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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMSY5
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY5 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:21:16
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.0) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMSY5) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.035 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMSY5 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 0 /minus put
dup 3 /asteriskmath put
readonly def
/FontBBox{21 -944 1448 791}readonly def
/UniqueID 5000815 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMMI5
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI5 1.100
%%CreationDate: 1996 Aug 02 08:21:10
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.100) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMMI5) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.04 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMMI5 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 79 /O put
dup 82 /R put
dup 84 /T put
dup 101 /e put
dup 107 /k put
dup 112 /p put
dup 119 /w put
readonly def
/FontBBox{37 -250 1349 750}readonly def
/UniqueID 5087380 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMR5
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR5 1.00B
%%CreationDate: 1992 Feb 19 19:55:02
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.00B) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMR5) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMR5 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 40 /parenleft put
dup 41 /parenright put
dup 50 /two put
dup 51 /three put
dup 56 /eight put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-341 -250 1304 965}readonly def
/UniqueID 5000788 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMSY7
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY7 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:21:52
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.0) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMSY7) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.035 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMSY7 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 0 /minus put
dup 3 /asteriskmath put
dup 33 /arrowright put
dup 49 /infinity put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-15 -951 1252 782}readonly def
/UniqueID 5000817 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMEX10
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMEX10 1.00
%%CreationDate: 1992 Jul 23 21:22:48
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.00) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMEX10) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMEX10 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 0 /parenleftbig put
dup 1 /parenrightbig put
dup 16 /parenleftBig put
dup 17 /parenrightBig put
dup 18 /parenleftbigg put
dup 19 /parenrightbigg put
dup 50 /bracketlefttp put
dup 51 /bracketrighttp put
dup 52 /bracketleftbt put
dup 53 /bracketrightbt put
dup 54 /bracketleftex put
dup 55 /bracketrightex put
dup 56 /bracelefttp put
dup 58 /braceleftbt put
dup 60 /braceleftmid put
dup 62 /braceex put
dup 80 /summationtext put
dup 110 /braceleftBig put
dup 111 /bracerightBig put
dup 112 /radicalbig put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-24 -2960 1454 772}readonly def
/UniqueID 5000774 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMR7
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR7 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:21
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.0) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMR7) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMR7 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 1 /Delta put
dup 40 /parenleft put
dup 41 /parenright put
dup 43 /plus put
dup 48 /zero put
dup 49 /one put
dup 50 /two put
dup 51 /three put
dup 52 /four put
dup 61 /equal put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-27 -250 1122 750}readonly def
/UniqueID 5000790 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMSY10
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY10 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:20:57
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.0) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMSY10) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.035 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMSY10 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 0 /minus put
dup 1 /periodcentered put
dup 2 /multiply put
dup 17 /equivalence put
dup 20 /lessequal put
dup 21 /greaterequal put
dup 32 /arrowleft put
dup 33 /arrowright put
dup 39 /similarequal put
dup 49 /infinity put
dup 71 /G put
dup 102 /braceleft put
dup 103 /braceright put
dup 112 /radical put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-29 -960 1116 775}readonly def
/UniqueID 5000820 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMMI7
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI7 1.100
%%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:53
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.100) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMMI7) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.04 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMMI7 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 14 /delta put
dup 30 /phi put
dup 68 /D put
dup 77 /M put
dup 78 /N put
dup 79 /O put
dup 82 /R put
dup 84 /T put
dup 97 /a put
dup 98 /b put
dup 101 /e put
dup 104 /h put
dup 105 /i put
dup 107 /k put
dup 110 /n put
dup 112 /p put
dup 113 /q put
dup 116 /t put
dup 119 /w put
dup 120 /x put
dup 121 /y put
readonly def
/FontBBox{0 -250 1171 750}readonly def
/UniqueID 5087382 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMMI10
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI10 1.100
%%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:57
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.100) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMMI10) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.04 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMMI10 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 14 /delta put
dup 21 /lambda put
dup 22 /mu put
dup 28 /tau put
dup 30 /phi put
dup 58 /period put
dup 59 /comma put
dup 60 /less put
dup 61 /slash put
dup 62 /greater put
dup 76 /L put
dup 77 /M put
dup 78 /N put
dup 82 /R put
dup 88 /X put
dup 97 /a put
dup 99 /c put
dup 102 /f put
dup 105 /i put
dup 107 /k put
dup 109 /m put
dup 110 /n put
dup 111 /o put
dup 112 /p put
dup 113 /q put
dup 116 /t put
dup 117 /u put
dup 119 /w put
dup 120 /x put
dup 121 /y put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-32 -250 1048 750}readonly def
/UniqueID 5087385 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont 
%%BeginFont: CMR10
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR10 1.00B
%%CreationDate: 1992 Feb 19 19:54:52
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.00B) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMR10) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMR10 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 1 /Delta put
dup 40 /parenleft put
dup 41 /parenright put
dup 43 /plus put
dup 48 /zero put
dup 49 /one put
dup 50 /two put
dup 51 /three put
dup 52 /four put
dup 53 /five put
dup 61 /equal put
dup 91 /bracketleft put
dup 93 /bracketright put
dup 97 /a put
dup 102 /f put
dup 105 /i put
dup 108 /l put
dup 109 /m put
dup 110 /n put
dup 120 /x put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-251 -250 1009 969}readonly def
/UniqueID 5000793 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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n(tly) -5 b(,) p Fr 56 w(TCP-lik) o(e) 57 b(con) n(g) o(estion) f(con-)
1974 1420 y(tr) l(ol) 23 b(pr) l(o\002le) p Fq(that) f(perf) n(orms) g
(congestion) f(contro) n(l) i(similar) g(to) g(TCP) -9
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(ol) f(pr) l(o\002le) p Fq 37 w(that) g(perfor) n(ms) h(con-) 1974
1619 y(gestion) 53 b(contr) n(ol) h(similar) f(to) h(TFRC) g(\(TCP) g
(Friendly) e(Rate) 1974 1719 y(Contro) n(l\)) f(are) g(pro) n(posed.) f
(Whereas) g(DCCP) i(perfo) n(rms) f(con-) 1974 1818 y(gestion) i(contr)
n(ol) h(between) f(source) g(and) g(destination) f(hosts,) 1974
1918 y(A) -5 b(QM) 31 b(\(Acti) n(v) o(e) g(Queue) f(Manag) n(ement\)) h
(mech) n(anisms) h(that) f(per) n(-) 1974 2018 y(form) 40
b(con) n(gestion) h(contr) n(ol) g(at) h(rou) n(ters) f(in) g(the) g
(netw) o(ork) f(ha) n(v) o(e) 1974 2117 y(been) e(captur) n(ing) h(the)
f(spotlight) g(in) h(recen) n(t) h(years) e([2].) g(A) h(rep-) 1974
2217 y(resentati) n(v) o(e) 54 b(A) -5 b(QM) 56 b(mechan) n(ism) g(is) g
(RED) g(\(Rando) n(m) g(Early) 1974 2317 y(Detection\)) 36
b([3],) g(which) g(probab) n(ilistically) i(discard) n(s) g(an) f(arri)
n(v-) 1974 2416 y(ing) 20 b(pack) m(et.) 2073 2526 y(In) j(the) f
(literature,) g(man) o(y) f(studies) i(on) f(the) h(con) n(gestion) f
(control) 1974 2625 y(mechan) n(ism) i(of) g(TCP) -9
b(,) 24 b(which) f(is) i(adop) n(ted) f(in) g(the) g(TCP-lik) o(e) g
(con-) 1974 2725 y(gestion) 19 b(contro) n(l) i(pro) n(\002le) g(of) e
(DCCP) -9 b(,) 21 b(ha) n(v) o(e) e(been) h(e) o(xten) n(si) n(v) o
(ely) g(per) n(-) 1974 2824 y(form) n(ed) i([4-8) n(].) g(In) g
(particu) n(lar) m(,) g(characte) n(ristics) h(of) f(the) g(mix) o(ed) f
(en-) 1974 2924 y(viron) n(ment) h(of) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) f(and)
g(RED) h(route) n(rs) g(ha) n(v) o(e) f(been) 1974 3024
y(e) o(xten) n(si) n(v) o(ely) 35 b(studied.) f(F) o(or) h(instance,) f
(in) 71 b([7],) 34 b(the) h(cong) n(estion) 1974 3123
y(contr) n(ol) 25 b(mech) n(anism) f(of) g(TCP) h(and) e(RED) i(are) f
(mod) n(eled) g(as) h(inde-) 1974 3223 y(pend) n(ent) j(discrete-time) g
(systems.) g(The) g(entire) g(netw) o(or) n(k) h(is) g(then) 1974
3323 y(mod) n(eled) 22 b(as) g(a) f(feedback) f(system) h(where) g(TCP)
h(connec) n(tions) g(and) 1974 3422 y(the) 17 b(RED) g(router) f(are) h
(intercon) n(nected.) f(By) i(apply) n(ing) f(contr) n(ol) h(the-) 1974
3522 y(ory) -5 b(,) 16 b(the) i(steady) g(state) g(perfor) n(mance) f
(and) h(the) g(transien) n(t) h(state) g(per) n(-) 1974
3622 y(form) n(ance) 34 b(of) f(the) h(TCP) g(cong) n(estion) g(contro)
