 1481 a(Fig.) p 2272 1481 a(7.) p Fp 2361 1481 a(P) n(erformance) p 2801 1481 a(measures) p 3126 1481 a(for) p 3238 1481 a(tran-) 2108 1564 y(sien) n(t) p 2299 1564 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 2622 1564 a(\(the) p 2794 1564 a(propagation) p 3230 1564 a(dela) n(y) 2108 1647 y(of) p 2196 1647 a(the) p 2328 1647 a(TCP) p 2517 1647 a(connection) p Fi 2901 1647 a(\034) p Fp 2969 1647 a(=) p 3054 1647 a(1{5) p 3195 1647 a([ms]\)) p Fs 523 2116 a(o) n(v) n(er\015o) n(w) p 847 2116 a(at) p 949 2116 a(the) p 1092 2116 a(RED) p 1301 2116 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1623 2116 a(is) p 1707 2116 a(not) p 1855 2116 a(lik) n(ely) p 2074 2116 a(to) p 2176 2116 a(happ) r(en) p 2470 2116 a(when) p 2687 2116 a(the) p 2831 2116 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 3133 2116 a(of) p 3229 2116 a(TCP) 523 2216 y(connections) p 971 2216 a(is) p 1054 2216 a(su\016cien) n(tly) p 1470 2216 a(large.) 648 2322 y(Sho) n(wn) p 916 2322 a(in) p 1016 2322 a(Fig.) p 1189 2322 a(6) p 1262 2322 a(is) p 1349 2322 a(the) p 1495 2322 a(case) p 1674 2322 a(that) p 1857 2322 a(the) p 2004 2322 a(pro) r(cessing) p 2407 2322 a(sp) r(eed) p 2640 2322 a(of) p 2737 2322 a(the) p 2884 2322 a(RED) p 3096 2322 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 3384 2322 a(,) p Fk 523 2421 a(B) p Fs 590 2421 a(,) p 637 2421 a(is) p 716 2421 a(c) n(hanged) p 1032 2421 a(from) p 1224 2421 a(1) p 1288 2421 a(to) p 1385 2421 a(10) p 1492 2421 a([pac) n(k) n(et/ms].) p 1961 2421 a(One) p 2131 2421 a(can) p 2279 2421 a(\014nd) p 2441 2421 a(from) p 2633 2421 a(this) p 2790 2421 a(\014gure) p 3017 2421 a(that) p 3192 2421 a(as) p 3290 2421 a(the) 523 2521 y(pro) r(cessing) p 924 2521 a(sp) r(eed) p 1154 2521 a(of) p 1250 2521 a(the) p 1394 2521 a(RED) p 1604 2521 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1926 2521 a(decreases,) p 2311 2521 a(the) p 2455 2521 a(o) n(v) n(ersho) r(ot) p 2830 2521 a(and) p 2993 2521 a(the) p 3137 2521 a(settling) 523 2620 y(time) p 714 2620 a(b) r(ecomes) p 1047 2620 a(small) p 1267 2620 a(and) p 1430 2620 a(long,) p 1636 2620 a(resp) r(ectiv) n (ely) p 2055 2620 a(.) p 2107 2620 a(This) p 2299 2620 a(implies) p 2583 2620 a(that) p 2765 2620 a(the) p 2910 2620 a(e\013ect) p 3132 2620 a(of) p 3229 2620 a(TCP) 523 2720 y(connections) p 970 2720 a(v) p 1009 2720 a(ariation) p 1318 2720 a(on) p 1433 2720 a(the) p 1575 2720 a(curren) n(t) p 1863 2720 a(queue) p 2100 2720 a(length) p 2353 2720 a(of) p 2447 2720 a(the) p 2590 2720 a(RED) p 2798 2720 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 3118 2720 a(sustains) 523 2820 y(for) p 650 2820 a(a) p 719 2820 a(long) p 899 2820 a(p) r(erio) r(d) p 1158 2820 a(if) p 1234 2820 a(the) p 1377 2820 a(pro) r(cessing) p 1777 2820 a(sp) r(eed) p 2006 2820 a(of) p 2100 2820 a(the) p 2243 2820 a(RED) p 2452 2820 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 2772 2820 a(is) p 2856 2820 a(small.) 648 2926 y(Figure) p 918 2926 a(7) p 995 2926 a(illustrates) p 1387 2926 a(the) p 1538 2926 a(e\013ect) p 1765 2926 a(of) p 1867 2926 a(the) p 2018 2926 a(\(round-trip\)) p 2493 2926 a(propagation) p 2962 2926 a(dela) n(y) p 3187 2926 a(of) p 3290 2926 a(the) 523 3025 y(TCP) p 731 3025 a(connection) p 1149 3025 a(on) p 1268 3025 a(the) p 1414 3025 a(transien) n(t) p 1767 3025 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 2109 3025 a(of) p 2207 3025 a(the) p 2354 3025 a(RED) p 2566 3025 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 2854 3025 a(.) p 2906 3025 a(In) p 3013 3025 a(this) p 3179 3025 a(\014gure,) 523 3125 y(the) p 671 3125 a(propagation) p 1138 3125 a(dela) n(y) p 1360 3125 a(of) p 1460 3125 a(the) p 1608 3125 a(TCP) p 1817 3125 a(connection,) p Fk 2261 3125 a(\034) p Fs 2306 3125 a(,) p 2362 3125 a(is) p 2451 3125 a(c) n(hanged) p 2777 3125 a(from) p 2978 3125 a(1) p 3053 3125 a(to) p 3159 3125 a(6) p 3234 3125 a([ms].) 523 3224 y(This) p 723 3224 a(\014gure) p 964 3224 a(clearly) p 1240 3224 a(sho) n(ws) p 1489 3224 a(that) p 1679 3224 a(the) p 1832 3224 a(transien) n(t) p 2191 3224 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 2541 3224 a(of) p 2646 3224 a(the) p 2799 3224 a(RED) p 3018 3224 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 3349 3224 a(is) 523 3324 y(degraded) p 884 3324 a(when) p 1106 3324 a(the) p 1254 3324 a(propagation) p 1721 3324 a(dela) n(y) p 1943 3324 a(of) p 2043 3324 a(the) p 2192 3324 a(TCP) p 2401 3324 a(connection) p 2822 3324 a(is) p 2911 3324 a(large.) p 3142 3324 a(F) p 3189 3324 a(or) p 3297 3324 a(ex-) 523 3424 y(ample,) p 790 3424 a(as) p 891 3424 a(the) p 1033 3424 a(propagation) p 1493 3424 a(dela) n(y) p 1709 3424 a(increases,) p 2078 3424 a(b) r(oth) p 2273 3424 a(the) p 2416 3424 a(o) n(v) n(ersho) r(ot) p 2789 3424 a(and) p 2949 3424 a(the) p 3092 3424 a(rise) p 3243 3424 a(time) 523 3523 y(increase.) p 859 3523 a(This) p 1047 3523 a(phenomenon) p 1529 3523 a(can) p 1680 3523 a(b) r(e) p 1791 3523 a(understo) r(o) r(d) p 2224 3523 a(b) n(y) p 2337 3523 a(the) p 2479 3523 a(fact) p 2641 3523 