n(l) g(mechanism) f(and) 1974 3721 y(RED) 22 b(are) g(analyze) n(d.) g
(Moreo) m(v) o(er) m(,) f(in) h([4-) n(6],) g(the) f(TCP) i(cong) n
(estion) 1974 3821 y(contr) n(ol) 30 b(mech) n(anism) f(and) g(RED) h
(are) f(mod) n(eled) g(as) h(indep) n(endent) 1974 3920
y(contin) n(uous-time) 22 b(systems,) h(and) f(the) h(steady) g(state) g
(perfo) n(rmance) 1974 4020 y(of) 15 b(RED) i(is) f(analyzed) n(.) g
(In) g([8],) f(it) h(is) h(sho) n(wn) e(that) g(the) h(transient) f
(state) 1974 4120 y(perfo) n(rmanc) n(e) 21 b(and) f(the) h(rob) l
(ustness) g(of) f(RED) h(impro) o(v) m(e,) f(when) g(the) 1974
4219 y(func) n(tion) e(with) g(which) g(RED) g(determin) n(es) h(the) f
(pack) o(et) f(loss) i(prob) n(a-) 1974 4319 y(bility) g(is) g(changed)
f(to) h(a) g(conca) n(v) m(e) h(fun) n(ction) f(to) g(the) g(a) n(v) o
(erag) n(e) g(queue) 1974 4419 y(length) n(.) 2073 4528
y(Although) 34 b(characteristics) i(of) f(the) h(mix) o(ed) f(en) m(v) n
(ironme) n(nt) h(of) 1974 4628 y(TCP) f(congestion) e(contro) n(l) j
(mechan) n(ism) f(and) f(RED) i(ha) n(v) o(e) e(been) 1974
4727 y(suf) n(\002ciently) 25 b(in) m(v) o(estiga) n(ted,) h(character)
n(istics) i(of) e(the) g(mix) o(ed) f(en) m(vi-) 1974
4827 y(ronm) n(ent) d(of) f(TFRC) i(congestion) d(contro) n(l) j
(mechan) n(ism) f(and) g(RED) 1974 4926 y(ha) n(v) o(e) 27
b(not) h(been) f(suf) n(\002cien) n(tly) h(studied) g([9-1) n(2].) f
(In) h([11) n(],) g(f) o(airness) 1974 5026 y(between) 23
b(TCP-friendly) g(rate) i(con) n(trol) g(mecha) n(nism) g(and) f(TCP) h
(in) 1974 5126 y(steady) i(state) h(is) g(e) n(v) n(aluate) n(d) g
(with) f(simulations) g(and) g(traf) n(\002c) g(mea-) 1974
5225 y(suremen) n(ts) 32 b(of) f(the) g(Intern) n(et.) h(More) n(o) o
(v) o(er) m(,) e(in) h([10]) n(,) h(f) o(airn) n(ess) h(be-) 1974
5325 y(tween) 41 b(TFRC) i(and) e(TCP) i(is) f(e) n(v) n(aluated) f(by)
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785 y(using) e(the) g(modelin) n(g) h(appro) n(ach) g(in) f([7].) g(W)
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3480 y(the) 26 b(weight) g(of) h(the) f(e) o(xpo) n(nential) h(weigh) n
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b(,) 22 b(in) h(Section) g(7,) f(we) h(conclud) n(e) g(this) -182
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h(systems) g(with) g(a) -182 4528 y(time) 15 b(slot) h(of) p
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(transm) n(ission) h(rate) f(from) f(a) h(source) f(host.) -182
5126 y(Ne) o(xt,) 23 b(we) i(mod) n(el) g(RED) g(as) g(a) f
(discrete-time) f(system,) h(where) g(the) -182 5225
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(and) f(the) i(outp) n(ut) f(is) h(the) f(pack) o(et) -182
5325 y(transmission) 19 b(rate.) p 1974 28 1969 4 v 1974
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%%Trailer
%MatchingCreationDate: Thu Jun  2 03:37:31 2005
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@endspecial Fo 2479 1154 a(Figure) k(1.) g(Anal) o(ytic) g(model) p
1974 1234 V Fq 2073 1411 a(Figure) 32 b(1) h(sho) n(ws) f(the) g
(analytic) g(model) g(used) g(in) g(this) h(paper) -7
b(.) p Fn 1974 1511 a(N) p Fq 34 w(DCCP) 26 b(conne) n(ctions) f(share)
g(the) f(single) h(bottlenec) n(k) g(link.) f(All) 1974
1611 y(DCCP) e(conne) n(ctions') f(tw) o(o-w) o(ay) f(prop) n(agation) g
(delay) n(s) i(are) f(equal,) 1974 1710 y(which) 36 b(are) g(denoted) g
(by) p Fn 36 w(\034) p Fq 9 w(.) h(The) g(bottlen) n(eck) g(link) f
(band) n(width) 1974 1810 y(is) k(denoted) e(by) p Fn
39 w(\026) p Fq(.) i(W) -7 b(e) 40 b(denote) f(fou) n(r) h(contro) n(l)
g(parameter) n(s) g(of) 1974 1910 y(RED) 23 b(by) p Fn
22 w(max) p Fm 2433 1922 a(p) p Fq 2495 1910 a(\(maxim) n(um) g(pack) o
(et) f(loss) h(prob) n(ability\),) p Fn 22 w(max) p Fm
3874 1922 a(th) p Fq 1974 2009 a(\(max) n(imum) 16 b(threshold) n(\),) p
Fn 17 w(min) p Fm 2882 2021 a(th) p Fq 2967 2009 a(\(minim) n(um) h
(thresho) n(ld\),) f(and) p Fn 16 w(w) p Fm 3905 2021
a(q) p Fq 1974 2109 a(\(weigh) n(t) 22 b(of) f(e) o(xp) n(onential) f
(weighted) g(mo) o(v) n(ing) h(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e\).) g(Further) n(-)
1974 2209 y(more) n(,) g(RED) g(b) n(uf) n(f) n(er) g(size) f(is) i
(den) n(oted) e(by) p Fn 20 w(L) p Fq(.) 2073 2308 y(In) g(this) g
(analysis,) f(we) h(introdu) n(ce) g(a) g(concep) n(t) g(of) p
Fr 20 w(the) f(pac) n(k) o(et) h(ar) n(-) 1974 2408 y(rival) k(r) o
(ate) g(at) g(a) g(destinatio) n(n) g(host) p Fq 24 w(noti\002ed) f(of)
h(a) g(source) f(host) h(by) 1974 2507 y(A) m(CK) d(pack) o(ets,) g(to)
g(unify) f(the) g(input) h(and) f(the) h(outpu) n(t) h(of) e(the) h
(mod-) 1974 2607 y(els) 31 b(to) g(the) g(pack) o(et) f(arri) n(v) n
(al/tra) n(nsmission) h(rate.) f(Since) h(inform) n(a-) 1974
2707 y(tion) 25 b(on) f(the) h(arri) n(v) n(al) f(status) i(of) f(pack)
m(ets) h(at) g(a) f(destination) f(host) h(is) 1974 2806
y(includ) n(ed) 32 b(in) g(A) m(CK) h(pack) m(ets,) g(a) f(source) f
(host) h(can) g(estimate) g(the) 1974 2906 y(pack) o(et) 19
b(arri) n(v) n(al) h(rate) g(at) h(a) f(destination) f(host.) 2073
3006 y(In) k(this) g(analysis,) f(we) h(assume) g(the) g(follo) l
(wings;) g(since) g(DCCP) 1974 3105 y(is) f(mainly) f(used) h(for) f
(real-time) g(applica) n(tions,) h(it) g(is) h(assumed) e(that) 1974
3205 y(a) k(sourc) n(e) g(host) g(al) o(w) o(ays) f(has) h(data) f(to) h
(transfe) n(r) -5 b(.) 25 b(When) f(the) h(pack) m(et) 1974
3304 y(loss) e(pro) n(bability) f(of) f(the) h(netw) o(ork) f(is) i
(small) g(and) e(DCCP) i(conges-) 1974 3404 y(tion) 16
b(contro) n(l) i(w) o(ork) n(s) g(appr) n(opriately) -7
b(,) 17 b(DCCP) h(oper) n(ates) g(in) e(the) h(con-) 1974
3504 y(gestion) 26 b(a) n(v) n(oidance) g(phase.) g(Theref) n(ore,) g
(DCCP) j(with) e(the) g(TCP-) 1974 3603 y(lik) o(e) d(cong) n(estion) g
(con) n(trol) g(pro\002le) f(is) h(assumed) f(to) h(opera) n(te) g(in) g
(the) 1974 3703 y(cong) n(estion) c(a) n(v) n(oidance) f(phase.) 2073
3803 y(First,) 25 b(we) g(model) f(chang) n(e) h(of) f(the) g(DCCP) i
(windo) n(w) e(size.) h(The) 1974 3902 y(pack) o(et) e(loss) h(pro) n
(bability) f(in) g(the) h(netw) o(or) n(k) g(is) g(deno) n(ted) f(by) p
Fn 23 w(p) p Fq(,) h(and) 1974 4002 y(the) 34 b(DCCP) i(windo) l(w) f
(size) g(is) g(deno) n(ted) g(by) p Fn 34 w(w) p Fq 2
w(.) g(Change) e(of) h(the) 1974 4101 y(DCCP) 21 b(windo) n(w) f(size) g
(is) i(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) f(by) e([13]) p Fn 2017 4259
a(w) p Fl 85 w( ) p Fn 83 w(w) p Fp 22 w(+) f(\(1) p
Fl 18 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(p) p Fp(\)) p Fk 2758 4227 a(1) p
2750 4241 50 4 v Fm 2750 4288 a(w) p Fl 2828 4259 a(\000) p
Fn 18 w(p) p Fp 14 w(\(1) p Fl 18 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(p) p
Fm 3184 4271 a(T) 9 b(O) p Fp 3288 4259 a(\() p Fn(w) r(;) 14
b(p) p Fp(\)\)) p Fk 3549 4227 a(1) p 3549 4241 34 4
v 3549 4288 a(2) 3602 4227 y(4) p Fm 12 w(w) p 3602 4241
95 4 v Fk 3633 4288 a(3) p Fl 2327 4385 a(\000) p Fn(p) g(p) p
Fm 2490 4397 a(T) 9 b(O) p Fp 2594 4385 a(\() p Fn(w) r(;) 14
b(p) p Fp(\)) p Fj 2812 4292 a(\020) p Fk 2872 4344 a(4) p
Fm 12 w(w) p Fk 2 w(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p 2872 4366
183 4 v 2947 4413 a(3) p Fl 3083 4385 a(\000) p Fp 18
w(1) p Fj 3208 4292 a(\021) p Fn 3271 4385 a(;) p Fq
1974 4571 a(where) p Fn 26 w(p) p Fm 2246 4583 a(T) 9
b(O) p Fp 2351 4571 a(\() p Fn(w) r(;) 14 b(p) p Fp(\)) p
Fq 28 w(is) 28 b(the) f(pro) n(bability) g(that) g(DCCP) h(detects) f
(the) 1974 4670 y(pack) o(et) k(loss) i(by) f(the) g(timeou) n(t) h
(mechan) n(ism) g(when) e(the) h(windo) n(w) 1974 4770
y(size) 21 b(is) p Fn 21 w(w) p Fq 23 w(and) f(the) g(pack) o(et) g
(loss) h(pro) n(bability) f(is) p Fn 21 w(p) p Fq 20
w([14]:) p Fn 2191 4927 a(p) p Fm 2233 4939 a(T) 9 b(O) p
Fp 2338 4927 a(\() p Fn(w) r(;) 14 b(p) p Fp(\)) 24 b(=) p
Fk 2367 5010 a(\(1) p Fi(\000) p Fk(\(1) p Fi(\000) p
Fm(p) p Fk(\)) p Fh 2649 4985 a(3) p Fk 2682 5010 a(\)) 11
b(\(1+\(1) p Fi(\000) p Fm(p) p Fk(\)) p Fh 3000 4985
a(3) p Fk 3044 5010 a(\(1) p Fi(\000) p Fk(\(1) p Fi(\000) p
Fm(p) p Fk(\)) p Fg 3326 4985 a(w) p Ff 1 w(\000) p Fh(3) p
Fk 3446 5010 a(\)\)) p 2367 5031 1131 4 v 2755 5079 a(\(1) p
Fi(\000) p Fk(\(1) p Fi(\000) p Fm(p) p Fk(\)) p Fg 3037
5062 a(w) p Fk 3084 5079 a(\)) p Fn 3508 5050 a(:) 1974
5225 y(p) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 32 w(is) 31
b(de\002ned) f(as) i(the) f(pack) o(et) f(loss) i(prob) n(ability) f
(at) g(slot) p Fn 32 w(k) p Fq 34 w(in) 1974 5325 y(the) k(netw) o(ork)
n(,) p Fn 36 w(R) p Fp 1 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p
Fq 36 w(the) g(DCCP) h(round) n(-trip) f(time,) g(and) p
Fn 35 w(w) p Fp 2 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p dyy eop
end
%%Page: 3 3
TeXDict begin 3 2 bop Fq -182 83 a(the) 24 b(DCCP) i(windo) n(w) e
(size.) h(The) f(pack) o(et) g(loss) h(prob) n(ability) g(of) f(the)
-182 183 y(netw) o(or) n(k) 37 b(that) f(a) h(source) e(host) h
(detects) h(at) g(slot) p Fn 36 w(k) p Fq 40 w(is) g(gi) n(v) o(en) e
(by) p Fn -182 293 a(p) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fl 24 w(\000) p
Fm 56 253 a(R) p Fk(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p 56 274
139 4 v 98 321 a(\001) p Fp 205 293 a(\)) p Fq(.) 25
b(Suppo) n(se) h(that) e(A) m(CK) i(pack) m(ets) g(are) f(not) f
(discarded) -182 392 y(due) h(to) i(cong) n(estion) f(on) g(the) g
(path) g(from) f(a) i(destination) e(host) h(to) g(a) -182
492 y(sourc) n(e) c(host,) e(the) h(A) m(CK) g(Ratio) g(v) n(alue) f
(con) m(v) m(er) o(g) n(es) i(to) e(1Hence,) g(the) -182
592 y(DCCP) g(windo) n(w) e(size) p Fn 20 w(w) p Fp 2
w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 17 w(+) c(1\)) p Fq 19 w(at) 20 b(slot) p
Fn 19 w(k) p Fp 17 w(+) 14 b(1) p Fq 19 w(is) 20 b(appr) n(oximately)
-182 691 y(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) h(by) p Fn -15 910 a(w) p
Fp 2 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 22 w(+) d(1\)) p Fl 23 w(') p
Fn 23 w(w) p Fp 2 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) h(+) p Fn
698 854 a(w) p Fp 2 w(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)) p 694
891 175 4 v Fn 694 967 a(R) p Fp 1 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp
3 w(\)) 892 910 y(\001) p Fj 961 818 a(n) p Fp 1017 910
a(\(1) p Fl 18 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(p) p Fp(\() p Fn(\016) p
Fp 3 w(\)\)) 1446 854 y(1) p 1380 891 173 4 v Fn 1380