a(that) p 2819 3523 a(when) p 3034 3523 a(b) r(oth) p 3229 3523 a(TCP) 523 3623 y(connections) p 969 3623 a(and) p 1128 3623 a(the) p 1269 3623 a(RED) p 1475 3623 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1794 3623 a(are) p 1930 3623 a(considered) p 2335 3623 a(as) p 2434 3623 a(a) p 2501 3623 a(single) p 2730 3623 a(feedbac) n(k) p 3067 3623 a(system,) p 3363 3623 a(a) 523 3723 y(longer) p 766 3723 a(propagation) p 1220 3723 a(dela) n(y) p 1430 3723 a(corresp) r(onds) p 1879 3723 a(to) p 1974 3723 a(a) p 2036 3723 a(longer) p 2279 3723 a(feedbac) n(k) p 2611 3723 a(dela) n(y) p 2794 3723 a(.) p 2837 3723 a(In) p 2934 3723 a(general,) p 3237 3723 a(b) r(oth) 523 3822 y(the) p 670 3822 a(stabilit) n(y) p 997 3822 a(and) p 1162 3822 a(the) p 1309 3822 a(transien) n(t) p 1662 3822 a(p) r(erformance) p 2141 3822 a(of) p 2240 3822 a(a) p 2313 3822 a(feedbac) n(k) p 2656 3822 a(system) p 2935 3822 a(are) p 3077 3822 a(degraded) 523 3922 y(b) n(y) p 638 3922 a(a) p 708 3922 a(long) p 887 3922 a(feedbac) n(k) p 1226 3922 a(dela) n(y) p 1409 3922 a(.) 648 4028 y(Figure) p 904 4028 a(7) p 968 4028 a(also) p 1129 4028 a(sho) n(ws) p 1362 4028 a(that) p 1537 4028 a(the) p 1674 4028 a(settling) p 1964 4028 a(time) p 2148 4028 a(is) p 2226 4028 a(minimized) p 2622 4028 a(when) p 2834 4028 a(the) p 2971 4028 a(propagation) 523 4127 y(dela) n(y) p 738 4127 a(of) p 830 4127 a(the) p 971 4127 a(TCP) p 1173 4127 a(connection,) p Fk 1609 4127 a(\034) p Fs 1654 4127 a(,) p 1704 4127 a(is) p 1785 4127 a(ab) r(out) p 2021 4127 a(4) p 2088 4127 a([ms].) p 2284 4127 a(It) p 2372 4127 a(can) p 2522 4127 a(b) r(e) p 2633 4127 a(conjectured) p 3077 4127 a(from) p 3271 4127 a(this) 523 4227 y(phenomenon) p 1019 4227 a(that) p 1210 4227 a(the) p 1364 4227 a(curren) n(t) p 1664 4227 a(queue) p 1913 4227 a(length) p 2178 4227 a(of) p 2284 4227 a(the) p 2438 4227 a(RED) p 2658 4227 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 2990 4227 a(will) p 3158 4227 a(c) n(hange) 523 4327 y(slo) n(wly) p 781 4327 a(when) p 1007 4327 a(the) p 1158 4327 a(propagation) p 1629 4327 a(dela) n(y) p 1854 4327 a(of) p 1957 4327 a(the) p 2109 4327 a(TCP) p 2322 4327 a(connection) p 2746 4327 a(is) p 2838 4327 a(short,) p 3083 4327 a(and) p 3253 4327 a(that) 523 4426 y(the) p 662 4426 a(curren) n(t) p 947 4426 a(queue) p 1180 4426 a(length) p 1430 4426 a(c) n(hanges) p 1733 4426 a(oscillatory) p 2128 4426 a(when) p 2341 4426 a(the) p 2480 4426 a(propagation) p 2938 4426 a(dela) n(y) p 3150 4426 a(is) p 3230 4426 a(long.) 523 4526 y(F) p 570 4526 a(rom) p 749 4526 a(this) p 918 4526 a(observ) p 1148 4526 a(ation,) p 1390 4526 a(it) p 1481 4526 a(is) p 1572 4526 a(exp) r(ected) p 1926 4526 a(that) p 2113 4526 a(the) p 2264 4526 a(op) r(eration) p 2643 4526 a(of) p 2745 4526 a(the) p 2896 4526 a(RED) p 3112 4526 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) 523 4625 y(b) r(ecomes) p 847 4625 a(unstable) p 1174 4625 a(if) p 1243 4625 a(the) p 1380 4625 a(propagation) p 1836 4625 a(dela) n(y) p 2046 4625 a(of) p 2135 4625 a(the) p 2272 4625 a(TCP) p 2469 4625 a(connection) p 2878 4625 a(is) p 2956 4625 a(v) n(ery) p 3132 4625 a(long.) p 3329 4625 a(In) 523 4725 y(most) p 722 4725 a(feedbac) n(k-based) p 1287 4725 a(systems,) p 1613 4725 a(a) p 1677 4725 a(small) p 1890 4725 a(feedbac) n(k) p 2224 4725 a(dela) n(y) p 2436 4725 a(impro) n(v) n(es) p 2780 4725 a(b) r(oth) p 2971 4725 a(the) p 3109 4725 a(stabilit) n(y) 523 4825 y(and) p 689 4825 a(the) p 837 4825 a(transien) n(t) p 1191 4825 a(p) r(erformance.) p 1694 4825 a(Ho) n(w) n(ev) n(er,) p 2056 4825 a(in) p 2158 4825 a(the) p 2306 4825 a(congestion) p 2717 4825 a(a) n(v) n(oidance) p 3102 4825 a(phase) p 3338 4825 a(of) 523 4924 y(TCP) p 693 4924 a(,) p 750 4924 a(the) p 899 4924 a(windo) n(w) p 1208 4924 a(size) p 1371 4924 a(of) p 1472 4924 a(the) p 1622 4924 a(source) p 1883 4924 a(host) p 2069 4924 a(is) p 2159 4924 a(increased) p 2526 4924 a(ev) n(ery) p 2752 4924 a(its) p 2874 4924 a(R) p 2928 4924 a(TT.) p 3105 4924 a(In) p 3216 4924 a(other) p 90 rotate dyy eop %%Page: 11 11 11 10 bop 523 1232 a @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 330 @urx 246 @ury 1556 @rwi 1039 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/2-5-1-5-15-maxp-0_002+1-t.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 1 %%CreationDate: Sat Sep 1 04:02:36 2001 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 330 246 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -80 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 240 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 1080 720 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 720 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 1085 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 1085 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (50)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 1451 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 1451 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (100)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 1816 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 1816 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (150)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 2182 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 2182 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (200)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 2547 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 2547 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (250)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 2912 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 2912 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (300)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 3278 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 3278 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (350)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 3643 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 3643 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (400)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 1080 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0.025)] ] -80.0 MCshow 1829 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 1829 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0.05)] ] -80.0 MCshow 2577 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 2577 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0.075)] ] -80.0 MCshow 3326 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 3326 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0.1)] ] -80.0 MCshow 4074 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 4074 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0.125)] ] -80.0 MCshow 4823 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 4823 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0.15)] ] -80.0 MCshow 4823 720 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 720 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 1085 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 1085 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (1)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 1451 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 1451 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (2)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 1816 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 1816 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (3)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 2182 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 2182 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (4)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 2547 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 2547 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (5)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 2912 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 2912 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (6)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 3278 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 3278 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (7)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 3643 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 3643 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (8)] ] -80.0 MLshow 1.000 UL LTb 1080 720 M 3743 0 V 0 2923 V -3743 0 V 0 -2923 V stroke 240 2181 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Rise/Settling Time [ms])] ] -80.0 MCshow grestore 5374 2181 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Overshoot [packet])] ] -80.0 MCshow grestore 2951 120 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Maximum Paket Marking Probability max)] [(Helvetica) 192.0 -72.0 true true (p)] ] -56.0 MCshow 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT0 2583 2912 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (overshoot)] ] -80.0 MRshow 2727 2912 M 639 0 V 1080 1029 M 749 -52 V 748 -23 V 749 -13 V 748 -9 V 749 -7 V 1080 1029 Pls 1829 977 Pls 2577 954 Pls 3326 941 Pls 4074 932 Pls 4823 925 Pls 3046 2912 Pls 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT1 2583 2672 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (rise time)] ] -80.0 MRshow 2727 2672 M 639 0 V 1080 851 M 749 -33 V 748 -14 V 749 -8 V 748 -5 V 749 -3 V 1080 851 Crs 1829 818 Crs 2577 804 Crs 3326 796 Crs 4074 791 Crs 4823 788 Crs 3046 2672 Crs 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT2 2583 2432 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (settling time)] ] -80.0 MRshow 2727 2432 M 639 0 V 1562 3643 M 267 -44 V 748 -167 V 749 -177 V 748 -102 V 749 -123 V 1829 3599 Star 2577 3432 Star 3326 3255 Star 4074 3153 Star 4823 3030 Star 3046 2432 Star stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fm 523 1481 a(Fig.) p 687 1481 a(8.) p Fp 776 1481 a(P) n(erformance) p 1216 1481 a(measures) p 1541 1481 a(for) p 1653 1481 a(tran-) 523 1564 y(sien) n(t) p 721 1564 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 1051 1564 a(\(the) p 1230 1564 a(maxim) n(um) p 1604 1564 a(pac) n(k) n(et) 523 1647 y(marking) p 863 1647 a(probabilit) n(y) p Fi 1294 1647 a(max) p Fh 1447 1655 a(p) p Fp 1547 1647 a(=0.025{) 523 1730 y(0.15\)) 2108 1232 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 330 @urx 246 @ury 1556 @rwi 1039 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/2-5-1-5-15-0_1-0_002+dn-t.