967 a(w) p Fp 2 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fl 151 1072
a(\000) p Fn(p) p Fp(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)\(1) p
Fl 18 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(p) p Fm 579 1084 a(T) 9 b(O) p
Fp 684 1072 a(\() p Fn(w) p Fp 2 w(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp
3 w(\)) p Fn(;) 14 b(p) p Fp(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)\)\)) p
Fk 1138 1032 a(2) p Fm 14 w(w) p Fk 2 w(\() p Fm(k) p
Fk 1 w(\)) p 1140 1053 183 4 v 1215 1101 a(3) p Fl 151
1197 a(\000) p Fn(p) p Fp(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)) p
Fn 14 w(p) p Fm 418 1209 a(T) 9 b(O) p Fp 522 1197 a(\() p
Fn(w) p Fp 2 w(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fn(;) 14
b(p) p Fp(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)\)\() p Fk 976 1157
a(4) p Fm 14 w(w) p Fk 2 w(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p
979 1178 V 1054 1226 a(3) p Fl 1190 1197 a(\000) p Fp
18 w(1\)) p Fj 1347 1105 a(o) p Fn 1402 1197 a(;) p Fq
1690 1042 a(\(1\)) -182 1396 y(where) p Fn 19 w(\016) p
Fl 26 w(\021) p Fn 23 w(k) p Fl 21 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(R) p
Fp 1 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fn(=) p Fp(\001) p
Fq(.) -83 1496 y(The) k(pack) m(et) h(arri) n(v) l(al) f(rate) g(at) g
(a) g(destination) f(host) p Fn 18 w(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p
Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 19 w(is) h(deter) n(-) -182 1596 y(mined) i(by) i(the) f
(past) h(pack) o(et) f(transmission) g(rate) h(of) f(a) h(source) f
(host) -182 1695 y(and) 16 b(the) i(past) f(pack) o(et) g(loss) h(pro) n
(bability) f(in) g(the) h(netw) o(or) n(k,) p Fn 17 w(y) p
Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 18 w(and) p Fn
-182 1795 a(p) p Fp(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq(.) p
Fn 357 1969 a(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) 83 b(=) g(\(1) p
Fl 18 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(p) p Fp(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3
w(\)\)) p Fn(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)) p
Fq -182 2143 a(Thu) n(s,) 32 b(the) f(DCCP) h(pack) o(et) e
(transmission) g(rate) h(is) h(gi) n(v) o(en) d(by) i(the) -182
2243 y(follo) l(wing) 22 b(equation) f(from) h(chan) n(ge) h(of) f(the)
g(DCCP) i(windo) l(w) f(size) -182 2342 y(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) e(by) e
(Eq.) h(\(1\).) p Fn -169 2513 a(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p
Fp 22 w(+) e(1\)) p Fl 23 w(') p Fn 22 w(f) p Fp 9 w(\() p
Fn(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fn(;) c(y) p Fp
3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fn(;) g(R) p Fp 1 w(\() p
Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)\)) -86 2627 y(=) p Fn 83 w(y) p Fp
3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) 19 b(+) f(\001) p Fm 481
2586 a(x) p Fk(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p 397 2607 296
4 v Fm 397 2655 a(y) p Fk 2 w(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p
Fm(R) p Fk(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p Fh 659 2639 a(2) p
Fl 721 2627 a(\000) p Fk 814 2594 a(2) p 814 2608 34
4 v 814 2655 a(3) p Fp 857 2627 a(\001) p Fn(y) p Fp
3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fl 14 w(f) p Fn -1 w(y) p
Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fl 19 w(\000) p
Fn 18 w(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fl(g) 62 2765
y(\002) p Fj 141 2673 a(n) p Fp 196 2765 a(1) p Fl 18
w(\000) p Fn 18 w(p) p Fm 381 2777 a(T) 9 b(O) p Fp 485
2765 a(\() p Fn(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)) p
Fn 14 w(R) p Fp 1 w(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fn(;) p
Fp 14 w(1) p Fl 19 w(\000) p Fm 1041 2725 a(x) p Fk(\() p
Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p 1041 2746 127 4 v Fm 1044 2794 a(y) p
Fk 2 w(\() p Fm(\016) p Fk 2 w(\)) p Fp 1178 2765 a(\)) p
Fj 1210 2673 a(o) p Fl 62 2915 a(\000) p Fp(\001) p Fj
210 2822 a(n) p Fk 275 2882 a(4) p 275 2896 34 4 v 275
2943 a(3) p Fn 318 2915 a(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp
3 w(\)) p Fl 19 w(\000) p Fk 636 2882 a(1) p 584 2896
139 4 v Fm 584 2943 a(R) p Fk(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p
Fj 732 2822 a(o) p Fl 802 2915 a(f) p Fn -1 w(y) p Fp
3 w(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fl 19 w(\000) p Fn
18 w(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(x) p Fp(\)) p Fl(g) 62 3052 y(\002) p
Fn(p) p Fm 169 3064 a(T) g(O) p Fp 273 3052 a(\() p Fn(x) p
Fp(\() p Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fn 14 w(R) p Fp 1 w(\() p
Fn(\016) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fn(;) p Fp 14 w(1) p Fl 19 w(\000) p
Fm 829 3012 a(x) p Fk(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p 829
3033 127 4 v Fm 832 3081 a(y) p Fk 2 w(\() p Fm(\016) p
Fk 2 w(\)) p Fp 966 3052 a(\)) p Fq 1695 2790 a(\(2\)) -83
3235 y(Ne) o(xt,) 73 b(we) h(mod) n(el) g(the) f(congestion) f(contro) n
(l) i(mecha-) -182 3335 y(nism) 40 b(of) h(DCCP) h(with) f(the) g(TFRC)
h(congestio) n(n) f(control) f(pro-) -182 3434 y(\002le) c(as) h(a) f
(discrete-time) f(system.) h(The) f(input) p Fn 36 w(x) p
Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 37 w(of) g(DCCP) -182
3534 y(with) 26 b(the) f(TFRC) i(congestion) d(control) h(pro\002le) g
(is) i(the) f(pack) m(et) h(ar) n(-) -182 3633 y(ri) n(v) n(al) d(rate)
h(at) g(the) g(destinatio) n(n) g(host) g(noti\002ed) f(of) g(the) h
(source) f(host) -182 3733 y(at) f(slot) p Fn 23 w(k) p
Fq 3 w(.) f(Moreo) o(v) m(er) m(,) g(the) g(outpu) n(t) p
Fn 23 w(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 24
w(is) h(the) f(pack) o(et) g(transmis-) -182 3833 y(sion) e(rate) g
(from) f(a) i(source) e(host) h(at) h(slot) p Fn 21 w(k) p
Fq 3 w(.) -83 3932 y(The) j(pack) o(et) h(loss) g(e) n(v) o(en) n(t) h
(rate) e(at) h(slot) p Fn 25 w(k) p Fq 28 w(is) h(de\002ned) e(by) p
Fn 24 w(p) p Fm 1620 3944 a(e) p Fp 1655 3932 a(\() p
Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq(,) -182 4032 y(and) c(the) h(DCCP) h(connec) n
(tion') -5 b(s) 21 b(round) n(-trip) g(time) p Fn 21
w(R) p Fp 1 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq(.) g(Suppo) n(se) -182
4132 y(that) c(the) h(source) f(host) g(recei) n(v) o(e) n(s) i(an) e
(A) m(CK) h(pack) o(et) f(at) h(slot) p Fn 18 w(k) p
Fq 3 w(.) g(In) f(this) -182 4231 y(case,) 27 b(the) f(DCCP) j(sour) n
(ce) f(host) e(change) n(s) i(the) f(transmission) f(rate) p
Fn -182 4331 a(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 21 w(+) 18
b(1\)) p Fq 20 w(at) j(slot) p Fn 21 w(k) p Fp 21 w(+) d(1) p
Fq 20 w(as) j([15]) p Fn 17 4505 a(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p
Fn(k) p Fp 21 w(+) d(1\)) 83 b(=) g(min) 14 b(\() p Fn(X) p
Fp 7 w(\() p Fn(p) p Fm 879 4517 a(e) p Fp 914 4505 a(\() p
Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fn(;) g(R) p Fp 1 w(\() p Fn(k) p
Fp 3 w(\)\)) p Fn(;) p Fp 14 w(2) p Fn 14 w(x) p Fp(\() p
Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)\)) p Fn 15 w(;) p Fq 103 w(\(3\)) -182
4679 y(where) p Fn 19 w(X) p Fp 7 w(\() p Fn(p) p Fm
191 4691 a(e) p Fp 226 4679 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p
Fn(;) g(R) p Fp 1 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)\)) p Fq 22
w(is) 21 b(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) g(by) p Fn -169 4852 a(X) p
Fp 7 w(\() p Fn(p) p Fm -19 4864 a(e) p Fp 16 4852 a(\() p
Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fn(;) 14 b(R) p Fp 1 w(\() p Fn(k) p
Fp 3 w(\)\)) 24 b(=) p Fk 775 4920 a(1) p 7 4934 1569
4 v Fm 7 5026 a(R) p Fk(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p Fj
145 4955 a(p) p 229 4955 189 4 v Fh 239 4996 a(2) p Fg(p) 298
5004 y(e) p Fh 331 4996 a(\() p Fg(k) p Fh 1 w(\)) p
239 5013 169 4 v 309 5046 a(3) p Fk 418 5026 a(+) p Fm(t) p
Fg 494 5034 a(RT) 6 b(O) p Fj 627 4940 a(\020) p Fk 677
5026 a(3) p Fj 710 4955 a(p) p 793 4955 189 4 v Fh 803
4996 a(3) p Fg(p) 862 5004 y(e) p Fh 894 4996 a(\() p
Fg(k) p Fh 1 w(\)) p 803 5013 169 4 v 873 5046 a(8) p
Fm 981 5026 a(p) p Fg 1015 5034 a(e) p Fk 1048 5026 a(\() p
Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)\(1+32) p Fm(p) p Fg 1346 5034 a(e) p
Fk 1379 5026 a(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p Fh 1467 5009
a(2) p Fk 1500 5026 a(\)) p Fj 1526 4940 a(\021) p Fn
1585 4952 a(;) p Fq 1719 4955 a(\(4\)) -182 5225 y(where) p
Fn 21 w(t) p Fm 73 5237 a(RT) j(O) p Fq 251 5225 a(is) 23
b(the) f(TCP) g(retransmission) f(timer) m(,) h(and) f(is) i(can) f(be)
-182 5325 y(app) n(roximated) d(by) p Fp 20 w(4) p Fn(R) p
Fp 1 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 20 w([15]) n(.) 2073
83 y(Supposing) e(that) h(a) h(RED) f(router) f(discards) h(a) h(pack) o
(et) e(rando) n(mly) 1974 183 y(with) 30 b(the) f(prob) n(ability) p
Fn 30 w(p) p Fq(,) h(the) f(pack) o(et) g(loss) i(e) n(v) o(en) n(t) f
(rate) p Fn 30 w(p) p Fm 3711 195 a(e) p Fq 3777 183
a(mea-) 1974 282 y(sured) 22 b(by) g(DCCP) i(and) e(the) g(pack) o(et) g
(loss) h(proba) n(bility) p Fn 23 w(p) p Fq 23 w(at) g(a) g(RED) 1974
382 y(route) n(r) e(satisfy) f(the) h(follo) l(wing) f(relation:) p
Fk 2091 511 a(1) p 2046 525 123 4 v Fm 2046 572 a(p) p
Fk(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p Fp 2262 543 a(=) 82 b(1) p
Fl 18 w(\002) p Fj 2552 481 a(P) p Fm 2640 502 a(M) 2640
568 y(i) p Fk(=1) p Fj 2766 476 a(\000) p Fp 2804 543
a(\(1) p Fl 18 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(p) p Fm 3021 555 a(e) p
Fp 3056 543 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)\)) p Fm 3198 513
a(i) p Fi(\000) p Fk(1) p Fn 3325 543 a(p) p Fm 3367
555 a(e) p Fp 3403 543 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fj
3513 476 a(\001) p Fp 2409 657 a(+) p Fj 2488 595 a(P) p
Fi 2575 615 a(1) p Fm 2575 682 a(i) p Fk(=) p Fm(M) p
Fk 6 w(+1) p Fj 2822 590 a(\000) p Fn 2860 657 a(i) p
Fp 14 w(\(1) p Fl 17 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(p) p Fm 3119 669
a(e) p Fp 3155 657 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)\)) p Fm
3297 627 a(i) p Fi(\000) p Fk(1) p Fn 3424 657 a(p) p
Fm 3466 669 a(e) p Fp 3501 657 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p
Fj 3611 590 a(\001) p Fn 3664 657 a(;) p Fq 3846 596
a(\(5\)) 1974 813 y(where) p Fn 16 w(M) p Fp 9 w(\(=) p