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 1 %%CreationDate: Sat Sep 1 06:32:12 2001 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 330 246 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -80 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 240 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 1080 720 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 720 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 1085 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 1085 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (50)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 1451 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 1451 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (100)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 1816 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 1816 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (150)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 2182 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 2182 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (200)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 2547 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 2547 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (250)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 2912 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 2912 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (300)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 3278 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 3278 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (350)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 3643 M 63 0 V 3680 0 R -63 0 V stroke 936 3643 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (400)] ] -80.0 MRshow 1080 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 1080 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (1)] ] -80.0 MCshow 1496 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 1496 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (2)] ] -80.0 MCshow 1912 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 1912 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (3)] ] -80.0 MCshow 2328 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 2328 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (4)] ] -80.0 MCshow 2744 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 2744 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (5)] ] -80.0 MCshow 3159 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 3159 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (6)] ] -80.0 MCshow 3575 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 3575 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (7)] ] -80.0 MCshow 3991 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 3991 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (8)] ] -80.0 MCshow 4407 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 4407 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (9)] ] -80.0 MCshow 4823 720 M 0 63 V 0 2860 R 0 -63 V stroke 4823 480 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (10)] ] -80.0 MCshow 4823 720 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 720 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (0)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 1085 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 1085 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (1)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 1451 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 1451 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (2)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 1816 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 1816 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (3)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 2182 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 2182 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (4)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 2547 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 2547 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (5)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 2912 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 2912 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (6)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 3278 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 3278 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (7)] ] -80.0 MLshow 4823 3643 M -63 0 V stroke 4967 3643 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (8)] ] -80.0 MLshow 1.000 UL LTb 1080 720 M 3743 0 V 0 2923 V -3743 0 V 0 -2923 V stroke 240 2181 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Rise/Settling Time [ms])] ] -80.0 MCshow grestore 5374 2181 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Overshoot [packet])] ] -80.0 MCshow grestore 2951 120 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (Number of Resumed TCP connections)] ] -80.0 MCshow 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT0 2433 2839 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (overshoot)] ] -80.0 MRshow 2577 2839 M 639 0 V 1080 941 M 416 220 V 416 221 V 416 221 V 416 220 V 415 221 V 416 220 V 416 221 V 416 221 V 416 220 V 1080 941 Pls 1496 1161 Pls 1912 1382 Pls 2328 1603 Pls 2744 1823 Pls 3159 2044 Pls 3575 2264 Pls 3991 2485 Pls 4407 2706 Pls 4823 2926 Pls 2896 2839 Pls 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT1 2433 2599 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (rise time)] ] -80.0 MRshow 2577 2599 M 639 0 V 1080 796 M 416 0 V 416 0 V 416 0 V 416 0 V 415 0 V 416 0 V 416 0 V 416 0 V 416 0 V 1080 796 Crs 1496 796 Crs 1912 796 Crs 2328 796 Crs 2744 796 Crs 3159 796 Crs 3575 796 Crs 3991 796 Crs 4407 796 Crs 4823 796 Crs 2896 2599 Crs 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT2 2433 2359 M [ [(Helvetica) 240.0 0.0 true true (settling time)] ] -80.0 MRshow 2577 2359 M 639 0 V 1080 3255 M 416 -124 V 416 -56 V 416 -2 V 416 45 V 415 87 V 416 122 V 416 152 V 389 164 V 1080 3255 Star 1496 3131 Star 1912 3075 Star 2328 3073 Star 2744 3118 Star 3159 3205 Star 3575 3327 Star 3991 3479 Star 2896 2359 Star stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fm 2108 1481 a(Fig.) p 2272 1481 a(9.) p Fp 2361 1481 a(P) n(erformance) p 2801 1481 a(measures) p 3126 1481 a(for) p 3238 1481 a(tran-) 2108 1564 y(sien) n(t) p 2289 1564 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 2601 1564 a(\(the) p 2762 1564 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 3041 1564 a(of) p 3127 1564 a(resumed) 2108 1647 y(TCP) p 2297 1647 a(connections) p Fi 2711 1647 a(\001N) p Fp 2870 1647 a(=) p 2956 1647 a(1{10\)) p Fs 523 2095 a(w) n(ords,) p 793 2095 a(the) p 945 2095 a(congestion) p 1361 2095 a(a) n(v) n(oidance) p 1750 2095 a(phase) p 1990 2095 a(of) p 2094 2095 a(TCP) p 2307 2095 a(has) p 2464 2095 a(a) p 2543 2095 a(feedbac) n(k) p 2891 2095 a(gain,) p 3103 2095 a(whic) n(h) p 3349 2095 a(is) 523 2195 y(dep) r(enden) n(t) p 924 2195 a(on) p 1040 2195 a(the) p 1183 2195 a(feedbac) n(k) p 1522 2195 a(dela) n(y) p 1705 2195 a(.) 648 2295 y(W) p 726 2295 a(e) p 793 2295 a(then) p 985 2295 a(in) n(v) n(estigate) p 1401 2295 a(the) p 1546 2295 a(e\013ect) p 1768 2295 a(of) p 1865 2295 a(the) p 2011 2295 a(maxim) n(um) p 2401 2295 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 2664 2295 a(marking) p 2992 2295 a(probabilit) n(y) p 3383 2295 a(,) p Fk 523 2394 a(max) p Fj 687 2406 a(p) p Fs 726 2394 a(,) p 784 2394 a(on) p 907 2394 a(the) p 1058 2394 a(transien) n(t) p 1414 2394 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 1761 2394 a(of) p 1863 2394 a(the) p 2014 2394 a(RED) p 2230 2394 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 2518 2394 a(.) p 2574 2394 a(Figure) p 2844 2394 a(8) p 2921 2394 a(suggests) p 3253 2394 a(that) 523 2494 y(three) p 745 2494 a(p) r(erformance) p 1230 2494 a(measures) p 1596 2494 a(|) p 1717 2494 a(the) p 1869 2494 a(o) n(v) n(ersho) r(ot,) p 2276 2494 a(the) p 2429 2494 a(rise) p 2591 2494 a(time,) p 2813 2494 a(and) p 2984 2494 a(the) p 3137 2494 a(settling) 523 2594 y(time) p 713 2594 a(|) p 824 2594 a(are) p 963 2594 a(sligh) n(tly) p 1255 2594 a(increased) p 1616 2594 a(as) p Fk 1718 2594 a(max) p Fj 1882 2606 a(p) p Fs 1949 2594 a(increases.) p 2319 2594 a(Namely) p 2589 2594 a(,) p 2641 2594 a(the) p 2784 2594 a(maxim) n(um) p 3172 2594 a(pac) n(k) n(et) 523 2693 y(marking) p 856 2693 a(probabilit) n(y) p 1247 2693 a(,) p Fk 1304 2693 a(max) p Fj 1468 2705 a(p) p Fs 1507 2693 a(,) p 1565 2693 a(has) p 1721 2693 a(little) p 1927 2693 a(impact) p 2211 2693 a(on) p 2334 2693 a(the) p 2484 2693 a(transien) n(t) p 2841 2693 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 3188 2693 a(of) p 3290 2693 a(the) 523 2793 y(RED) p 734 2793 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1022 2793 a(.) p 1073 2793 a(The) p 1247 2793 a(maxim) n(um) p 1637 2793 a(pac) n(k) n(et) p 1900 2793 a(marking) p 2228 2793 a(probabilit) n(y) p 2619 2793 a(,) p Fk 2671 2793 a(max) p Fj 2835 2805 a(p) p Fs 2873 2793 a(,) p 2927 2793 a(should) p 3193 2793 a(there-) 523 2892 y(fore) p 682 2892 a(b) r(e) p 789 2892 a(con\014gured) p 1185 2892 a(b) n(y) p 1295 2892 a(taking) p 1546 2892 a(accoun) n(t) p 1847 2892 a(of) p 1936 2892 a(the) p 2074 2892 a(steady) p 2329 2892 a(state) p 2527 2892 a(p) r(erformance) p 2997 2892 a(of) p 3086 2892 a(the) p 3224 2892 a(RED) 523 2992 y(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 842 2992 a(\(e.g.,) p 1049 2992 a(the) p 1190 2992 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 1487 2992 a(throughput) p 1924 2992 a(and) p 2084 2992 a(the) p 2226 2992 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 2522 2992 a(queue) p 2758 