Fn 23 w(R) p Fp 1 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fn 14
w(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)\)) p Fq 17 w(is) 18
b(the) f(numb) n(er) g(of) g(pack) m(ets) h(that) f(arri) n(v) o(e) 1974
913 y(at) k(the) f(RED) h(rou) n(ter) g(dur) n(ing) f(a) h(rou) n
(nd-trip) e(time.) 2073 1013 y(Finally) -5 b(,) 19 b(we) g(mod) n(el) h
(the) f(RED) g(router) f(as) i(a) f(discrete-time) f(sys-) 1974
1112 y(tem.) 29 b(The) g(input) p Fn 29 w(x) p Fp(\() p
Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 30 w(is) i(the) e(pack) o(et) g(arri) n(v) l
(al) h(rate) f(at) h(the) g(RED) 1974 1212 y(route) n(r) k(at) g(slot) p
Fn 34 w(k) p Fq 3 w(.) g(Moreo) m(v) o(er) m(,) f(the) g(outpu) n(t) p
Fn 34 w(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 35
w(is) h(the) g(pack) m(et) 1974 1311 y(transmission) 19
b(rate) i(fro) n(m) g(the) f(RED) h(rou) n(ter) g(at) f(slot) p
Fn 21 w(k) p Fq 3 w(.) 2073 1411 y(W) -7 b(e) 28 b(de\002ne) p
Fn 25 w(\026) p Fq 27 w(as) f(the) f(bottlen) n(eck) g(link) g(band) n
(width) g(and) p Fn 25 w(p) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p
Fq 1974 1511 a(as) 38 b(the) f(prob) n(ability) g(that) h(the) f(RED) h
(rou) n(ter) g(discards) f(pack) m(ets.) 1974 1610 y(Since) 24
b(the) g(pack) m(et) h(arri) n(v) n(a) n(l) g(rate) f(at) g(the) g(RED)
h(rou) n(ter) f(is) p Fn 25 w(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp
3 w(\)) p Fq(,) h(the) 1974 1710 y(pack) o(et) j(transmission) g(rate) g
(from) g(the) g(RED) h(router) f(is) h(gi) n(v) o(en) f(by) p
Fp 1974 1810 a(\(1) p Fl 24 w(\000) p Fn 24 w(p) p Fp(\() p
Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)\)) p Fn 14 w(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p
Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq(.) i(Further) n(more,) d(since) i(the) f(maximu) n(m) h
(pack) m(et) 1974 1909 y(transmission) 34 b(rate) i(fro) n(m) g(the) f
(RED) h(router) e(is) i(limited) f(by) g(the) 1974 2009
y(outp) n(ut) 25 b(link) e(bandwid) n(th,) h(the) g(maximu) n(m) g(of) p
Fn 24 w(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 25
w(is) h(limited) f(by) 1974 2108 y(the) e(bottlen) n(eck) g(link) f
(bandwid) n(th) p Fn 22 w(\026) p Fq(.) h(Hence,) g(the) f(output) p
Fn 21 w(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 22
w(of) 1974 2208 y(RED) g(is) g(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) g(by) e([13]) p
Fn 2321 2361 a(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) k(=) f(min) q
(\(\(1) p Fl 18 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(p) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p
Fp 3 w(\)\)) p Fn 14 w(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p
Fn(;) 14 b(\026) p Fp(\)) p Fn(:) p Fq 418 w(\(6\)) 2073
2515 y(The) 32 b(curr) n(ent) g(queu) n(e) g(length) e(of) i(RED) g(at)
g(slot) p Fn 32 w(k) p Fq 34 w(is) h(deno) n(ted) 1974
2614 y(by) p Fn 25 w(q) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p
Fq(,) 26 b(and) f(the) g(a) n(v) o(erage) f(queue) h(length) f(is) j
(den) n(oted) e(by) p 3771 2569 41 4 v Fn 25 w(q) p Fp
3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq(.) 1974 2714 y(When) 30
b(the) g(b) n(uf) n(f) n(er) g(size) h(of) f(the) g(RED) h(rou) n(ter) g
(is) p Fn 31 w(L) p Fq(,) e(the) h(current) 1974 2814
y(queu) n(e) 21 b(length) p Fn 19 w(q) p Fp 3 w(\() p
Fn(k) p Fp 22 w(+) d(1\)) p Fq 20 w(at) j(slot) p Fn
21 w(k) p Fp 21 w(+) d(1) p Fq 20 w(is) j(gi) n(v) o(en) e(by) h([13]) p
Fn 2055 2966 a(q) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 22 w(+) e(1\)) 2139
3066 y(=) 82 b(min) 14 b([max) p Fl 14 w(f) p Fn -1 w(q) p
Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) 19 b(+) f(\() p Fn(x) p
Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fl 20 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(\026) p
Fp(\)) c(\001) p Fn(;) p Fp 14 w(0) p Fl(g) p Fn 13 w(;) g(L) p
Fp(]) p Fn 13 w(:) p Fq 3846 3017 a(\(7\)) 2073 3214
y(Let) p Fn 25 w(q) p Fq 29 w(be) 24 b(the) h(curr) n(ent) g(queu) n(e)
g(length) f(of) g(RED,) h(and) p 3672 3169 V Fn 24 w(q) p
Fq 29 w(be) f(the) 1974 3314 y(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) 34
b(queue) f(length) g(of) h(RED.) g(RED) g(updates) g(the) f(a) n(v) o
(erage) 1974 3414 y(queu) n(e) 21 b(length) p 2421 3368
V Fn 19 w(q) p Fq 24 w(for) f(e) n(v) o(e) n(ry) g(pack) o(et) g
(receipt) g(as) h([3]) p 2475 3521 V Fn 2475 3567 a(q) p
Fl 26 w( ) p Fp 23 w(\(1) p Fl 18 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(w) p
Fm 2878 3579 a(q) p Fp 2915 3567 a(\)) p 2961 3521 V
Fn 14 w(q) p Fp 22 w(+) p Fn 18 w(w) p Fm 3162 3579 a(q) p
Fn 3213 3567 a(q) s(:) p Fq 570 w(\(8\)) 1974 3721 y(Since) 36
b(the) g(pack) o(et) f(arri) n(v) n(al) h(rate) g(at) g(slot) p
Fn 37 w(k) p Fq 39 w(is) p Fn 37 w(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p
Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq(,) i(the) e(a) n(v) o(er) n(-) 1974 3820
y(age) 22 b(queue) g(length) p 2564 3774 V Fn 21 w(q) p
Fp 4 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 23 w(at) h(slot) p
Fn 23 w(k) p Fp 24 w(+) c(1) p Fq 23 w(is) 24 b(appr) n(oximately) d
(gi) n(v) o(en) 1974 3920 y(by) f([13) n(]) p 2150 4027
V Fn 2150 4073 a(q) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 21 w(+) e(1\)) p
Fl 83 w(') p 2674 4027 V Fn 83 w(q) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p
Fp 3 w(\)) h(+) p Fn 18 w(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3
w(\)) 14 b(\001) p Fn 14 w(w) p Fm 3239 4085 a(q) p Fp
3277 4073 a(\() p Fn(q) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p
Fl 19 w(\000) p 3561 4027 V Fn 18 w(q) p Fp 3 w(\() p
Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)\)) p Fn(:) p Fq 80 w(\(9\)) 2073 4227
y(RED) 26 b(determine) n(s) h(the) e(pack) o(et) g(loss) h(pro) n
(bability) p Fn 25 w(p) p Fm 3612 4239 a(b) p Fp 3645
4227 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 26 w(from) 1974
4326 y(its) 21 b(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g(queu) n(e) g(length) p
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a(max) p Fm 2914 4556 a(p) p 2575 4581 554 4 v Fn 2575
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Fl 19 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(min) p Fm 3574 4613 a(th) p Fp
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%%Page: 4 4
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Fq 920 3460 a(and) p Fn 34 w(y) p Fi 1119 3430 a(\003) p
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3578 y(tions) p Fn 37 w(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp
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Fp 3 w(\)) h(=) p Fn 54 w(y) p Fi 884 3548 a(\003) p
Fm 881 3601 a(R) p Fq 935 3578 a(,) p Fn 37 w(x) p Fp(\() p
Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) h(=) p Fm 1335 3536 a(y) p Ff 1371
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b(1\)) 23 b(=) p Fn 23 w(y) p Fp 3 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp
3 w(\)) g(=) p Fn 22 w(y) p Fi 526 3647 a(\003) p Fm
523 3700 a(R) p Fq 578 3678 a(,) c(and) p Fn 19 w(x) p
Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) k(=) p Fn 23 w(N) g(y) p
Fi 1160 3647 a(\003) p Fm 1157 3700 a(D) p Fq 1236 3678
a(\(Eq.) c(\(6\)\)) n(.) h(F) o(ocu) n(s-) -182 3777
y(ing) h(on) h(the) g(inpu) n(t) p Fn 23 w(x) p Fi 416
3747 a(\003) p Fm 416 3800 a(R) p Fq 493 3777 a(and) g(the) g(outp) n
(ut) p Fn 22 w(y) p Fi 1038 3747 a(\003) p Fm 1035 3800
a(R) p Fq 1112 3777 a(of) f(a) i(RED) f(router) m(,) f(we) -182
3877 y(ha) n(v) o(e) e(the) h(follo) n(wing) f(relation) p
Fn 426 4039 a(y) p Fi 470 4005 a(\003) p Fm 467 4060
a(R) p Fp 604 4039 a(=) 83 b(\(1) p Fl 18 w(\000) p Fn
18 w(p) p Fi 969 4005 a(\003) p Fp 1007 4039 a(\)) p
Fn 14 w(x) p Fi 1100 4005 a(\003) p Fm 1100 4060 a(R) p
Fn 1155 4039 a(;) p Fq 470 w(\(14\)) -182 4201 y(where) p
Fn 19 w(p) p Fi 83 4171 a(\003) p Fq 142 4201 a(is) 21
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Fn 26 w(p) p Fi 1728 4271 a(\003) p Fq 1766 4301 a(.) -182
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(erag) n(e) h(queu) n(e) g(length) p 663 4455 41 4 v
Fn 19 w(q) p Fi 703 4468 a(\003) p Fq 762 4500 a(of) f(the) g(RED) h
(router) -7 b(.) p Fs -182 4709 a(4.) 69 b(T) -7 b(ransient) 26
b(State) f(Analysis) p Fq -182 4827 a(W) -7 b(e) 62 b(then) g(analy) n
(ze) g(the) g(transient) f(state) h(perfor) n(mance) f(of) -182
4926 y(DCCP/RED) 26 b(by) e(linearizing) g(the) g(discrete-time) g
(mode) n(l) i(arou) n(nd) -182 5026 y(its) 21 b(equilib) n(rium) f
(point.) -83 5126 y(First,) 36 b(we) f(focus) g(on) f(the) i(feed) n
(back) f(system) g(where) f(DCCP) -182 5225 y(con) n(nections) 47
b(with) g(the) g(TCP-lik) o(e) h(cong) n(estion) f(contro) n(l) h(pro-)
-182 5325 y(\002le) c(and) f(RED) h(rou) n(ters) g(are) g(interco) n
(nnected.) e(The) i(states) g(of) 1974 83 y(DCCP) k(and) e(RED) h(are) g
(determin) n(ed) g(by) f(the) h(pack) o(et) f(arri) n(v) n(al) 1974
183 y(rate) p Fn 32 w(x) p Fm 2178 195 a(D) p Fp 2239
183 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 34 w(at) 33 b(the) f(destination) g
(host) g(\(noti\002ed) g(by) g(a) h(destina-) 1974 282
y(tion) 27 b(host) g(via) h(A) m(CK) f(pack) o(ets\)) g(at) h(slot) p
Fn 28 w(k) p Fq 3 w(,) f(the) h(pack) o(et) f(transmis-) 1974
392 y(sion) 34 b(rates) p Fn 34 w(y) p Fm 2379 404 a(D) p
Fp 2439 392 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fl 14 w(\001) 14
b(\001) g(\001) p Fn 14 w(y) p Fm 2715 404 a(D) p Fp
2775 392 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fl 32 w(\000) p Fm 2985 352
a(R) p Fk(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p 2985 373 139 4 v
3027 421 a(\001) p Fp 3134 392 a(\)) p Fq 34 w(from) 33
b(the) h(source) f(host,) 1974 492 y(the) 47 b(pack) o(et) g(arri) n(v)
n(al/tran) n(smission) h(rate) f(of) h(the) f(RED) h(router) 1974
592 y(at) 41 b(slot) p Fn 41 w(k) p Fq 3 w(,) p Fn 41
w(x) p Fm 2391 604 a(R) p Fp 2446 592 a(\() p Fn(k) p
Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 41 w(and) p Fn 40 w(y) p Fm 2799 604
a(R) p Fp 2853 592 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq(.) g(W) -7
b(e) 42 b(introd) n(uce) f(a) g(state) g(v) o(ec-) 1974
691 y(tor) p Fe 19 w(x) p Fp 1 w(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p
Fq 20 w(that) 20 b(is) h(comp) n(osed) f(of) f(dif) n(fere) n(nces) h
(between) f(each) g(state) 1974 791 y(v) n(ariab) n(le) i(at) g(slot) p