2992 a(length\).) p 3066 2992 a(Although) 523 3092 y(w) n(e) p 648 3092 a(do) p 765 3092 a(not) p 915 3092 a(include) p 1204 3092 a(results) p 1470 3092 a(due) p 1630 3092 a(to) p 1733 3092 a(space) p 1958 3092 a(limitation,) p 2366 3092 a(w) n(e) p 2491 3092 a(found) p 2726 3092 a(that) p 2908 3092 a(t) n(w) n(o) p 3068 3092 a(threshold) 523 3191 y(v) p 562 3191 a(alues,) p Fk 799 3191 a(min) p Fj 951 3203 a(th) p Fs 1053 3191 a(and) p Fk 1220 3191 a(max) p Fj 1384 3203 a(th) p Fs 1453 3191 a(,) p 1509 3191 a(also) p 1682 3191 a(ha) n(v) n(e) p 1880 3191 a(little) p 2084 3191 a(impact) p 2367 3191 a(on) p 2488 3191 a(the) p 2638 3191 a(transien) n(t) p 2993 3191 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 3338 3191 a(of) 523 3291 y(the) p 666 3291 a(RED) p 875 3291 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1163 3291 a(.) 648 3391 y(W) p 726 3391 a(e) p 782 3391 a(\014nally) p 1025 3391 a(sho) n(w) p 1222 3391 a(the) p 1357 3391 a(dynamics) p 1716 3391 a(of) p 1802 3391 a(the) p 1936 3391 a(curren) n(t) p 2217 3391 a(queue) p 2446 3391 a(length) p 2691 3391 a(of) p 2777 3391 a(the) p 2912 3391 a(RED) p 3112 3391 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) 523 3490 y(for) p 653 3490 a(a) p 725 3490 a(di\013eren) n(t) p 1056 3490 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 1361 3490 a(of) p 1458 3490 a(resumed) p 1789 3490 a(TCP) p 1996 3490 a(connections) p Fk 2447 3490 a(\001N) p Fs 2592 3490 a(.) p 2645 3490 a(In) p 2752 3490 a(this) p 2917 3490 a(\014gure,) p Fk 3174 3490 a(\001N) p Fs 3349 3490 a(is) 523 3590 y(c) n(hanged) p 848 3590 a(from) p 1048 3590 a(1) p 1121 3590 a(to) p 1227 3590 a(10.) p 1365 3590 a(It) p 1459 3590 a(can) p 1615 3590 a(b) r(e) p 1733 3590 a(found) p 1970 3590 a(from) p 2170 3590 a(this) p 2336 3590 a(\014gure) p 2571 3590 a(that) p 2755 3590 a(the) p 2902 3590 a(curren) n(t) p 3195 3590 a(queue) 523 3689 y(length) p 782 3689 a(of) p 882 3689 a(the) p 1031 3689 a(RED) p 1245 3689 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1572 3689 a(c) n(hanges) p 1884 3689 a(more) p 2098 3689 a(excessiv) n(ely) p 2519 3689 a(with) p 2714 3689 a(a) p 2789 3689 a(larger) p 3030 3689 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 3338 3689 a(of) 523 3789 y(resumed) p 842 3789 a(TCP) p 1037 3789 a(connections,) p Fk 1499 3789 a(\001N) p Fs 1644 3789 a(.) p 1685 3789 a(This) p 1866 3789 a(phenomenon) p 2341 3789 a(can) p 2484 3789 a(b) r(e) p 2588 3789 a(in) n(tuitiv) n (ely) p 2975 3789 a(understo) r(o) r(d.) 523 3889 y(Namely) p 793 3889 a(,) p 847 3889 a(when) p 1068 3889 a(the) p 1215 3889 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 1521 3889 a(of) p 1619 3889 a(resumed) p 1951 3889 a(TCP) p 2159 3889 a(connections) p 2610 3889 a(is) p 2698 3889 a(large,) p 2928 3889 a(more) p 3139 3889 a(pac) n(k) n(ets) 523 3988 y(arriv) n(e) p 756 3988 a(at) p 856 3988 a(the) p 996 3988 a(RED) p 1203 3988 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1491 3988 a(.) p 1537 3988 a(It) p 1625 3988 a(giv) n(es) p 1826 3988 a(a) p 1893 3988 a(larger) p 2126 3988 a(impact) p 2401 3988 a(on) p 2514 3988 a(the) p 2654 3988 a(transien) n(t) p 3001 3988 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 3338 3988 a(of) 523 4088 y(the) p 666 4088 a(RED) p 875 4088 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1163 4088 a(.) p Fl 523 4335 a(7) p 691 4335 a(Conclusion) p 1265 4335 a(and) p 1481 4335 a(F) p 1542 4335 a(uture) p 1845 4335 a(W) p 1952 4335 a(ork) p Fs 523 4526 a(In) p 624 4526 a(this) p 782 4526 a(pap) r(er,) p 1035 4526 a(w) n(e) p 1154 4526 a(ha) n(v) n(e) p 1342 4526 a(analyzed) p 1683 4526 a(the) p 1822 4526 a(impact) p 2096 4526 a(of) p 2187 4526 a(TCP) p 2388 4526 a(connections) p 2832 4526 a(v) p 2871 4526 a(ariation) p 3178 4526 a(on) p 3290 4526 a(the) 523 4625 y(transien) n(t) p 871 4625 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 1210 4625 a(of) p 1304 4625 a(the) p 1446 4625 a(RED) p 1654 4625 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1974 4625 a(b) n(y) p 2089 4625 a(utilizing) p 2411 4625 a(the) p 2554 4625 a(a) n(v) n(erage) p 2851 4625 a(state) p 3054 4625 a(transition) 523 4725 y(equations) p 899 4725 a(obtained) p 1245 4725 a(in) p 1346 4725 a([5].) p 1489 4725 a(W) p 1567 4725 a(e) p 1637 4725 a(ha) n(v) n(e) p 1832 4725 a(mo) r(deled) p 2167 4725 a(the) p 2314 4725 a(en) n(tire) p 2552 4725 a(net) n(w) n(ork) p 2872 4725 a(including) p 3237 4725 a(b) r(oth) 523 4825 y(TCP) p 726 4825 a(connections) p 1174 4825 a(and) p 1334 4825 a(the) p 1477 4825 a(RED) p 1685 4825 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 2005 4825 a(as) p 2106 4825 a(a) p 2175 4825 a(feedbac) n(k) p 2513 4825 a(system.) p 2811 4825 a(W) p 2889 4825 a(e) p 2953 4825 a(ha) n(v) n(e) p 3144 4825 a(in) n(v) n(esti-) 523 4924 y(gated) p 753 4924 a(the) p 900 4924 a(transien) n(t) p 1253 4924 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 1596 4924 a(\(in) p 1729 4924 a(particular,) p 2139 4924 a(the) p 2286 4924 a(dynamics) p 2657 4924 a(of) p 2756 4924 a(the) p 2902 4924 a(curren) n(t) p 3195 4924 a(queue) p 90 rotate dyy eop %%Page: 12 12 12 11 bop Fs 523 448 a(length\)) p 811 448 a(of) p 907 448 a(the) p 1052 448 a(RED) p 1262 448 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 1585 448 a(when) p 1803 448 a(the) p 1948 448 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 2252 448 a(of) p 2348 448 a(TCP) p 2554 448 a(connections) p 3004 448 a(is) p 3089 448 a(c) n(hanged.) 