Fn 20 w(k) p Fq 24 w(and) f(its) h(equilib) n(rium) f(v) n(alue:) p
Fe 2261 1238 a(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fl
84 w(\021) p Fj 2652 897 a(2) 2652 1043 y(6) 2652 1093
y(6) 2652 1143 y(6) 2652 1192 y(6) 2652 1242 y(6) 2652
1292 y(6) 2652 1342 y(6) 2652 1395 y(4) p Fn 3003 954
a(x) p Fm 3050 966 a(D) p Fp 3110 954 a(\() p Fn(k) p
Fp 3 w(\)) p Fl 84 w(\000) p Fn 82 w(x) p Fi 3498 924
a(\003) p Fm 3498 977 a(D) p Fn 3009 1053 a(y) p Fm 3050
1065 a(D) p Fp 3110 1053 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p
Fl 84 w(\000) p Fn 82 w(y) p Fi 3495 1023 a(\003) p Fm
3492 1076 a(D) p Fq 3326 1141 a(.) 3326 1175 y(.) 3326
1208 y(.) p Fn 2749 1322 a(y) p Fm 2790 1334 a(D) p Fp
2850 1322 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fl 21 w(\000) p Fm 3039 1281
a(R) p Fk(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p 3039 1302 V 3082
1350 a(\001) p Fp 3188 1322 a(\)) p Fl 84 w(\000) p Fn
82 w(y) p Fi 3495 1291 a(\003) p Fm 3492 1344 a(D) p
Fn 3008 1421 a(x) p Fm 3055 1433 a(R) p Fp 3110 1421
a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fl 84 w(\000) p Fn 82 w(x) p
Fi 3498 1391 a(\003) p Fm 3498 1444 a(R) p Fn 3015 1521
a(y) p Fm 3056 1533 a(R) p Fp 3110 1521 a(\() p Fn(k) p
Fp 3 w(\)) p Fl 84 w(\000) p Fn 82 w(y) p Fi 3495 1491
a(\003) p Fm 3492 1544 a(R) p Fj 3600 897 a(3) 3600 1043
y(7) 3600 1093 y(7) 3600 1143 y(7) 3600 1192 y(7) 3600
1242 y(7) 3600 1292 y(7) 3600 1342 y(7) 3600 1395 y(5) p
Fq 3804 1238 a(\(15\)) 1974 1683 y(W) -7 b(e) 24 b(focus) e(on) h
(state) h(transition) e(between) g(slot) p Fn 24 w(k) p
Fq 26 w(and) g(slot) p Fn 24 w(k) p Fp 23 w(+) e(1) p
Fq(.) 1974 1783 y(Althou) n(gh) g(all) h(discrete) f(mod) n(els) h
(\(Eqs.) f(\(1\),) f(\(2\),) h(\(6\)) n(\226\(12\)) n(\)) h(in) f(our)
1974 1883 y(analysis) 32 b(are) f(nonlin) n(ear) m(,) g(the) o(y) g
(can) h(be) f(written) h(in) g(the) f(follo) n(w-) 1974
1982 y(ing) e(matrix) g(for) n(m) h(by) f(linearizin) n(g) h(them) f
(arou) n(nd) g(their) g(equilib-) 1974 2082 y(rium) 19
b(v) n(alues) p Fn 20 w(x) p Fi 2429 2052 a(\003) p Fm
2429 2105 a(D) p Fq 2490 2082 a(,) p Fn 20 w(y) p Fi
2575 2052 a(\003) p Fm 2572 2105 a(D) p Fq 2632 2082
a(,) p Fn 21 w(x) p Fi 2721 2052 a(\003) p Fm 2721 2105
a(R) p Fq 2776 2082 a(,) h(and) p Fn 20 w(y) p Fi 3002
2052 a(\003) p Fm 2999 2105 a(R) p Fq 3053 2082 a(.) p
Fe 2563 2248 a(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 22 w(+) e(1\)) 83
b(=) p Fe 82 w(Ax) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fn(;) p
Fq 452 w(\(16\)) 1974 2415 y(where) p Fe 31 w(A) p Fq
33 w(is) 33 b(the) f(state) h(transition) e(matrix) g(of) h(the) g
(state) g(v) o(ector) 1974 2514 y(from) p Fe 26 w(x) p
Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 29 w(to) p Fe 27 w(x) p
Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 28 w(+) 23 b(1\)) p Fq(.) 28 b(The) f(eigen) m(v) l
(alues) g(of) g(the) h(state) g(tran-) 1974 2614 y(sition) h(matrix) p
Fe 28 w(A) p Fq 29 w(determ) n(ine) g(the) g(transien) n(t) h(state) f
(perfo) n(rmance) 1974 2714 y(\(i.e.,) 22 b(con) m(v) m(er) o(ge) n
(nce) h(perfo) n(rmance) f(to) i(the) f(equ) n(ilibrium) g(poin) n(t\))
g(of) 1974 2813 y(the) 28 b(discrete-time) f(systems) i(gi) n(v) o(e) n
(n) f(by) g(Eqs.) g(\(1\),) f(\(2\),) g(\(6\)\226\() n(12\).) 1974
2923 y(Let) p Fn 26 w(\025) p Fm 2159 2935 a(i) p Fp
2187 2923 a(\(1) p Fl 33 w(\024) p Fn 33 w(i) p Fl 34
w(\024) p Fm 2563 2883 a(R) p Fk(\() p Fm(k) p Fk 1 w(\)) p
2563 2904 V 2605 2952 a(\001) p Fp 2734 2923 a(+) 22
b(3\)) p Fq 26 w(be) k(the) g(eigen) m(v) l(alues) g(of) g(the) f
(state) 1974 3023 y(transition) 17 b(matrix) p Fe 17
w(A) p Fq(.) i(The) f(maxim) n(um) g(absolute) f(v) n(alue) g(of) h
(eigen-) 1974 3123 y(v) n(alues) i(\() p Fr(maximu) n(m) h(modu) n(lus)
p Fq(\)) f(determin) n(es) h(the) f(stability) h(and) e(the) 1974
3222 y(transient) 24 b(state) i(perfo) n(rmance) e(of) h(the) g
(feedback) f(system) h(aroun) n(d) 1974 3322 y(its) i(equilibriu) n(m) g
(point) f([16) n(].) h(It) g(is) g(kno) n(wn) e(that) i(the) g(smaller)
f(the) 1974 3422 y(maxim) n(um) g(modu) n(lus) g(is,) h(the) f(better) f
(the) h(transient) f(state) i(perf) n(or) n(-) 1974 3521
y(mance) 19 b(beco) n(mes.) h(It) g(is) g(also) g(kno) l(wn) g(that) f
(the) h(system) g(is) g(stable) g(if) 1974 3621 y(the) g(maximu) n(m) h
(mod) n(ulus) f(is) h(less) h(than) d(1.0.) 2073 3720
y(Ne) o(xt,) 34 b(we) g(focus) g(on) g(the) g(feedb) n(ack) g(system) g
(where) g(DCCP) 1974 3820 y(conn) n(ections) 63 b(with) g(the) h(TFRC) g
(cong) n(estion) f(contro) n(l) h(pro-) 1974 3920 y(\002le) 44
b(and) f(RED) h(router) n(s) h(are) e(intercon) n(nected.) g(The) g
(states) h(of) 1974 4019 y(DCCP) 53 b(with) e(the) h(TFRC) g(conge) n
(stion) g(contr) n(ol) g(pro\002le) f(and) 1974 4119
y(RED) 46 b(are) g(determin) n(ed) g(by) g(the) g(pack) o(et) f(arri) n
(v) n(al) h(rate) p Fn 46 w(x) p Fm 3772 4131 a(D) p
Fp 3832 4119 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fq 1974 4219
a(at) d(the) g(destinatio) n(n) g(host) g(at) g(slot) p
Fn 43 w(k) p Fq 46 w(,) g(the) g(pack) m(et) h(transmis-) 1974
4329 y(sion) 34 b(rates) p Fn 34 w(y) p Fm 2379 4341
a(D) p Fp 2439 4329 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3 w(\)) p Fl 14
w(\001) 14 b(\001) g(\001) p Fn 14 w(y) p Fm 2715 4341
a(D) p Fp 2775 4329 a(\() p Fn(k) p Fl 32 w(\000) p Fm
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V 3027 4357 a(\001) p Fp 3134 4329 a(\)) p Fq 34 w(from) 33
b(the) h(source) f(host,) 1974 4428 y(and) 26 b(the) i(pack) m(et) g
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Fn 28 w(k) p Fq 3 w(,) p Fn 1974 4528 a(x) p Fm 2021
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(v) o(ecto) n(r) p Fe 20 w(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p Fp 3
w(\)) p Fq 22 w(that) f(is) h(com-) 1974 4628 y(posed) 28
b(of) h(dif) n(fer) n(ences) g(between) g(each) g(state) g(v) n
(ariable) f(at) i(slot) p Fn 30 w(k) p Fq 1974 4727 a(and) 19
b(its) j(equilib) n(rium) e(v) n(alue) f(is) j(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) e(by)
g(Eq.) g(\(17\)) n(.) 2073 4827 y(W) -7 b(e) 40 b(assume) d(that) h
(the) g(DCCP) i(destinatio) n(n) e(host) g(sends) g(an) 1974
4926 y(A) m(CK) 31 b(pack) m(et) g(to) g(its) g(source) f(host) g(e) n
(v) o(ery) p Fn 29 w(n) p Fq 31 w(slot.) g(W) -7 b(e) 32
b(focu) n(s) g(on) 1974 5026 y(state) 23 b(transition) e(between) g
(slot) p Fn 23 w(k) p Fq 25 w(and) h(slot) p Fn 22 w(k) p
Fp 23 w(+) p Fn 19 w(n) p Fq(.) g(Althoug) n(h) h(all) 1974
5126 y(discrete) i(models) g(in) h(our) f(analysis) h(\(Eq) n(s.) h
(\(3\)\226) n(\(12\)) n(\)) f(are) g(non) n(lin-) 1974
5225 y(ear) m(,) 18 b(the) o(y) h(can) g(be) g(written) f(in) i(the) f
(follo) n(w) n(ing) g(matrix) g(for) n(m) h(by) e(lin-) 1974
5325 y(earizing) j(them) h(arou) n(nd) g(their) g(equilibr) n(ium) g(v)
n(alues) p Fn 22 w(x) p Fi 3571 5295 a(\003) p Fm 3571
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Fi(\000) p Fk(1) p Fe 1123 249 a(x) p Fp(\() p Fn(k) p
Fp 3 w(\)) p Fn(;) p Fq 342 w(\(17\)) -182 415 y(where) p
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2436 y(W) -7 b(e) 40 b(perf) n(ormed) d(simulation) h(using) f(ns-2) h
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(in) h(Fig.) g(1.) f(In) h(this) g(netw) o(ork) n(,) g(the) g(link) f
(be-) -182 2635 y(tween) 24 b(tw) o(o) h(RED) g(router) n(s) h(is) f
(the) g(bottlenec) n(k,) g(so) g(that) g(we) g(focu) n(s) -182
2735 y(on) 20 b(the) h(pack) o(et) f(loss) i(pro) n(bability) e(and) h
(the) g(a) n(v) o(era) n(ge) g(queue) f(length) -182
2834 y(of) i(the) h(upstream) f(RED) h(router) -5 b(.) 22
b(W) -7 b(e) 24 b(run) e(simulation) h(for) f(150) g([s]) -182
2934 y(and) 29 b(used) g(simulation) g(result) g(of) g(the) h(last) g
(100) f([s]) h(for) f(measur) l(-) -182 3034 y(ing) f(DCCP) j(conn) n
(ections') e(pack) o(et) f(transmission) h(rates) g(and) g(the) -182
3133 y(pack) m(et) 40 b(loss) g(prob) n(ability) f(of) g(the) h(RED) g
(rou) n(ter) -5 b(.) 40 b(W) -7 b(e) 40 b(repeated) -182
3233 y(simulation) 28 b(10) i(times) g(and) f(measured) g(a) n(v) o
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o(et) h(transmission) f(rates) h(and) g(the) g(pack) o(et) f(loss) -182
3432 y(pro) n(bability) 20 b(of) g(the) g(RED) h(rou) n(ter) -5
b(.) -83 3532 y(Unless) 28 b(e) o(xp) n(licitly) g(stated,) f(in) g
(the) g(follo) n(w) n(ing) g(numer) n(ical) h(e) o(x-) -182
3631 y(amples) e(and) h(simulation) n(s,) h(we) f(use) h(the) f(follo) n
(w) n(ing) g(parame) n(ters:) -182 3731 y(the) 36 b(numb) n(er) g(of) g
(DCCP) i(conne) n(ctions) p Fn 37 w(N) p Fq 45 w(is) f(10,) f(DCCP) i
(con-) -182 3831 y(nection) n(') -5 b(s) 29 b(tw) o(o-w) o(ay) e(pro) n
(pagatio) n(n) h(delay) p Fn 27 w(\034) p Fq 38 w(is) g(50) f(or) h
(100) e([ms],) -182 3930 y(the) 31 b(bandwid) n(th) h(of) f(all) i
(access) f(links) g(is) p Fp 32 w(10) p Fl 26 w(\002) p
Fn 27 w(\026) p Fq 32 w([Mbit/s],) f(the) -182 4030 y(b) n(uf) n(f) n
(er) 36 b(size) g(of) f(RED) h(router) n(s) p Fn 37 w(L) p
Fq 35 w(is) h(250) d([pack) o(et],) g(and) h(RED) -182
4129 y(con) n(trol) 25 b(param) n(eters) g(are) g(\() p
Fn(max) p Fm 786 4141 a(p) p Fq 824 4129 a(,) p Fn 25
w(min) p Fm 1022 4141 a(th) p Fq 1089 4129 a(,) p Fn
25 w(max) p Fm 1299 4141 a(th) p Fq 1367 4129 a(,) p
Fn 25 w(w) p Fm 1472 4141 a(q) p Fq 1509 4129 a(\)) g(=) g(\(0.1,) -182
4229 y(20) 19 b([pack) o(et],) g(100) g([pack) o(et]) n(,) i(0.00) n
(2\).) -83 4329 y(First,) 48 b(we) g(focu) n(s) g(on) f(the) g(steady) g
(state) h(perfo) n(rmance) e(of) -182 4428 y(DCCP/RED.) 51
b(W) -7 b(e) 52 b(sho) n(w) e(the) h(DCCP) h(pack) m(et) g
(transmission) -182 4528 y(rate) 46 b(for) g(dif) n(f) n(erent) g
(settings) h(of) f(the) g(bottleneck) f(link) h(band-) -182
4628 y(width) 20 b(in) h(Fig.) f(2.) h(Here,) f(we) h(con\002gu) n(re) g
(the) g(DCCP) h(conn) n(ection') -5 b(s) -182 4727 y(tw) o(o-w) o(ay) 25
b(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) h(delay) g(to) p Fn 26 w(\034) p
Fp 43 w(=) 33 b(50) p Fq 25 w(and) p Fn 25 w(\034) p
Fp 43 w(=) h(100) p Fq 24 w([ms].) -182 4827 y(Figure) 19
b(2\(a\)) g(sho) n(ws) g(results) h(for) f(DCCP) i(with) f(the) g
(TCP-lik) o(e) g(con-) -182 4926 y(gestion) 28 b(contr) n(ol) h
(pro\002le.) f(Figure) g(2\(b\)) g(sho) n(ws) h(for) f(DCCP) i(with)
-182 5026 y(the) k(TFRC) i(cong) n(estion) f(contro) n(l) g(pro\002le.)