523 548 y(W) p 601 548 a(e) p 667 548 a(ha) n(v) n(e) p 860 548 a(quan) n(titativ) n (ely) p 1394 548 a(sho) n(wn) p 1647 548 a(that) p 1828 548 a(the) p 1972 548 a(transien) n(t) p 2322 548 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 2662 548 a(of) p 2758 548 a(the) p 2902 548 a(RED) p 3112 548 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) 523 648 y(is) p 604 648 a(sensitiv) n(e) p 934 648 a(to) p 1033 648 a(system) p 1306 648 a(parameters) p 1733 648 a(suc) n(h) p 1918 648 a(as) p 2017 648 a(the) p 2157 648 a(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) p 2457 648 a(of) p 2549 648 a(TCP) p 2750 648 a(connections) p 3195 648 a(in) p 3290 648 a(the) 523 747 y(steady) p 780 747 a(state,) p 1003 747 a(the) p 1142 747 a(capacit) n(y) p 1465 747 a(of) p 1556 747 a(the) p 1695 747 a(RED) p 1900 747 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 2188 747 a(,) p 2232 747 a(and) p 2390 747 a(the) p 2529 747 a(propagation) p 2986 747 a(dela) n(y) p 3199 747 a(of) p 3290 747 a(the) 523 847 y(TCP) p 730 847 a(connection.) p 1171 847 a(W) p 1249 847 a(e) p 1317 847 a(ha) n(v) n(e) p 1512 847 a(also) p 1681 847 a(sho) n(wn) p 1936 847 a(that) p 2119 847 a(the) p 2265 847 a(con) n(trol) p 2547 847 a(parameters) p 2980 847 a(of) p 3078 847 a(the) p 3224 847 a(RED) 523 946 y(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 844 946 a(ha) n(v) n(e) p 1035 946 a(little) p 1233 946 a(in\015uence) p 1579 946 a(on) p 1695 946 a(the) p 1838 946 a(transien) n(t) p 2186 946 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 2526 946 a(of) p 2620 946 a(the) p 2763 946 a(RED) p 2972 946 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 3260 946 a(.) 648 1046 y(As) p 762 1046 a(a) p 823 1046 a(future) p 1062 1046 a(w) n(ork,) p 1280 1046 a(it) p 1355 1046 a(is) p 1430 1046 a(imp) r(ortan) n(t) p 1814 1046 a(to) p 1907 1046 a(analyze) p 2196 1046 a(the) p 2331 1046 a(transien) n(t) p 2672 1046 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 3003 1046 a(of) p 3089 1046 a(the) p 3224 1046 a(RED) 523 1146 y(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 850 1146 a(in) p 953 1146 a(v) p 992 1146 a(arious) p 1244 1146 a(situations) p 1630 1146 a(since) p 1840 1146 a(our) p 1994 1146 a(analytic) p 2317 1146 a(approac) n(h) p 2681 1146 a(enables) p 2978 1146 a(us) p 3091 1146 a(to) p 3199 1146 a(in) n(v) n(es-) 523 1245 y(tigate) p 760 1245 a(the) p 905 1245 a(transien) n(t) p 1256 1245 a(b) r(eha) n(vior) p 1597 1245 a(of) p 1693 1245 a(the) p 1838 1245 a(RED) p 2049 1245 a(gatew) n(a) n(y) p 2371 1245 a(for) p 2500 1245 a(realistic) p 2812 1245 a(TCP) p 3017 1245 a(connection) 523 1345 y(v) p 562 1345 a(ariation.) p Fl 523 1600 a(Ac) m(kno) m (wledgemen) m(t) p Fs 523 1799 a(This) p 713 1799 a(w) n(ork) p 916 1799 a(w) n(as) p 1076 1799 a(supp) r(orted) p 1467 1799 a(in) p 1564 1799 a(part) p 1744 1799 a(b) n(y) p 1859 1799 a(Researc) n(h) p 2210 1799 a(for) p 2337 1799 a(the) p 2480 1799 a(F) p 2527 1799 a(uture) p 2749 1799 a(Program) p 3092 1799 a(of) p 3187 1799 a(Japan) 523 1899 y(So) r(ciet) n(y) p 807 1899 a(for) p 930 1899 a(the) p 1069 1899 a(Promotion) p 1477 1899 a(of) p 1568 1899 a(Science) p 1854 1899 a(under) p 2086 1899 a(the) p 2225 1899 a(Pro) p 2362 1899 a(ject) p 2515 1899 a(\\In) n(tegrated) p 2954 1899 a(Net) n(w) n(ork) p 3282 1899 a(Ar-) 523 1999 y(c) n(hitecture) p 899 1999 a(for) p 1017 1999 a(Adv) p 1164 1999 a(anced) p 1391 1999 a(Multimedia) p 1826 1999 a(Application) p 2267 1999 a(Systems") p 2621 1999 a (\(JSPS-RFTF97R16301\).) p Fl 523 2254 a(References) p Fp 561 2437 a(1.) p 663 2437 a(S.) p 747 2437 a(Flo) n(yd) p 958 2437 a(and) p 1101 2437 a(V.) p 1200 2437 a(Jacobson,) p 1546 2437 a(\\Random) p 1887 2437 a(early) p 2072 2437 a(detection) p 2399 2437 a(gatew) n(a) n(ys) p 2720 2437 a(for) p 2832 2437 a(congestion) p 3202 2437 a(a) n(v) n(oid-) 663 2520 y(ance,") p Fa 897 2520 a(IEEE/A) n(CM) p 1328 2520 a(T) p 1377 2520 a(r) l(ansactions) p 1784 2520 a(on) p 1894 2520 a(Networking) p Fp(,) p 2318 2520 a(v) n(ol.) p 2463 2520 a(1,) p 2549 2520 a(pp.) p 2681 2520 a(397{413,) p 2997 2520 a(Aug.) p 3182 2520 a(1993.) 561 2603 y(2.) p 663 2603 a(B.) p 762 2603 a(Barden) p 1027 2603 a(et) p 1114 2603 a(al.,) p 1240 2603 a(\\Recommendations) p 1913 2603 a(on) p 2017 2603 a(queue) p 2234 2603 a(managemen) n(t) p 2682 2603 a(and) p 2829 2603 a(congestion) p 3202 2603 a(a) n(v) n(oid-) 663 2686 y(ance) p 838 2686 a(in) p 927 2686 a(the) p 1060 2686 a(In) n(ternet,") p Fa 1414 2686 a(R) l(e) l(quest) p 1693 2686 a(for) p 1816 2686 a(Comments) p 2198 2686 a(\(RF) n(C\)) p 2447 2686 a(2309) p Fp(,) p 2651 2686 a(Apr.) p 2828 2686 a(1998.) 