f(These) g(\002gures) h(indi-) -182 5126 y(cate) 17 b(that) g(the) g
(DCCP) h(pack) o(et) e(transmission) h(rate) g(incre) n(ases) h(as) g
(the) -182 5225 y(bottlen) n(eck) 34 b(link) g(bandw) n(idth) g
(increases.) g(Moreo) m(v) o(er) m(,) f(we) i(com-) -182
5325 y(pare) 29 b(analy) n(tic) i(results) f(with) f(simulation) g
(ones.) g(In) h(DCCP) h(with) 1974 83 y(the) 18 b(TCP-lik) o(e) g
(congestion) f(contro) n(l) i(pro\002le,) e(some) h(errors) g(are) g
(ob-) 1974 183 y(serv) o(ed) 43 b(between) f(analytic) i(results) g
(and) f(simulation) g(one) n(s) i(in) 1974 282 y(the) 39
b(re) o(gio) n(n) h(where) e(bottleneck) g(link) h(band) n(width) g(is)
h(lar) o(ge.) e(In) 1974 382 y(other) i(re) o(gion) n(,) i(analytic) f
(results) g(and) g(simulation) g(ones) g(coin-) 1974
482 y(cide) 20 b(closely) -5 b(.) 2073 597 y(The) 32
b(disagreem) n(ent) g(between) f(analytic) h(and) f(simulation) g(re-)
1974 696 y(sults) g(in) g(DCCP) h(with) f(the) f(TCP-lik) o(e) h(cong) n
(estion) g(contro) n(l) g(pro-) 1974 796 y(\002le) 21
b(is) h(pro) n(bably) e(caused) g(by) g(sensiti) n(vity) h(in) g(the) f
(contro) n(l) i(param) n(e-) 1974 895 y(ter) c(setting) g(of) f(RED.) i
(Namely) -5 b(,) 16 b(the) i(control) f(parame) n(ter) i(setting) e(of)
1974 995 y(RED) h(beco) n(mes) g(inapp) n(ropriate) e(when) h(the) g
(bottlenec) n(k) h(link) f(ban) n(d-) 1974 1095 y(width) i(is) h(lar) o
(g) n(e,) f(so) h(that) f(utilization) f(of) h(the) g(RED) g(router) f
(in) h(simu-) 1974 1194 y(lation) h(is) h(de) o(g) n(raded.) 2073
1309 y(Ne) o(xt,) 37 b(we) g(focus) g(on) f(the) h(transient) g(state) g
(perfor) n(mance) f(of) 1974 1409 y(DCCP/RED.) 24 b(Figur) n(e) f(3) g
(sho) n(ws) f(the) g(maximum) f(modu) n(lus) i(of) f(the) 1974
1508 y(state) 29 b(transition) f(matrix) g(\() p Fe(A) p
Fq 29 w(or) p Fe 28 w(A) 14 b(B) p Fm 3125 1478 a(n) p
Fi(\000) p Fk(1) p Fq 3255 1508 a(\)) 29 b(of) g(DCCP/RED) h(for) 1974
1608 y(dif) n(fer) n(ent) 39 b(settings) g(of) g(the) g(bottlen) n(eck)
g(link) g(ban) n(dwidth.) f(Fig-) 1974 1708 y(ure) 19
b(3\(a\)) g(sho) n(ws) h(results) g(for) f(DCCP) i(with) f(the) g
(TCP-lik) o(e) f(conges-) 1974 1807 y(tion) 24 b(contro) n(l) i(pro) n
(\002le) g(\(Eq.) e(\(2\)\)) n(.) h(Figure) f(3\(b\)) g(sho) n(ws) h
(results) g(for) 1974 1907 y(DCCP) g(with) g(the) f(TFRC) h(conge) n
(stion) g(contr) n(ol) g(pro) n(\002le) g(\(Eq.) e(\(3\)\).) 1974
2007 y(In) 16 b(these) g(\002gure) n(s,) h(for) f(in) m(v) m
(estigating) f(the) h(ef) n(fect) g(of) f(a) i(RED) f(control) 1974
2106 y(param) n(eter) h(on) f(its) i(transient) e(perfo) n(rmance,) g
(the) g(weight) p Fn 16 w(w) p Fm 3700 2118 a(q) p Fq
3755 2106 a(of) g(the) 1974 2206 y(e) o(xp) n(onential) 28
b(weighted) f(mo) o(vin) n(g) i(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g(of) f(RED) i(is)
f(chang) n(ed) 1974 2306 y(to) 22 b(0.0) n(002,) f(0.00) n(2) h(and) f
(0.0) n(2.) h(Moreo) m(v) o(er) m(,) e(the) i(num) n(ber) f(of) h(DCCP)
1974 2405 y(conn) n(ections) 28 b(is) p Fn 30 w(N) p
Fp 47 w(=) 37 b(1) p Fq(,) 28 b(the) h(tw) o(o-w) o(ay) f(pro) n
(pagatio) n(n) h(delay) e(of) 1974 2505 y(DCCP) 21 b(connectio) n(n) g
(is) p Fn 21 w(\034) p Fp 32 w(=) i(10) p Fq 20 w([ms].) 2073
2620 y(These) 17 b(\002gure) n(s) h(sho) n(w) e(that) g(the) h(maxim) n
(um) f(modu) n(lus) h(increases) 1974 2719 y(as) j(the) g(bottleneck) f
(link) g(bandw) n(idth) h(increases.) g(This) g(mean) n(s) h(that) 1974
2819 y(the) j(transient) f(state) i(perfo) n(rmance) e(of) h(DCCP/RED) h
(de) o(gr) n(ades) f(as) 1974 2919 y(the) 30 b(bottlen) n(eck) g(link) g
(band) n(width) g(increa) n(ses.) h(Moreo) m(v) o(er) m(,) e(it) h(can)
1974 3018 y(be) 16 b(fou) n(nd) g(that) f(the) h(maximu) n(m) g(modu) n
(lus) h(increases) e(as) i(the) f(weight) p Fn 1974 3118
a(w) p Fm 2033 3130 a(q) p Fq 2088 3118 a(of) h(the) h(e) o(xp) n
(onential) f(weighted) f(mo) o(vin) n(g) i(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g(of) f
(RED) i(be-) 1974 3217 y(comes) 30 b(small.) h(This) f(can) h(be) f(e) o
(xplain) n(ed) h(as) g(follo) n(ws.) f(The) g(time) 1974
3317 y(for) c(the) h(a) n(v) o(erage) f(queue) g(length) h(of) f(RED) i
(follo) n(win) n(g) g(chan) n(ge) f(of) 1974 3417 y(the) h(netw) o(ork)
f(state) i(increases) f(as) h(the) g(weight) p Fn 28
w(w) p Fm 3461 3429 a(q) p Fq 3526 3417 a(of) g(the) f(e) o(xp) n(o-)
1974 3516 y(nential) 22 b(weighted) f(mo) o(v) n(ing) h(a) n(v) o
(erage) g(beco) n(mes) h(small.) g(Hence,) e(it) 1974
3616 y(becom) n(es) 26 b(slo) n(w) g(that) f(the) h(pack) m(et) g(loss)
g(probab) n(ility) g(of) f(RED) h(fol-) 1974 3716 y(lo) n(ws) c(chang) n
(e) h(of) f(the) f(netw) o(ork) g(state.) i(Namely) -5
b(,) 20 b(setting) p Fn 22 w(w) p Fm 3717 3728 a(q) p
Fq 3777 3716 a(to) i(be) 1974 3815 y(a) i(small) g(v) n(alue) g(has) g
(the) f(same) h(ef) n(fect) g(with) g(increa) n(sing) g(the) g(feed-)
1974 3915 y(back) 19 b(delay) h(of) g(the) g(entire) g(netw) o(ork) n
(.) 2073 4030 y(Finally) -5 b(,) 32 b(we) h(in) m(v) o(estiga) n(te) g
(ho) n(w) g(the) f(maximu) n(m) h(modu) n(lus) g(of) 1974
4129 y(the) 28 b(state) i(transition) d(matrix) h(of) g(DCCP/RED) i(af)
n(fects) e(the) h(tran-) 1974 4229 y(sient) d(state) h(perfo) n(rmance)
e(of) h(DCCP/R) r(ED.) g(T) -7 b(able) 26 b(1) g(sho) n(ws) g(the) 1974
4329 y(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) k(que) n(ue) f(length) p
2723 4283 41 4 v Fn 28 w(q) p Fi 2763 4297 a(\003) p
Fq 2802 4329 a(,) g(the) g(maxim) n(um) g(modu) n(lus) p
Fn 30 w(\025) p Fq 29 w(of) g(the) 1974 4428 y(state) i(transition) f
(matrix) g(of) g(DCCP/R) r(ED,) g(and) h(three) f(transient) 1974
4528 y(perfo) n(rmanc) n(e) 24 b(metrics:) f(ramp-u) n(p) h(time,) f(o)
o(v) m(ershoot) f(and) h(settling) 1974 4628 y(time) 28
b([16].) f(In) h(our) g(e) o(xp) n(eriments,) g(ramp) n(-up) g(time) g
(is) h(de\002ned) e(as) 1974 4727 y(the) h(time) g(requ) n(ired) g(for)
f(the) h(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g(queue) f(length) g(of) h(RED) g(to) 1974
4827 y(reach) g(95\045) h(of) f(the) h(equilibriu) n(m) g(v) n(alue.) f
(Ov) o(ersho) n(ot) h(is) h(de\002ned) 1974 4926 y(as) 25
b(the) g(maxim) n(um) g(dif) n(f) n(erence) f(of) g(the) h(a) n(v) o
(erag) n(e) g(queue) f(length) f(of) 1974 5026 y(RED) d(from) e(the) h
(equilibriu) n(m) h(v) n(alue) n(.) g(Settling) f(time) h(is) g
(de\002ned) e(as) 1974 5126 y(the) 28 b(time) g(requ) n(ired) g(for) f
(the) h(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g(queue) f(length) g(of) h(RED) g(to) 1974
5225 y(be) 20 b(settled) g(within) g(5\045) g(of) g(the) g(equilibriu) n
(m) g(v) n(alue.) g(Initial) g(v) n(alu) n(es) 1974 5325
y(of) f(state) h(v) n(ariable) n(s) h(are) e(set) h(to) g(50\045) f(of)
g(their) g(equilibriu) n(m) h(v) n(alues.) p dyy eop
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@endspecial Fd 160 1179 a(\(a\)) 17 b(DCCP) g(with) h(TCP-lik) o(e) h
(congest) r(ion) e(contro) r(l) g(pro\002le) 1901 996
y @beginspecial 33 @llx 400 @lly 546 @urx 785 @ury 2425
@rwi 1022 @rhi @setspecial
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@endspecial 2259 1179 a(\(b\)) g(DCCP) g(with) h(TFRC) f(congesti) r
(on) g(contro) r(l) g(pro\002le) p Fo 309 1419 a(Figure) 23
b(2.) g(DCCP/RED) h(stead) o(y) f(state) g(perf) n(ormance) g(\(DCCP) g
(pac) n(ket) g(transmission) g(rate\)) p -182 1498 V
-182 1676 V -162 2644 a @beginspecial 33 @llx 400 @lly
546 @urx 753 @ury 2425 @rwi 1022 @rhi @setspecial
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@endspecial Fd 160 2827 a(\(a\)) 17 b(DCCP) g(with) h(TCP-lik) o(e) h
(congest) r(ion) e(contro) r(l) g(pro\002le) 1901 2644
y @beginspecial 33 @llx 400 @lly 546 @urx 753 @ury 2425
@rwi 1022 @rhi @setspecial
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@endspecial 2259 2827 a(\(b\)) g(DCCP) g(with) h(TFRC) f(congesti) r
(on) g(contro) r(l) g(pro\002le) p Fo -65 3066 a(Figure) 23
b(3.) g(DCCP/RED) h(transient) e(state) h(perf) n(ormance) h(\(maxim) n
(um) e(modulus) g(of) h(the) f(state) h(transition) f(matrix\)) p
-182 3146 V Fq -182 3312 a(The) 28 b(weight) p Fn 29
w(w) p Fm 291 3324 a(q) p Fq 358 3312 a(of) h(the) g(e) o(xpo) n
(nential) g(weighted) f(mo) o(vin) n(g) h(a) n(v) o(er) n(-) -182
3412 y(age) 20 b(of) h(RED) g(is) h(con\002gu) n(red) e(to) h(0.000) n
(2,) g(0.00) n(2) g(and) f(0.02.) g(More-) -182 3511
y(o) o(v) m(er) m(,) j(the) h(num) n(ber) f(of) h(DCCP) h(conn) n
(ections) e(is) p Fn 25 w(N) p Fp 38 w(=) 29 b(1) p Fq(,) 23
b(the) h(bot-) -182 3611 y(tleneck) d(link) h(band) n(width) g(is) p
Fn 23 w(\026) p Fp 27 w(=) k(4) p Fq 22 w([Mbit/s],) c(and) f(the) i
(tw) o(o-w) o(ay) -182 3710 y(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) e(delay) e(of) h
(DCCP) i(is) p Fn 21 w(\034) p Fp 33 w(=) g(10) p Fq
20 w([ms].) -83 3821 y(These) 17 b(results) h(sho) n(w) f(that) g
(ramp-) n(up) g(time,) g(o) o(v) o(er) n(shoot) g(and) f(set-) -182
3921 y(tling) 22 b(time) h(decrease) f(small) h(as) g(the) g(weight) p
Fn 22 w(w) p Fm 1201 3933 a(q) p Fq 1262 3921 a(of) f(the) h(e) o(xp) n
(onen-) -182 4020 y(tial) 30 b(weighted) f(mo) o(v) n(ing) g(a) n(v) o
(erage) g(of) g(RED) i(increases.) e(Namely) -5 b(,) -182
4120 y(one) 24 b(can) h(\002nd) g(that) h(the) f(lar) o(ger) f(the) i
(weigh) n(t) p Fn 26 w(w) p Fm 1193 4132 a(q) p Fq 1256
4120 a(of) f(the) h(e) o(xp) n(onen-) -182 4220 y(tial) 19
b(weighted) e(mo) o(vin) n(g) i(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g(of) f(RED) h
(is,) g(the) g(better) f(the) h(tran-) -182 4319 y(sient) h(perfo) n
(rmance) f(becomes.) p Fs -182 4565 a(6.) 69 b(RED-IQI) 26
b(\(RED) g(with) h(Immediate) f(Queue) h(In-) -38 4681
y(f) n(ormation\)) p Fq -182 4816 a(In) k(Section) h(5,) g(we) h(ha) n
(v) o(e) e(sho) n(wn) h(that) g(the) g(transient) f(state) i(per) n(-)
-182 4915 y(for) n(mance) 27 b(is) g(de) o(grad) n(ed) g(as) h(the) f
(weigh) n(t) p Fn 28 w(w) p Fm 1110 4927 a(q) p Fq 1175
4915 a(of) f(the) h(e) o(xpo) n(nential) -182 5015 y(weighte) n(d) 19
b(mo) o(v) n(ing) f(a) n(v) o(erage) f(becomes) h(small) h(in) f(a) h
(system) g(wher) n(e) -182 5115 y(DCCP) i(conne) n(ctions) g(and) e
(RED) i(router) n(s) g(are) f(intercon) n(nected.) -83
5225 y(The) 25 b(pack) o(et) g(loss) h(prob) n(ability) p
Fn 25 w(p) p Fm 901 5237 a(b) p Fq 960 5225 a(of) g(the) f(RED) h
(route) n(r) g(is) g(de-) -182 5325 y(termin) n(ed) h(by) f(the) g
(liner) h(fun) n(ction) f(of) p Fp 27 w(\() p 990 5279
41 4 v Fn(q) p Fl 26 w(\000) p Fn 23 w(min) p Fm 1293
5337 a(th) p Fp 1360 5325 a(\)) p Fn(=) p Fp(\() p Fn(max) p
Fm 1630 5337 a(th) p Fl 1722 5325 a(\000) p Fn 1974 3312
a(min) p Fm 2126 3324 a(th) p Fp 2193 3312 a(\)) p Fq
28 w(\(Eq.1) n(0\).) h(W) -7 b(e) 28 b(call) p Fp 28
w(\() p 2869 3266 V Fn(q) p Fl 27 w(\000) p Fn 23 w(min) p
Fm 3173 3324 a(th) p Fp 3241 3312 a(\)) p Fn(=) p Fp(\() p
Fn(max) p Fm 3511 3324 a(th) p Fl 3603 3312 a(\000) p
Fn 23 w(min) p Fm 3843 3324 a(th) p Fp 3910 3312 a(\)) p
Fr 1974 3412 a(queu) n(e) d(occu) n(pancy) p Fq(.) e(Use) h(of) g(this)
g(function) f(is) h(determine) n(d) g(with-) 1974 3511
y(out) 32 b(suf) n(\002ciently) f(taking) g(accoun) n(t) i(of) f(the) g
(steady) g(state) h(perf) n(or) n(-) 1974 3611 y(mance) g(and) h(the) g
(transien) n(t) h(state) g(perf) n(ormanc) n(e) g(of) f(RED.) g(It) g
(is) 1974 3710 y(kno) l(wn) 24 b(that) f(when) g(the) h(con) n(ca) n(v)
o(e) g(fun) n(ction) f(is) i(used) e(as) h(the) f(func-) 1974
3810 y(tion) 32 b(that) g(determ) n(ines) h(the) f(pack) o(et) g(loss) g
(proba) n(bility) p Fn 33 w(p) p Fm 3674 3822 a(b) p
Fq 3739 3810 a(of) g(the) 1974 3910 y(RED) 22 b(rou) n(ter) m(,) f(the)
g(transient) g(state) g(perfo) n(rmance) f(and) h(the) g(rob) n(ust-)
1974 4009 y(ness) g(of) e(RED) i(impro) o(v) m(e) f([8].) 2073
4119 y(Therefo) n(re,) 31 b(in) g(this) h(section,) e(to) i(impr) n(o) o
(v) o(e) e(the) i(stability) f(and) 1974 4219 y(transient) 17
b(state) h(perf) n(orman) n(ce) g(of) f(the) g(system) h(where) e(DCCP)
j(con-) 1974 4318 y(nection) n(s) 30 b(and) e(RED) h(routers) f(are) h
(interco) n(nnected,) f(we) h(pro) n(pose) 1974 4418
y(a) g(RED-IQI) f(\(RED) g(with) h(Imme) n(diate) g(Queue) e(Infor) n
(mation\)) h(by) 1974 4518 y(addin) n(g) 21 b(the) f(follo) n(w) n(ing)
g(change) n(s) i(to) e(RED.) 2073 4628 y(First,) 28 b(we) g(chang) n(e)
g(the) g(calculatio) n(n) g(metho) n(d) g(of) f(the) g(a) n(v) o(erage)
1974 4727 y(queu) n(e) 22 b(length) f(of) h(RED.) g(In) f(RED-IQI,) g
(the) h(weigh) n(t) h(of) e(the) h(e) o(xp) n(o-) 1974
4827 y(nential) d(weigh) n(ted) h(mo) o(v) n(ing) f(a) n(v) o(erag) n
(e) h(is) g(set) g(to) p Fn 19 w(w) p Fm 3421 4839 a(q) p
Fp 3481 4827 a(=) j(1) p Fq(.) c(Ther) n(eby) -5 b(,) 1974
4926 y(the) 22 b(feedb) n(ack) g(delay) g(of) g(DCCP/RED-IQI) g(become)
n(s) h(small,) g(and) 1974 5026 y(the) 39 b(stability) g(and) f(the) h
(transien) n(t) h(state) f(perfo) n(rmance) f(are) h(e) o(x-) 1974
5126 y(pected) 20 b(to) h(impro) o(v) m(e.) g(Ho) n(we) n(v) m(er) m(,)
g(by) f(con\002gu) n(ring) g(to) p Fn 22 w(w) p Fm 3607
5138 a(q) p Fp 3668 5126 a(=) k(1) p Fq(,) d(the) 1974
5225 y(pack) o(et) i(loss) h(proba) n(bility) g(of) f(RED-IQI) h(may) f
(sensiti) n(v) o(ely) g(\003uctu-) 1974 5325 y(ate) 29
b(accor) n(ding) f(to) g(tempor) n(ary) g(v) n(ariation) f(of) h(the) h
(netw) o(or) n(k) g(state.) p dyy eop end
%%Page: 7 7
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a(\025) p Fq 190 w(ramp-u) n(p) 20 b(time) h([ms]) 99
b(o) o(v) m(ershoo) n(t) 21 b([pack) o(et]) 98 b(settling) 20
b(time) h([ms]) p 125 164 3512 4 v 174 234 a(0.000) n(2) 99
b(TCP-lik) o(e) h(51.) n(443) e(0.999) n(6) 348 b(920) 542
b(27.4) n(62) 482 b(2734) n(0) 174 334 y(0.002) 139 b(TCP-lik) o(e) 100
b(51.) n(443) e(0.996) n(7) 348 b(350) 542 b(23.1) n(82) 503
b(753) n(0) 174 433 y(0.02) 181 b(TCP-lik) o(e) 100 b(51.) n(443) e
(0.967) n(8) 348 b(170) 542 b(14.3) n(30) 524 b(840) 174
533 y(0.000) n(2) 147 b(TFRC) i(71.) n(724) 98 b(0.999) n(5) 328
b(152) n(0) 522 b(35.0) n(79) 482 b(3197) n(0) 174 633
y(0.002) 187 b(TFRC) 149 b(71.) n(724) 98 b(0.995) n(4) 348
b(530) 542 b(21.6) n(49) 503 b(499) n(0) 174 732 y(0.02) 229
b(TFRC) 149 b(71.) n(724) 98 b(0.953) n(3) 348 b(250) 563
b(2.8) n(49) 545 b(250) p Fo 778 882 a(T) -7 b(ab) o(le) 24
b(1.) f(DCCP/RED) h(transient) f(state) f(perf) n(ormance) i(inde) o(x)
o(es) p -182 961 4125 4 v Fq -182 1127 a(Ho) n(we) n(v) m(er) m(,) 35
b(since) i(the) e(AIMD) h(congestion) f(con) n(trol) h(is) h(used) f
(in) -182 1226 y(the) 30 b(TCP-lik) o(e) i(con) n(gestion) f(contr) n
(ol) g(pro\002le,) f(it) i(is) g(thou) n(ght) f(that) -182
1326 y(the) 21 b(v) n(ar) n(iation) g(of) g(the) g(pack) m(et) h(loss) g
(pro) n(bability) e(causes) i(little) f(per) n(-) -182
1426 y(for) n(mance) k(de) o(gr) n(adation.) g(On) g(the) h(other) e
(hand,) h(since) g(the) h(TFRC) -182 1525 y(con) n(gestion) 36
b(contro) n(l) h(pro\002le) f(smoo) n(ths) h(the) f(pack) o(et) g(loss)
h(e) n(v) o(en) n(t) -182 1625 y(rate) 26 b([15]) n(,) h(it) g(is) g
(thoug) n(ht) g(that) f(the) g(v) n(ariation) f(of) h(the) g(pack) o
(et) g(loss) -182 1724 y(pro) n(bability) 20 b(is) h(also) f(causes) h
(little) g(perf) n(ormanc) n(e) g(de) o(gr) n(adation.) -83
1824 y(Ne) o(xt,) g(we) g(chang) n(e) h(the) f(fun) n(ction) g(that) g
(determ) n(ines) h(the) e(pack) o(et) -182 1924 y(loss) 30
b(prob) n(ability) g(of) f(RED.) h(RED) h(determ) n(ines) f(the) g
(pack) o(et) f(loss) -182 2023 y(pro) n(bability) 38
b(using) f(the) h(linear) g(fun) n(ction) g(to) g(the) g(queue) f
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(we) f(change) f(this) i(functio) n(n) f(to) h(a) f(conca) n(v) o(e)
-182 2223 y(fun) n(ction.) 33 b(Speci\002cally) -5 b(,) 32
b(we) i(chang) n(e) g(the) f(function) f(that) h(deter) n(-) -182
2322 y(mines) 20 b(the) g(pack) o(et) g(loss) g(proba) n(bility) p
Fn 21 w(p) p Fm 973 2334 a(b) p Fq 1026 2322 a(to) p
Fn 121 2541 a(p) p Fm 163 2553 a(b) p Fp 279 2541 a(=) p
Fn 83 w(max) p Fm 591 2553 a(p) p Fl 643 2541 a(G) p
Fm 692 2553 a(\036) p Fj 751 2424 a(\022) p 918 2440
41 4 v Fn 918 2485 a(q) p Fl 21 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(min) p
Fm 1211 2497 a(th) p 822 2522 554 4 v Fn 822 2598 a(max) p
Fm 986 2610 a(th) p Fl 1072 2598 a(\000) p Fn 18 w(min) p
Fm 1307 2610 a(th) p Fj 1385 2424 a(\023) p Fn 1460 2541
a(;) p Fq 165 w(\(18\)) -182 2763 y(where) p Fl 19 w(G) p
Fm 90 2775 a(\036) p Fp 135 2763 a(\() p Fn(x) p Fp(\)) p
Fq 21 w(is) i(de\002ne) n(d) f(as) p Fl 267 2983 a(G) p
Fm 316 2995 a(\036) p Fp 360 2983 a(\() p Fn(x) p Fp(\)) 85
b(=) p Fj 703 2891 a(\020) p Fp 753 2983 a(1) p Fl 18
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2983 a(1) p Fl 18 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(x) p Fk 1169 2959
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Fn 1314 2983 a(:) p Fq 311 w(\(19\)) p Fn -182 3180 a(\036) p
Fp(\() p Fn(>) p Fp 33 w(0\)) p Fq 26 w(is) 26 b(a) g(param) n(eter) g
(determ) n(ining) f(the) g(conca) n(vity) -5 b(.) 24
b(In) h(order) -182 3280 y(for) p Fl 19 w(G) p Fm -16
3292 a(\036) p Fq 49 3280 a(to) c(be) f(conca) l(v) o(e,) p
Fn -22 3516 a(\036) p Fl 84 w(\025) p Fp 93 w(lim) p
Fm 258 3568 a(x) p Fi(!) p Fk(0) p Fl 419 3460 a(\000) p
Fp(1) e(+) p Fl 627 3391 a(p) p 696 3391 V Fp 696 3460
a(1) p Fl 18 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(x) p Fk 886 3436 a(2) p
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1124 3391 a(p) p 1193 3391 V Fp 1193 3460 a(1) p Fl 18
w(\000) p Fn 18 w(x) p Fk 1383 3436 a(2) p 419 3497 1002
4 v Fn 722 3583 a(x) p Fk 769 3559 a(2) p Fl 821 3514
a(p) p 890 3514 228 4 v Fp 890 3583 a(1) p Fl 18 w(\000) p
Fn 18 w(x) p Fk 1080 3559 a(2) p Fp 1453 3516 a(=) 1551
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(quantitati) n(v) m(ely) h(ho) n(w) f(the) g(transient) g(state) h(per)
n(-) -182 3831 y(for) n(mance) 27 b(of) h(DCCP/RED-IQI) g(chang) n(es) h
(with) f(the) g(band) n(width) -182 3930 y(and) 17 b(the) g(propag) n
(ation) g(delay) g(of) g(the) h(netw) o(ork) f(by) g(presentin) n(g) h
(se) n(v-) -182 4030 y(eral) 28 b(nume) n(rical) h(e) o(xam) n(ples.) g
(Due) f(to) h(space) f(limitation,) g(we) g(just) -182
4129 y(focu) n(s) 35 b(on) f(the) g(transient) g(state) h(perfor) n
(mance) f(of) g(DCCP/RED-) -182 4229 y(IQI.) 15 b(Figure) g(4) h(sho) n
(ws) g(the) g(maximum) f(mod) n(ulus) h(of) g(the) g(state) h(tran-)
-182 4329 y(sition) j(matrix) f(\() p Fe(A) p Fq 20 w(or) p
Fe 20 w(A) 14 b(B) p Fm 624 4299 a(n) p Fi(\000) p Fk(1) p
Fq 754 4329 a(\)) 20 b(of) g(DCCP/RED-IQI) g(for) f(dif) n(fer) l(-)
-182 4428 y(ent) 30 b(settings) g(of) g(the) g(bottleneck) f(link) h
(band) n(width.) g(Figure) g(4\(a\)) -182 4528 y(sho) n(ws) 21
b(results) g(for) f(DCCP) j(with) e(the) g(TCP-lik) o(e) g(congestion) f
(con-) -182 4628 y(trol) 28 b(pro) n(\002le) h(\(Eq.) f(\(2\)\)) n(.) h
(Figure) f(4\(b) n(\)) h(sho) n(ws) f(results) h(for) e(DCCP) -182
4727 y(with) 37 b(the) g(TFRC) h(cong) n(estion) f(contro) n(l) h
(pro\002le) e(\(Eq.) h(\(3\)) n(\).) g(F) o(or) -182
4827 y(comp) n(arison) 30 b(purp) n(oses,) h(the) g(maximu) n(m) g
(modu) n(lus) g(of) g(the) f(state) -182 4926 y(transition) f(matrix) h
(of) g(DCCP/RED) i(is) f(also) g(sho) n(wn) e(in) i(the) f(\002g-) -182
5026 y(ure.) 21 b(Here,) g(the) h(weight) p Fn 21 w(w) p
Fm 602 5038 a(q) p Fq 662 5026 a(of) f(the) h(e) o(xpo) n(nential) g
(weighte) n(d) g(mo) o(v-) -182 5126 y(ing) k(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) i
(of) e(RED) h(is) h(con\002gu) n(red) e(to) h(0.002) n(.) g(Moreo) o(v)
m(er) m(,) f(the) -182 5225 y(num) n(ber) e(of) h(DCCP) h(conn) n
(ections) f(is) p Fn 25 w(N) p Fp 40 w(=) 31 b(1) p Fq(,) 25
b(and) f(the) h(tw) o(o-w) o(ay) -182 5325 y(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) c
(delay) e(of) h(DCCP) i(conn) n(ection) e(is) p Fn 21
w(\034) p Fp 33 w(=) i(10) p Fq 20 w([ms].) 2073 1127
y(It) 64 b(can) g(be) f(foun) n(d) h(that) g(the) f(maximum) f(modu) n
(lus) i(of) 1974 1226 y(DCCP/RED-IQI) 47 b(incre) n(ases) h(as) f(the) f
(bottlen) n(eck) h(link) f(ban) n(d-) 1974 1326 y(width) 54
b(increases) g(from) f(this) i(\002gure.) e(Moreo) m(v) o(er) m(,) g
(by) h(com-) 1974 1426 y(parin) n(g) 44 b(the) g(maximum) f(mod) n
(ulus) h(of) g(DCCP/RED-IQI) g(with) 1974 1525 y(that) g(of) f
(DCCP/RED,) i(it) f(can) g(be) f(foun) n(d) h(that) g(the) f(v) n(alue)
g(of) 1974 1625 y(DCCP/RED-IQI) 59 b(is) h(smaller) f(than) f(that) h
(of) g(DCCP/RED.) 1974 1724 y(This) i(means) f(that) h(DCCP/R) r
(ED-IQI) f(oper) n(ates) i(mor) n(e) g(sta-) 1974 1824
y(bly) 20 b(than) f(DCCP/R) r(ED.) 2073 1936 y(T) -7
b(able) 34 b(2) f(sho) n(ws) h(the) f(a) n(v) o(erage) g(queu) n(e) h
(length) p 3504 1891 41 4 v Fn 33 w(q) p Fi 3544 1905
a(\003) p Fq 3582 1936 a(,) g(the) f(max-) 1974 2036
y(imum) h(modu) n(lus) p Fn 36 w(\025) p Fq 36 w(of) h(the) g(state) h
(transition) e(matrix,) g(ramp-u) n(p) 1974 2136 y(time,) 27
b(o) o(v) o(er) n(shoot) g(and) g(settling) g(time) h(of) f
(DCCP/RED-IQI.) h(The) 1974 2235 y(num) n(ber) 18 b(of) h(DCCP) g
(connectio) n(ns) g(is) p Fn 19 w(N) p Fp 32 w(=) k(1) p
Fq(,) 18 b(the) h(bottlen) n(eck) f(link) 1974 2335 y(band) n(width) 31
b(is) p Fn 32 w(\026) p Fp 44 w(=) 43 b(4) p Fq 31 w([Mbit/s],) 31
b(and) f(the) h(tw) o(o-w) o(ay) g(prop) n(aga-) 1974
2434 y(tion) f(delay) g(of) h(DCCP) h(is) p Fn 32 w(\034) p
Fp 52 w(=) 42 b(10) p Fq 31 w([ms].) 30 b(T) -7 b(able) 30
b(2) h(sho) n(ws) g(that) 1974 2534 y(the) g(ramp-u) n(p) h(time,) f
(the) g(o) o(v) o(er) n(shoot,) g(and) g(the) g(settling) h(time) f(of)
1974 2634 y(DCCP/RED-IQI) 21 b(are) f(smaller) h(than) f(those) g(of) g
(DCCP/RED) i(\(see) 1974 2733 y(T) -7 b(ab) m(.) 19 b(1\).) p
Fs 1974 2984 a(7.) 69 b(Conclusion) 25 b(and) h(Futur) n(e) g(W) -7
b(ork) p Fq 1974 3121 a(In) 28 b(this) g(paper) m(,) f(we) h(ha) n(v) o
(e) g(mod) n(eled) g(DCCP) i(cong) n(estion) e(control) 1974
3220 y(mechan) n(ism) 19 b(and) e(RED) i(as) g(indepe) n(ndent) f
(discrete-tim) n(e) h(systems,) 1974 3320 y(and) j(ha) n(v) o(e) g
(modeled) g(the) h(entire) f(netw) o(ork) g(as) i(a) f(feedb) n(ack) g
(system) 1974 3419 y(by) 35 b(intercon) n(necting) g(DCCP) i(connectio)
n(ns) g(and) e(RED) h(routers.) 1974 3519 y(W) -7 b(e) 29
b(ha) n(v) o(e) e(analyzed) g(the) g(steady) h(state) g(and) g
(transient) f(state) i(per) n(-) 1974 3619 y(form) n(ance) 17
b(of) h(DCCP/RED.) h(W) -7 b(e) 18 b(ha) n(v) o(e) f(deri) n(v) o(e) n
(d) h(the) g(pack) m(et) h(trans-) 1974 3718 y(mission) 36
b(rate) g(of) g(DCCP) h(conn) n(ections,) f(the) g(pack) o(et) g
(transmis-) 1974 3818 y(sion) 20 b(rate,) f(the) h(pack) o(et) g(loss) g
(prob) n(ability) -5 b(,) 19 b(and) h(the) g(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g
(queue) 1974 3918 y(length) 36 b(of) i(the) f(RED) h(router) f(in) g
(steady) g(state.) h(W) -7 b(e) 39 b(ha) n(v) o(e) e(also) 1974
4017 y(deri) n(v) m(ed) 32 b(the) f(parameter) g(re) o(g) n(ion) h
(where) f(DCCP/RED) i(opera) n(tes) 1974 4117 y(stably) g(by) h
(linearizin) n(g) g(DCCP/RED) h(mode) n(l) g(arou) n(nd) e(its) i
(equi-) 1974 4216 y(librium) j(poin) n(t.) h(Furtherm) n(ore,) f(we) h
(ha) n(v) o(e) f(e) n(v) n(aluated) f(the) i(tran-) 1974
4316 y(sient) 20 b(state) h(perfo) n(rmance) e(of) h(DCCP/R) r(ED) g
(in) g(terms) g(of) g(ramp-u) n(p) 1974 4416 y(time,) 28
b(o) o(v) m(ershoot,) f(and) g(settling) h(time.) g(Conseque) n(ntly) -5
b(,) 27 b(we) i(ha) n(v) o(e) 1974 4515 y(sho) n(wn) 21
b(that) h(the) h(stability) f(and) f(the) i(transien) n(t) g(state) g
(perfo) n(rmance) 1974 4615 y(of) d(DCCP/RED) i(de) o(gr) n(ade) f
(when) e(the) i(weight) f(of) g(the) g(e) o(xpon) n(ential) 1974
4715 y(weighted) 14 b(mo) o(vin) n(g) i(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g(is) g
(small.) g(By) g(adding) e(chang) n(es) j(to) e(the) 1974
4814 y(func) n(tion) 23 b(with) f(which) g(RED) i(determ) n(ines) f
(the) g(pack) m(et) g(loss) h(pro) n(b-) 1974 4914 y(ability) -5
b(,) 30 b(we) i(propo) n(se) g(RED-IQI.) f(W) -7 b(e) 33
b(ha) n(v) o(e) e(sho) n(wn) f(that) i(RED-) 1974 5014
y(IQI) d(signi\002cantly) f(impro) m(v) o(es) h(the) g(transient) f
(state) i(perfo) n(rmance) 1974 5113 y(such) j(as) h(o) o(v) m(ershoo) n
(t,) g(ramp-) n(up) f(time,) g(and) g(settling) g(time) g(com-) 1974
5213 y(pared) 19 b(with) h(RED.) 2073 5325 y(As) i(future) f(w) o(ork) n
(,) h(it) g(w) o(ould) e(be) h(interesting) g(to) g(analyze) f(lar) o
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@endspecial Fd 160 1179 a(\(a\)) 17 b(DCCP) g(with) h(TCP-lik) o(e) h
(congest) r(ion) e(contro) r(l) g(pro\002le) 1901 996
y @beginspecial 33 @llx 400 @lly 546 @urx 753 @ury 2425
@rwi 1022 @rhi @setspecial
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@endspecial 2259 1179 a(\(b\)) g(DCCP) g(with) h(TFRC) f(congesti) r
(on) g(contro) r(l) g(pro\002le) p Fo -65 1419 a(Figure) 23
b(4.) g(DCCP/RED) h(transient) e(state) h(perf) n(ormance) h(\(maxim) n
(um) e(modulus) g(of) h(the) f(state) h(transition) f(matrix\)) p
-182 1498 V -182 1676 V Fq 586 1779 a(pro\002le) p 1021
1733 41 4 v Fn 217 w(q) p Fi 1061 1747 a(\003) p Fn 1364
1779 a(\025) p Fq 190 w(ramp) n(-up) e(time) g([ms]) 99
b(o) o(v) o(e) n(rshoot) 20 b([pac) n(k) o(et]) 99 b(settling) 21
b(time) f([ms]) p 84 1812 3592 4 v 134 1882 a(RED-IQI) 99
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3176 a(<draft-) n(ietf-dccp-sp) n(ec-11.txt>) p Fc(,) 17
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(397\2264) r(13,) g(Aug.) g(1993.) -145 3836 y([4]) 42
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b(.) 18 b(Misra,) f(D.) g(T) -6 b(o) n(wsle) o(y) h(,) 17
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b(control) -16 4208 y(theoretic) i(analysis) h(of) f(RED,) -5
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b(\224) 22 b(in) p Fb 21 w(Pr) m(oceedings) h(of) f(IEEE) e(INFOCOM) -16
4581 y(2001) p Fc(,) f(2001) r(,) f(pp.) h(1726) r(\2261734) r(.) -145
4679 y([7]) 42 b(M.) 23 b(Kisimoto,) h(H.) f(Ohsaki,) h(and) h(M.) f
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(2002\)) p Fc(,) g(Sept.) g(2002,) g(pp.) g(1144) r(\2261149) r(.) -145
5142 y([8]) 42 b(H.) 23 b(Ohsaki) h(and) g(M.) g(Murata,) g(\223On) g
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y(acti) n(v) o(e) k(queue) i(managemen) r(t) d(mechan) r(ism:) h
(Should) g(it) g(be) h(linear) m(,) -16 5325 y(conca) o(v) o(e,) 17
b(or) g(con) m(v) q(e) o(x?\224) g(in) p Fb 17 w(Pr) m(oceedings) h(of)
f(SPIE') m(s) f(Internationa) r(l) 2140 2376 y(Symposium) i(on) h(the) e
(Con) m(ver) m(g) q(ence) h(of) g(Information) g(T) -7
b(ec) o(hnolo) o(g) r(ies) 2140 2467 y(and) 20 b(Communications) g
(\(ITCom) e(2004\)) p Fc(,) i(Oct.) e(2004.) 2011 2567
y([9]) 42 b(D.) 21 b(Bansal,) g(H.) g(Balakrishnan) r(,) g(S.) f(Flo) o
(yd,) i(and) g(S.) f(Shenk) o(er) m(,) h(\223Dy-) 2140
2658 y(namic) j(beha) o(vior) g(of) f(slo) n(wly-respon) r(si) n(v) o
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b(\224) 24 b(in) p Fb 25 w(Pr) m(oceedings) h(of) g(A) n(CM) e(SIGCOMM)
p Fc(,) i(Aug.) f(200) r(1,) 2140 2841 y(pp.) 19 b(263\2262) r(74.) 1974
2940 y([10]) 42 b(S.) 18 b(Flo) o(yd,) i(M.) f(Handle) o(y) -5
b(,) 20 b(J.) f(P) o(adhye,) h(and) g(J.) f(W) m(idmer) m(,) g
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(unicast) h(applications:) g(the) f(e) o(x-) 2140 3123
y(tended) g(v) o(ersion,) -5 b(\224) 33 b(International) g(Computer) g
(Science) g(Institute,) 2140 3214 y(T) -5 b(ech.) 18
b(Rep.,) h(Mar) l(.) f(200) r(0.) 1974 3314 y([11]) 42
b(J.) 23 b(P) o(adhye,) h(J.) f(K) o(urose,) g(D.) g(T) -6
b(o) n(wsle) o(y) h(,) 24 b(and) g(R.) f(K) m(ood) r(li,) f(\223) -6
b(A) 24 b(model) 2140 3405 y(based) 19 b(TCP-friendly) f(rate) g
(control) h(protoco) r(l,) -5 b(\224) 17 b(in) p Fb 19
w(Pr) m(oceedings) i(of) 2140 3497 y(NOSSD) m(A) -8 b(V'99) p
Fc(,) 19 b(1999) r(.) 1974 3596 y([12]) 42 b(Y) -10 b(.) 27
b(R.) g(Y) -7 b(ang,) 28 b(M.) g(S.) e(Kim,) h(and) i(S.) e(S.) f(Lam,)
h(\223T) m(ransient) i(beha) o(v-) 2140 3688 y(iors) 24
b(of) h(TCP-fri) n(endly) h(congestion) g(control) f(protocols,) -5
b(\224) p Fb 25 w(The) 24 b(In-) 2140 3779 y(ternational) 33
b(J) n(ourna) r(l) e(of) h(Computer) h(and) g(T) -7 b(elecommunication)
r(s) 2140 3870 y(Networking) p Fc(,) 19 b(v) o(ol.) f(41,) h(pp.) g
(193) r(\226210,) g(Feb) m(.) g(2003.) 1974 3970 y([13]) 42
b(H.) 27 b(Ohsaki,) h(J.) f(Ujiie,) f(and) i(M.) g(Imase,) f(\223On) h
(scalable) g(modeling) 2140 4061 y(of) 17 b(TCP) f(conges) r(tion) h
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4153 y(w) o(orks,) -5 b(\224) 16 b(in) p Fb 17 w(Pr) m(oceedings) h(of)
f(the) g(2005) i(International) f(Sympos) r(ium) 2140
4244 y(on) 25 b(Applications) h(and) f(the) g(Internet) h(\(SAINT) d
(2005) r(\)) p Fc(,) h(Feb) m(.) g(200) r(5,) 2140 4335
y(pp.) 19 b(361\2263) r(69.) 1974 4435 y([14]) 42 b(J.) 22
b(P) o(adhye,) i(V) -10 b(.) 22 b(Firoiu,) h(D.) f(T) -6
b(o) n(wsle) o(y) h(,) 23 b(and) h(J.) f(K) o(urose,) g(\223Modeling)
2140 4526 y(TCP) 28 b(throughp) r(ut:) g(a) i(simple) f(model) g(and) h
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b(\224) 27 b(in) p Fb 27 w(Pr) m(oceedings) h(of) f(A) n(CM) f(SIGCOMM)
i('98) p Fc(,) f(Sept.) f(199) r(8,) 2140 4709 y(pp.) 19
b(303\2263) r(14.) 1974 4808 y([15]) 42 b(M.) e(Handly) -5
b(,) 41 b(S.) f(Flo) o(yd,) h(J.) f(P) o(adhye,) g(and) h(J.) f(W) m
(idmer) m(,) g(\223TCP) 2140 4900 y(friendly) 35 b(rate) g(control) g
(\(TFRC\):) e(protocol) j(speci\002cation,) -5 b(\224) p
Fb 35 w(Re-) 2140 4991 y(quest) 19 b(for) g(Comments) g(\(RFC\)) f
(3448) p Fc(,) i(Jan.) f(2003.) 1974 5091 y([16]) 42
b(N.) 14 b(S.) h(Nise,) p Fb 14 w(Contr) m(ol) h(Systems) f
(Engineering) p Fc 2 w(,) f(4th) i(ed.) 50 b(Ne) n(w) 15
b(Y) -8 b(ork:) 2140 5182 y(John) 20 b(W) m(ile) o(y) e(&) h(Sons,) f
(Aug.) h(2003) r(.) p dyy eop end
%%Trailer

userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
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