561 2769 y(3.) p 663 2769 a(D.) p 774 2769 a(Lin) p 918 2769 a(and) p 1073 2769 a(R.) p 1182 2769 a(Morris,) p 1456 2769 a(\\Dynamics) p 1856 2769 a(of) p 1949 2769 a(random) p 2237 2769 a(early) p 2433 2769 a(detection,") p 2831 2769 a(in) p Fa 2927 2769 a(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) p 3342 2769 a(of) 663 2852 y(A) n(CM) p 869 2852 a(SIGCOMM) p 1280 2852 a('97) p Fp(,) p 1428 2852 a(pp.) p 1561 2852 a(127{137,) p 1876 2852 a(Sep) p 2021 2852 a(1997.) 561 2935 y(4.) p 663 2935 a(M.) p 784 2935 a(Ma) n(y) p 925 2935 a(,) p 975 2935 a(J.) p 1065 2935 a(Bolot,) p 1298 2935 a(C.) p 1404 2935 a(Diot,) p 1603 2935 a(and) p 1756 2935 a(B.) p 1861 2935 a(Lyles,) p 2085 2935 a(\\Reasons) p 2424 2935 a(not) p 2564 2935 a(to) p 2661 2935 a(deplo) n(y) p 2908 2935 a(RED,") p 3165 2935 a(in) p Fa 3258 2935 a(Pr) l(o-) 663 3018 y(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) p 957 3018 a(of) p 1047 3018 a(IWQoS) p 1322 3018 a('99) p Fp(,) p 1471 3018 a(pp.) p 1603 3018 a(260{262,) p 1918 3018 a(Mar.) p 2104 3018 a(1999.) 561 3101 y(5.) p 663 3101 a(H.) p 765 3101 a(Ohsaki,) p 1043 3101 a(M.) p 1159 3101 a(Murata,) p 1454 3101 a(and) p 1601 3101 a(H.) p 1704 3101 a(Miy) n(ahara,) p 2067 3101 a(\\Steady) p 2358 3101 a(state) p 2544 3101 a(analysis) p 2831 3101 a(of) p 2917 3101 a(the) p 3047 3101 a(RED) p 3239 3101 a(gate-) 663 3185 y(w) n(a) n(y:) p 851 3185 a(stabilit) n(y) p 1118 3185 a(,) p 1175 3185 a(transien) n(t) p 1509 3185 a(b) r(eha) n(vior,) p 1855 3185 a(and) p 2015 3185 a(parameter) p 2393 3185 a(setting,") p 2716 3185 a(to) p 2821 3185 a(app) r(ear) p 3085 3185 a(in) p Fa 3187 3185 a(IEICE) 663 3268 y(T) p 712 3268 a(r) l(ansactions) p 1118 3268 a(on) p 1228 3268 a(Communic) l(ations) p Fp(,) p 1836 3268 a(Jan.) p 2003 3268 a(2002.) 561 3351 y(6.) p 663 3351 a(M.) p 781 3351 a(Ma) n(y) p 922 3351 a(,) p 969 3351 a(T.) p 1073 3351 a(Bonald,) p 1358 3351 a(and) p 1508 3351 a(J.-C.) p 1698 3351 a(Bolot,) p 1928 3351 a(\\Analytic) p 2279 3351 a(ev) l(aluation) p 2649 3351 a(of) p 2737 3351 a(RED) p 2931 3351 a(p) r(erformance,") 663 3434 y(in) p Fa 752 3434 a(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) p 1162 3434 a(of) p 1252 3434 a(IEEE) p 1465 3434 a(INF) n(OCOM) p 1869 3434 a(2000) p Fp(,) p 2072 3434 a(pp.) p 2205 3434 a(1415{1424,) p 2597 3434 a(Mar.) p 2783 3434 a(2000.) 561 3517 y(7.) p 663 3517 a(V.) p 764 3517 a(Sharma,) p 1065 3517 a(J.) p 1148 3517 a(Virtamo,) p 1472 3517 a(and) p 1618 3517 a(P) p 1664 3517 a(.) p 1708 3517 a(Lassila,) p 1981 3517 a(\\P) n(erformance) p 2461 3517 a(analysis) p 2747 3517 a(of) p 2832 3517 a(the) p 2962 3517 a(random) p 3240 3517 a(early) 663 3600 y(detection) p 1011 3600 a(algorithm,") p 1435 3600 a(a) n(v) l(ailable) p 1766 3600 a(at) p Fo 1875 3600 a(http://keskus.tct.hut.fi/tutk) q(imus) q (/com2) q(/) 663 3683 y(publ/redanalysis.ps) p Fp(,) p 1455 3683 a(Sept.) p 1651 3683 a(1999.) 561 3766 y(8.) p 663 3766 a(H.) p 767 3766 a(M.) p 885 3766 a(Alazemi,) p 1203 3766 a(A.) p 1308 3766 a(Mokh) n(tar,) p 1643 3766 a(and) p 1793 3766 a(M.) p 1910 3766 a(Azizoglu,) p 2245 3766 a(\\Sto) r(c) n(hastic) p 2651 3766 a(approac) n(h) p 2982 3766 a(for) p 3100 3766 a(mo) r(deling) 663 3849 y(random) p 950 3849 a(early) p 1146 3849 a(detection) p 1485 3849 a(gatew) n(a) n(ys) p 1817 3849 a(in) p 1912 3849 a(TCP/IP) p 2225 3849 a(net) n(w) n(orks,") p 2613 3849 a(in) p Fa 2709 3849 a(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) p 3124 3849 a(of) p 3219 3849 a(IEEE) 663 3933 y(International) p 1128 3933 a(Confer) l(enc) l(e) p 1525 3933 a(on) p 1635 3933 a(Communic) l(ations) p 2223 3933 a(2001) p Fp(,) p 2427 3933 a(pp.) p 2559 3933 a(2385{2390,) p 2952 3933 a(June) p 3136 3933 a(2001.) 561 4016 y(9.) p 663 4016 a(W.) p 785 4016 a(R.) p 884 4016 a(Stev) n(ens,) p Fa 1179 4016 a(TCP/IP) p 1486 4016 a(Il) t(lustr) l(ate) l(d,) p 1868 4016 a(V) p 1919 4016 a(olume) p 2141 4016 a(1:) p 2227 4016 a(The) p 2381 4016 a(Pr) l(oto) l(c) l(ols) p Fp(.) p 2732 4016 a(New) p 2901 4016 a(Y) p 2953 4016 a(ork:) p 3104 4016 a(Addison-) 663 4099 y(W) p 736 4099 a(esley) p 890 4099 a(,) p 936 4099 a(1994.) 523 4182 y(10.) p 663 4182 a(R.) p 764 4182 a(Isermann,) p Fa 1119 4182 a(Digital) p 1368 4182 a(c) l(ontr) l(ol) p 1620 4182 a(systems,) p 1924 4182 a(V) p 1975 4182 a(olume) p 2199 4182 a(1:) p 2287 4182 a(fundamentails,) p 2802 4182 a(deterministic) p 3264 4182 a(c) l(on-) 663 4265 y(tr) l(ol) p Fp(.) p 831 4265 a(Springer-V) p 1191 4265 a(erlag) p 1377 4265 a(Berlin) p 1607 4265 a(Heidelb) r(erg,) p 2012 4265 a(1989.) 523 4348 y(11.) p 663 4348 a(N.) p 763 4348 a(S.) p 849 4348 a(Nise,) p Fa 1035 4348 a(Contr) l(ol) p 1308 4348 a(Systems) p 1599 4348 a(Engine) l(ering) p Fp(.) p 2045 4348 a(New) p 2214 4348 a(Y) p 2266 4348 a(ork:) p 2417 4348 a(John) p 2602 4348 a(Wiley) p 2819 4348 a(&) p 2901 4348 a(Sons,) p 3097 4348 a(third) p 3285 4348 a(ed.,) 663 4431 y(2000.) p 90 rotate dyy eop %%Trailer end userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF