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b(in) h(Section) g(4,) f (b) n(y) h(linearizing) f(discrete) g(time) h(systems) f(around) g (their) h(equilibrium) g(p) r(oin) n(ts,) g(w) n(e) f(analyze) g(the) -75 5084 y(transien) n(t) h(state) h(b) r(eha) n(vior) e(of) i(TCP) g (and) f(TFR) n(C.) h(In) g(Section) g(5,) g(w) n(e) g(presen) n(t) f (sev) n(eral) f(n) n(umerical) h(examples,) h(and) f(v) -5 b(alidate) p dyy eop end %%Page: 3 3 TeXDict begin 3 2 bop 1039 1311 a @beginspecial 9 @llx 522 @lly 468 @urx 811 @ury 2186 @rwi 1573 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/model.eps %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 %%BoundingBox: 9 522 468 811 %%Title: model %%CreationDate: Tue Jul 1 08:59:20 2003 %%Creator: Tgif-4.1.42 written by William Chia-Wei Cheng (bill.cheng@acm.org) %%ProducedBy: (unknown) %%Pages: 1 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%EndComments %%BeginProlog /tgifdict 56 dict def tgifdict begin /tgifarrowtipdict 8 dict def tgifarrowtipdict /mtrx matrix put /TGAT % tgifarrowtip { tgifarrowtipdict begin /dy exch def /dx exch def /h exch 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Jul 1 08:59:20 2003 %%DocumentFonts: Symbol %%+ Helvetica %%EOF %%EndDocument @endspecial Fm 1490 1515 a(Figure) 27 b(1:) 37 b(Analytic) 28 b(mo) r(del) -75 1840 y(our) e(appro) n(ximate) e(analysis) i(b) n(y) g (comparing) f(analytic) g(results) h(with) h(sim) n(ulation) f(ones.) 36 b(Finally) -7 b(,) 27 b(in) g(Section) f(6,) g(w) n(e) g(conclude) -75 1960 y(the) i(curren) n(t) f(pap) r(er) g(and) g(discuss) g(future) h (w) n(orks.) p Fn 1401 2206 a(2.) k(ANAL) -9 b(YTIC) 33 b(MODEL) p Fm -75 2369 a(Figure) d(1) h(sho) n(ws) e(our) h(analytic) g (mo) r(del) h(used) g(in) g(this) g(pap) r(er) g(where) p Fi 30 w(N) p Fh 2229 2381 a(F) p Fm 2315 2369 a(TFR) n(C) f (connections) g(and) p Fi 31 w(N) p Fh 3261 2381 a(C) p Fm 3348 2369 a(TCP) g(connections) -75 2490 y(share) j(the) i(single) f (b) r(ottlenec) n(k) g(link.) 57 b(F) -7 b(or) 34 b(simplicit) n(y) -7 b(,) 36 b(w) n(e) e(assume) g(that) h(all) f(TFR) n(C) g(connections) g (and) g(TCP) g(connections) -75 2610 y(op) r(erate) 21 b(sync) n(hronously) -7 b(,) 21 b(resp) r(ectiv) n(ely) -7 b(.) 35 b(W) -7 b(e) 22 b(assume) f(that) i(t) n(w) n(o-w) n(a) n(y) c (propagation) h(dela) n(ys) h(of) h(TFR) n(C) g(and) g(TCP) g (connections) -75 2731 y(are) 31 b(equal.) 50 b(Those) 31 b(are) g(denoted) h(b) n(y) p Fi 32 w(\034) p Fh 1199 2743 a(F) p Fm 1287 2731 a(and) p Fi 32 w(\034) p Fh 1489 2743 a(C) p Fm 1545 2731 a(,) h(resp) r(ectiv) n(ely) -7 b(.) 50 b(In) 32 b(this) g(pap) r(er,) h(w) n(e) f(assume) f(that) h (access) f(links) h(b) r(et) n(w) n(een) -75 2852 y(source) 26 b(host) g(and) h(router) f(are) g(su\016cien) n(tly) h(faster) f(than) h (the) h(link) f(b) r(et) n(w) n(een) g(routers.) 35 b(Therefore,) 26 b(in) h(this) h(pap) r(er,) e(w) n(e) h(assume) -75 2972 y(that) h(bu\013ering) f(dela) n(ys) g(at) g(routers) g(connected) g (to) h(non-b) r(ottlenec) n(k) f(links) g(are) g(negligible.) 50 3128 y(The) j(b) r(ottlenec) n(k) g(link) g(capacit) n(y) f(is) h (denoted) g(b) n(y) p Fi 30 w(\026) p Fm(.) 44 b(W) -7 b(e) 30 b(assume) g(that) g(all) g(routers) f(in) h(the) g(net) n(w) n (ork) f(are) g(RED) h(routers,) -75 3249 y(and) g(four) f(con) n(trol) g (parameters) f(of) i(RED) g(routers) f(are) g(denoted) h(b) n(y) p Fi 30 w(max) p Fh 2310 3261 a(p) p Fm 2378 3249 a(\(maxim) n(um) g(pac) n(k) n(et) f(drop) h(probabilit) n(y\),) p Fi 30 w(max) p Fh 3907 3261 a(th) p Fm -75 3370 a(\(maxim) n(um) f(threshold\),) p Fi 30 w(min) p Fh 921 3382 a(th) p Fm 1017 3370 a(\(minim) n(um) h (threshold\),) g(and) p Fi 28 w(w) p Fh 2066 3382 a(q) p Fm 2133 3370 a(\(w) n(eigh) n(t) e(of) i(the) f(lo) n(w) f(pass) h (\014lter\).) p Fj 3230 3339 a(9) p Fm 3338 3370 a(The) g(bu\013er) g (size) g(of) -75 3490 y(a) c(RED) h(router) f(is) h(denoted) g(b) n(y) p Fi 25 w(L) p Fm(.) 36 b(In) 26 b(this) g(pap) r(er,) g(TFR) n(C) g (connection,) g(TCP) f(connection,) h(and) f(RED) h(router) f(are) g (mo) r(deled) -75 3611 y(as) i(discrete-time) g(systems) h(with) g(a) f (time) i(slot) e(of) h(\001.) 38 b(T) -7 b(able) 27 b(1) g(sho) n(ws) g (the) h(de\014nition) g(of) g(sym) n(b) r(ols) f(used) h(throughout) f (in) h(this) -75 3731 y(pap) r(er.) 50 3887 y(First,) 39 b(w) n(e) e(mo) r(del) g(c) n(hange) f(of) h(the) h(TCP) f(windo) n(w) f (size.) 66 b(In) 37 b(this) h(pap) r(er,) h(w) n(e) e(assume:) 55 b(\(1\)) 37 b(our) g(fo) r(cusing) g(on) g(steady) -75 4008 y(state,) 25 b(all) f(TCP) f(connections) h(op) r(erate) f(in) i (their) f(congestion) f(a) n(v) n(oidance) f(phase,) j(\(2\)) f(the) h (maxim) n(um) f(windo) n(w) f(size) h(of) g(TCP) g(is) -75 4129 y(su\016cien) n(tly) k(larger) e(than) j(the) f(bandwidth{dela) n (y) f(pro) r(duct) i(of) f(a) f(net) n(w) n(ork,) g(and) h(\(3\)) h (RED) f(routers) f(op) r(erate) g(appropriately;) -75 4249 y(i.e.) 55 b(the) 34 b(a) n(v) n(erage) d(queue) i(length) h(of) g (RED) f(router) p 1613 4203 41 4 v Fi 33 w(q) p Fm 37 w(is) g(k) n(ept) h(b) r(et) n(w) n(een) p Fi 33 w(min) p Fh 2445 4261 a(th) p Fm 2546 4249 a(and) p Fi 34 w(max) p Fh 2878 4261 a(th) p Fm 2946 4249 a(.) 55 b(By) 33 b(letting) h(the) g (pac) n(k) n(et) f(loss) -75 4370 y(probabilit) n(y) 27 b(in) g(the) h(net) n(w) n(ork) f(and) g(the) h(TCP) f(windo) n(w) g (size) g(b) r(e) p Fi 28 w(p) p Fm 28 w(and) p Fi 27 w(w) p Fm 2 w(,) i(c) n(hange) d(of) i(TCP) f(windo) n(w) g(size) g(is) h(giv) n(en) f(b) n(y) p Fj 3751 4340 a(10) p Fi 648 4587 a(w) p Fg 26 w( ) p Fi 23 w(w) p Fm 21 w(+) 18 b(\(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fi 18 w(p) p Fm(\)) 1271 4531 y(1) p 1261 4568 62 4 v Fi 1261 4644 a(w) p Fg 1351 4587 a(\000) p Fi 18 w(p) p Fm(\(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fi 18 w(p) p Fh 1693 4599 a(T) 9 b(O) p Fm 1798 4587 a(\() p Fi(w) r(;) 14 b(p) p Fm(\)\)) 2044 4531 y(1) p 2044 4568 42 4 v 2044 4644 a(2) 2106 4531 y(4) p Fi 14 w(w) p 2106 4568 118 4 v Fm 2144 4644 a(3) p Fg 2252 4587 a(\000) p Fi 18 w(p) g(p) p Fh 2433 4599 a(T) 9 b(O) p Fm 2537 4587 a(\() p Fi(w) r(;) 14 b(p) p Fm(\)\() 2783 4531 y(4) p Fi 14 w(w) p 2783 4568 V Fm 2822 4644 a(3) p Fg 2929 4587 a(\000) p Fm 18 w(1\)) -75 4790 y(where,) p Fi 23 w(p) p Fh 226 4802 a(T) 9 b(O) p Fm 331 4790 a(\() p Fi(w) r(;) 14 b(p) p Fm(\)) 24 b(is) f(the) g(probabilit) n(y) f(that) h(a) g(source) f(host) g(detects) i(a) e(pac) n(k) n(et) g(loss) g(b) n(y) h(the) g (timeout) h(mec) n(hanism.) p Fi 35 w(p) p Fh 3666 4802 a(T) 9 b(O) p Fm 3770 4790 a(\() p Fi(w) r(;) 14 b(p) p Fm(\)) -75 4911 y(is) 27 b(giv) n(en) g(b) n(y) p Fj 313 4881 a(4) p Fi 843 5142 a(p) p Fh 885 5154 a(T) 9 b(O) p Fm 990 5142 a(\() p Fi(w) r(;) 14 b(p) p Fm(\)) 84 b(=) 1435 5086 y(\(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fm 18 w(\(1) p Fg 19 w(\000) p Fi 18 w(p) p Fm(\)) p Fj 1860 5056 a(3) p Fm 1897 5086 a(\)) 14 b(\(1) k(+) g(\(1) p Fg 19 w(\000) p Fi 18 w(p) p Fm(\)) p Fj 2368 5056 a(3) p Fm 2419 5086 a(\(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fm 18 w(\(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fi 18 w(p) p Fm(\)) p Fh 2843 5056 a(w) p Ff 2 w(\000) p Fj(3) p Fm 2982 5086 a(\)\)) p 1435 5123 1612 4 v 1986 5199 a(\(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fm 18 w(\(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fi 18 w(p) p Fm(\)) p Fh 2410 5175 a(w) p Fm 2464 5199 a(\)) p dyy eop end %%Page: 4 4 TeXDict begin 4 3 bop Fm 50 83 a(Let) p Fi 34 w(p) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 34 b(b) r(e) h(the) f(pac) n(k) n(et) g (drop) f(probabilit) n(y) g(of) h(the) h(RED) f(router) f(at) h(slot) p Fi 34 w(k) p Fm 3 w(,) p Fi 36 w(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) h(b) r(e) g(the) f(TCP) g(windo) n(w) g(size,) h(and) p Fi -75 204 a(R) p Fh -12 216 a(F) p Fm 43 204 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 30 b(and) p Fi 30 w(R) p Fh 410 216 a(C) p Fm 466 204 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) g(b) r(e) g(the) g (round-trip) f(times) g(of) h(TFR) n(C) g(and) f(TCP) g(connections,) h (resp) r(ectiv) n(ely) -7 b(.) 42 b(A) n(t) 30 b(slot) p Fi 29 w(k) p Fm 3 w(,) g(the) g(a) n(v) n(erage) -75 324 y(arriv) -5 b(al) 24 b(rate) g(of) i(A) n(CK) f(pac) n(k) n(ets) f (to) h(a) g(source) f(host) h(is) g(appro) n(ximately) f(giv) n(en) g (b) n(y) p Fi 26 w(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 17 w(\000) p Fh 2738 284 a(R) p Fe 2788 292 a(C) p Fj 2836 284 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 2738 305 187 4 v 2804 353 a(\001) p Fm 2935 324 a(\)) p Fi(=R) p Fh 3072 336 a(C) p Fm 3127 324 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\),) j(and) e(the) h(pac) n(k) n(et) e(loss) -75 445 y(probabilit) n(y) j(is) g(b) n(y) p Fi 27 w(p) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 22 w(\000) p Fh 780 404 a(R) p Fe 830 412 a(C) p Fj 878 404 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 780 426 V 846 473 a(\001) p Fm 977 445 a(\).) 37 b(Hence,) 28 b(TCP) f(windo) n(w) g(size) p Fi 27 w(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 22 w(+) 18 b(1\)) 28 b(at) f(slot) p Fi 28 w(k) p Fm 21 w(+) 18 b(1) 27 b(is) h(appro) n(ximately) d(giv) n(en) i (b) n(y) p Fi 495 679 a(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 22 w(+) 18 b(1\)) p Fg 83 w(') p Fi 82 w(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) i(+) p Fi 1324 618 a(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 22 w(\000) p Fh 1575 577 a(R) p Fe 1625 585 a(C) p Fj 1673 577 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 1575 599 V 1641 646 a(\001) p Fm 1772 618 a(\)) p 1324 660 481 4 v Fi 1449 736 a(R) p Fh 1512 748 a(C) p Fm 1568 736 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 1828 679 y(\001) p Fd 1911 587 a(n) p Fm 1966 679 a(\(1) p Fg 19 w(\000) p Fi 18 w(p) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 21 w(\000) p Fi 2373 622 a(R) p Fh 2436 634 a(C) p Fm 2492 622 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 2373 660 230 4 v 2453 736 a(\001) 2612 679 y(\)\)) 2752 622 y(1) p 2686 660 173 4 v Fi 2686 736 a(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 3869 679 y(\(1\)) p Fg 1040 908 a(\000) p Fi(p) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 21 w(\000) p Fi 1336 852 a(R) p Fh 1399 864 a(C) p Fm 1455 852 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 1336 889 230 4 v 1416 965 a(\001) 1575 908 y(\)\(1) p Fg 19 w(\000) p Fi 18 w(p) p Fh 1825 920 a(T) 9 b(O) p Fm 1929 908 a(\() p Fi(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 23 w(\000) p Fi 2213 852 a(R) p Fh 2276 864 a(C) p Fm 2332 852 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 2213 889 V 2293 965 a(\001) 2452 908 y(\)) p Fi(;) 14 b(p) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 22 w(\000) p Fi 2753 852 a(R) p Fh 2816 864 a(C) p Fm 2872 852 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 2753 889 V 2833 965 a(\001) 2992 908 y(\)\)\)) 3098 852 y(2) p Fi 14 w(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 3098 889 228 4 v 3192 965 a(3) p Fg 1040 1117 a(\000) p Fi(p) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 21 w(\000) p Fi 1336 1060 a(R) p Fh 1399 1072 a(C) p Fm 1455 1060 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 1336 1097 230 4 v 1416 1174 a(\001) 1575 1117 y(\)) p Fi 14 w(p) p Fh 1663 1129 a(T) 9 b(O) p Fm 1768 1117 a(\() p Fi(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 23 w(\000) p Fi 2051 1060 a(R) p Fh 2114 1072 a(C) p Fm 2170 1060 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 2051 1097 V 2132 1174 a(\001) 2291 1117 y(\)) p Fi(;) 14 b(p) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 21 w(\000) p Fi 2591 1060 a(R) p Fh 2654 1072 a(C) p Fm 2710 1060 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 2591 1097 V 2671 1174 a(\001) 2830 1117 y(\)\)\() 2936 1060 y(4) p Fi 14 w(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 2936 1097 228 4 v 3030 1174 a(3) p Fg 3193 1117 a(\000) p Fm 18 w(1\)) p Fd 3350 1024 a(o) p Fm 50 1317 a(Next,) 39 b(w) n(e) d(mo) r(del) h(c) n(hange) f(of) g(the) h(transmission) f (rate) g(from) g(a) g(TFR) n(C) h(connection.) 64 b(A) 37 b(destination) f(host) g(of) h(TFR) n(C) -75 1438 y(measures) 23 b(a) i(pac) n(k) n(et) e(loss) h(ev) n(en) n(t) g(rate,) h(and) g (sends) f(it) h(to) g(a) f(source) g(host) g(as) g(feedbac) n(k) g (information.) 35 b(Let) p Fi 25 w(p) p Fh 3321 1450 a(e) p Fm 3357 1438 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 25 b(b) r(e) g(the) g (pac) n(k) n(et) -75 1558 y(loss) h(ev) n(en) n(t) g(rate,) h(and) p Fi 27 w(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) f(b) r(e) h(the) h (transmission) d(rate) h(from) h(TFR) n(C) g(connection) f(at) h(slot) p Fi 27 w(k) p Fm 3 w(.) 36 b(If) 28 b(the) f(source) f(host) g(of) h (TFR) n(C) -75 1679 y(receiv) n(es) f(feedbac) n(k) h(information) g (at) h(slot) p Fi 27 w(k) p Fm 3 w(,) f(it) h(up) r(dates) g(its) g (transmission) e(rate) p Fi 27 w(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 21 w(+) 18 b(1\)) 27 b(as) p Fi 1104 1880 a(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 20 w(+) 18 b(1\)) 83 b(=) g(min) p Fd 1800 1763 a(\022) p Fi 1861 1880 a(X) p Fm 7 w(\() p Fi(k) s(;) 14 b(s) p Fm(\)) p Fi(;) p Fm 14 w(2) p Fi 14 w(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 19 w(\000) p Fi 2464 1824 a(R) p Fh 2527 1836 a(F) p Fm 2583 1824 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 2464 1861 229 4 v 2544 1937 a(\001) 2703 1880 y(\)) p Fd 2735 1763 a(\023) p Fm 3869 1880 a(\(2\)) -75 2082 y(where) p Fi 27 w(X) p Fm 7 w(\() p Fi(k) s(;) g(s) p Fm(\)) 27 b(is) h(de\014ned) g(as) p Fi 705 2255 a(X) p Fm 7 w(\() p Fi(k) s(;) 14 b(s) p Fm(\)) 82 b(=) p Fi 2177 2199 a(s) p 1207 2236 1979 4 v 1207 2366 a(R) p Fh 1270 2378 a(F) p Fm 1325 2366 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fd 1435 2263 a(q) p 1519 2263 209 4 v Fj 1529 2326 a(2) p Fh(p) p Fe 1596 2334 a(e) p Fj 1628 2326 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 1529 2347 189 4 v 1606 2395 a(3) p Fm 1745 2366 a(+) p Fi 18 w(t) p Fh 1858 2378 a(RT) 9 b(O) p Fd 2027 2249 a(\022) p Fm 2088 2366 a(3) p Fd 2130 2263 a(q) p 2213 2263 209 4 v Fj 2223 2326 a(3) p Fh(p) p Fe 2290 2334 a(e) p Fj 2322 2326 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 2222 2347 189 4 v 2300 2395 a(8) p Fi 2421 2366 a(p) p Fh 2463 2378 a(e) p Fm 2498 2366 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)\(1) 19 b(+) f(32) p Fi(p) p Fh 2910 2378 a(e) p Fm 2944 2366 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fj 3054 2342 a(2) p Fm 3092 2366 a(\)) p Fd 3124 2249 a(\023) p Fc 1424 2683 a(T) -7 b(able) 29 b(1.) p Fk 29 w(De\014nition) d(of) g(sym) n(b) r(ols) p 847 2709 2178 4 v Fi 952 2794 a(N) p Fh 1019 2806 a(F) p Fm 1229 2794 a(the) i(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) f(of) h(TFR) n(C) g(connections) p Fi 968 2914 a(\034) p Fh 1004 2926 a(F) p Fm 1229 2914 a(t) n(w) n(o-w) n(a) n(y) d(propagation) h(dela) n(y) h(of) g(TFR) n (C) h(connection) p Fi 899 3035 a(R) p Fh 962 3047 a(F) p Fm 1017 3035 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 102 b(round-trip) 27 b(time) h(of) g(TFR) n(C) f(connection) p Fi 919 3155 a(p) p Fh 961 3167 a(e) p Fm 997 3155 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 122 b(pac) n(k) n(et) 27 b(loss) f(ev) n(en) n(t) i(rate) e (of) i(TFR) n(C) g(connection) p Fi 928 3276 a(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 130 b(transmission) 26 b(rate) h(of) h(TFR) n(C) f(connection) p Fi 921 3396 a(t) p Fh 951 3408 a(RT) 9 b(O) p Fm 1229 3396 a(time) 28 b(out) g(v) -5 b(alue) 27 b(of) h(TFR) n(C) f(connection) p Fi 952 3517 a(N) p Fh 1019 3529 a(C) p Fm 1229 3517 a(n) n(um) n(b) r (er) g(of) h(TCP) f(connections) p Fi 967 3637 a(\034) p Fh 1003 3649 a(C) p Fm 1229 3637 a(t) n(w) n(o-w) n(a) n(y) e (propagation) h(dela) n(y) h(of) g(TCP) g(connection) p Fi 899 3758 a(R) p Fh 962 3770 a(C) p Fm 1018 3758 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 101 b(round-trip) 27 b(time) h(of) g(TCP) f (connection) p Fi 927 3878 a(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 131 b(windo) n(w) 27 b(size) h(of) f(TCP) g(connection) p Fi 988 3999 a(\026) p Fm 191 w(b) r(ottlenec) n(k) h(link) f(capacit) n (y) p Fi 985 4120 a(L) p Fm 187 w(bu\013er) h(size) f(of) h(RED) f (router) p Fi 912 4240 a(\034) p Fh 948 4252 a(Q) p Fm 1005 4240 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 114 b(queuing) 27 b(dela) n(y) g(of) h(RED) g(router) p Fi 912 4361 a(max) p Fh 1076 4373 a(p) p Fm 1229 4361 a(maxim) n(um) g(pac) n(k) n(et) e (drop) h(probabilit) n(y) p Fi 904 4481 a(min) p Fh 1056 4493 a(th) p Fm 1229 4481 a(minim) n(um) h(threshold) g(for) f(RED) g (router) p Fi 897 4602 a(max) p Fh 1061 4614 a(th) p Fm 1229 4602 a(maxim) n(um) h(threshold) f(for) g(RED) g(router) p Fi 965 4722 a(w) p Fh 1024 4734 a(q) p Fm 1229 4722 a(w) n(eigh) n(t) g (of) h(the) g(lo) n(w) e(pass) h(\014lter) p Fi 938 4843 a(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 141 b(curren) n(t) 27 b(queue) g(length) h(of) g(RED) p 938 4918 41 4 v Fi 938 4963 a(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 141 b(a) n(v) n(erage) 25 b(queue) i(length) h(of) g(RED) p Fi 937 5084 a(p) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 140 b(pac) n(k) n(et) 27 b(drop) g(probabilit) n(y) f(of) i(RED) g(router) 979 5205 y(\001) 181 b(time) 28 b(slot) g(length) p 847 5244 2178 4 v dyy eop end %%Page: 5 5 TeXDict begin 5 4 bop Fm -75 83 a(where) p Fi 32 w(s) p Fm 32 w(is) 32 b(the) h(pac) n(k) n(et) f(length) g(of) g(TFR) n(C) h (and) p Fi 32 w(t) p Fh 1562 95 a(RT) 9 b(O) p Fm 1749 83 a(is) 32 b(a) g(TCP) g(retransmission) f(timer) h(v) -5 b(alue) 32 b(whic) n(h) h(is,) g(for) f(simplicit) n(y) -7 b(,) -75 204 y(assumed) 27 b(to) g(b) r(e) h(4) p Fi(R) p Fh 577 216 a(F) p Fm 632 204 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\).) p Fj 765 173 a(1) p Fm 50 360 a(The) g(pac) n(k) n(et) f(loss) h(ev) n (en) n(t) f(rate) p Fi 28 w(p) p Fh 1074 372 a(e) p Fm 1109 360 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) i(at) f(slot) p Fi 28 w(k) p Fm 32 w(and) g(the) h(pac) n(k) n(et) e(loss) g(probabilit) n (y) p Fi 28 w(p) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) h(at) g(slot) p Fi 28 w(k) p Fm 32 w(satisfy) f(the) i(follo) n(wing) -75 480 y(equation.) 702 684 y(1) p 647 721 153 4 v Fi 647 797 a(p) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 892 740 y(=) 83 b(1) p Fg 18 w(\002) p Fh 1213 636 a(N) p Fd 1183 661 a(X) p Fh 1189 838 a(i) p Fj(=1) p Fd 1316 672 a(\000) p Fm 1354 740 a(\(1) p Fg 19 w(\000) p Fi 18 w(p) p Fh 1572 752 a(e) p Fm 1607 740 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)\)) p Fh 1749 705 a(i) p Ff(\000) p Fj(1) p Fi 1876 740 a(p) p Fh 1918 752 a(e) p Fm 1954 740 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fd 2064 672 a(\001) p Fm 2121 740 a(+) p Ff 2279 636 a(1) p Fd 2252 661 a(X) p Fh 2204 839 a(i) p Fj(=) p Fh(N) p Fj 6 w(+1) p Fd 2435 672 a(\000) p Fi 2473 740 a(i) p Fm 14 w(\(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fi 18 w(p) p Fh 2733 752 a(e) p Fm 2768 740 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)\)) p Fh 2910 705 a(i) p Ff(\000) p Fj(1) p Fi 3037 740 a(p) p Fh 3079 752 a(e) p Fm 3115 740 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fd 3225 672 a(\001) p Fm 3869 740 a(\(3\)) -75 1003 y(where) p Fi 27 w(N) p Fm 37 w(is) 27 b(the) h(n) n(um) n(b) r(er) f(of) h(pac) n (k) n(ets) e(that) i(a) f(TFR) n(C) h(connection) f(transmits) g(in) h (a) f(round-trip) g(time,) h(and) f(it) i(is) e(giv) n(en) g(b) n(y) p Fi 1622 1207 a(N) p Fm 32 w(=) p Fi 23 w(R) p Fh 1872 1219 a(F) p Fi 1941 1207 a(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 50 1446 y(F) -7 b(urthermore,) 31 b(w) n(e) h(mo) r(del) g (c) n(hange) e(of) i(the) g(curren) n(t) f(and) g(a) n(v) n(erage) e (queue) j(lengths) f(of) h(the) g(RED) g(router.) 48 b(Let) p Fi 32 w(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 32 b(and) p -75 1521 41 4 v Fi -75 1567 a(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) f(b) r(e) h(the) f(curren) n(t) f(queue) h(length) g (and) f(the) h(a) n(v) n(erage) d(queue) j(length) g(of) g(the) g(RED) g (router) f(at) h(slot) p Fi 30 w(k) p Fm 3 w(.) 47 b(A) n(t) 31 b(slot) p Fi 30 w(k) p Fm 3 w(,) h(pac) n(k) n(et) -75 1687 y(arriv) -5 b(al) 27 b(rates) g(at) h(the) h(RED) f(router) g (from) g(eac) n(h) f(TFR) n(C) i(and) f(TCP) g(connection) f(are) h (giv) n(en) f(b) n(y) p Fi 28 w(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) h(and) p Fi 28 w(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fi(=R) p Fh 3635 1699 a(C) p Fm 3692 1687 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\).) 39 b(So,) -75 1808 y(letting) 28 b(the) g(bu\013er) g(size) f(of) g(the) h(RED) g(router) f(b) r(e) p Fi 28 w(L) p Fm(,) g(the) h(curren) n(t) f(queue) g(length) h(at) f (slot) p Fi 28 w(k) p Fm 21 w(+) 18 b(1) 27 b(is) h(giv) n(en) e(b) n (y) p Fi 628 2035 a(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 21 w(+) 18 b(1\)) 83 b(=) g(min) p Fd 1304 1918 a(\024) p Fm 1348 2035 a(max) p Fd 1516 1918 a(\032) p Fi 1579 2035 a(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 18 b(+) p Fd 1830 1918 a(\022) p Fi 1892 2035 a(N) p Fh 1959 2047 a(C) p Fi 2067 1979 a(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 2038 2016 230 4 v Fi 2038 2092 a(R) p Fh 2101 2104 a(C) p Fm 2157 2092 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 2296 2035 y(+) p Fi 18 w(N) p Fh 2446 2047 a(F) p Fi 2514 2035 a(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fi 18 w(\026) p Fd 2836 1918 a(\023) p Fm 2911 2035 a(\001) p Fi(;) p Fm 14 w(0) p Fd 3059 1918 a(\033) p Fi 3135 2035 a(;) c(L) p Fd 3229 1918 a(\025) p Fm 3869 2035 a(\(4\)) -75 2263 y(Since) 28 b(a) f(RED) h(router) e(up) r(dates) i(an) f(a) n(v) n (erage) e(queue) j(length) p 1885 2218 41 4 v Fi 27 w(q) p Fm 31 w(as) p 1478 2421 V Fi 1478 2467 a(q) p Fg 26 w( ) p Fm 23 w(\(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fi 18 w(w) p Fh 1881 2479 a(q) p Fm 1918 2467 a(\)) p 1964 2421 V Fi 14 w(q) p Fm 22 w(+) p Fi 18 w(w) p Fh 2165 2479 a(q) p Fi 2216 2467 a(q) p Fm -75 2670 a(The) g(a) n(v) n(erage) c(queue) k(length) g (at) f(slot) p Fi 27 w(k) p Fm 22 w(+) 18 b(1) 27 b(is) g(appro) n (ximately) f(giv) n(en) h(b) n(y) p 774 2853 V Fi 774 2898 a(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 22 w(+) 18 b(1\)) p Fg 83 w(') p 1298 2853 V Fi 82 w(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) h(+) p Fd 1550 2781 a(\022) p Fi 1611 2898 a(N) p Fh 1678 2910 a(F) p Fi 1747 2898 a(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) f(+) p Fi 18 w(N) p Fh 2086 2910 a(C) p Fi 2194 2842 a(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 2165 2879 230 4 v Fi 2165 2955 a(R) p Fh 2228 2967 a(C) p Fm 2284 2955 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fd 2405 2781 a(\023) p Fm 2480 2898 a(\001) p Fi 14 w(w) p Fh 2622 2910 a(q) p Fm 2659 2898 a(\() p Fi(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fg 19 w(\000) p 2943 2853 41 4 v Fi 18 w(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)\)) 744 b(\(5\)) -75 3131 y(The) 28 b(bu\013ering) f(dela) n(y) p Fi 27 w(\034) p Fh 697 3143 a(Q) p Fm 754 3131 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) h(of) f(the) h(RED) g(router) e(at) i(slot) p Fi 27 w(k) p Fm 31 w(is) f(giv) n(en) g(b) n(y) p Fi 1648 3364 a(\034) p Fh 1684 3376 a(Q) p Fm 1741 3364 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 83 b(=) p Fi 2092 3308 a(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p 2092 3345 151 4 v Fi 2142 3421 a(\026) p Fm -75 3586 a(and) 27 b(round-trip) g(times) h(of) g (TFR) n(C) f(and) h(TCP) f(connections) g(at) g(slot) p Fi 27 w(k) p Fm 31 w(are) f(giv) n(en) h(b) n(y) p Fi 1522 3790 a(R) p Fh 1585 3802 a(F) p Fm 1641 3790 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 83 b(=) p Fi 83 w(\034) p Fh 2018 3802 a(Q) p Fm 2074 3790 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 19 b(+) p Fi 18 w(\034) p Fh 2322 3802 a(F) p Fi 1522 3935 a(R) p Fh 1585 3947 a(C) p Fm 1641 3935 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 83 b(=) p Fi 83 w(\034) p Fh 2018 3947 a(Q) p Fm 2074 3935 a(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 19 b(+) p Fi 18 w(\034) p Fh 2322 3947 a(C) p Fm -75 4139 a(Since) 27 b(a) g(RED) g(router) g(randomly) f(drops) g(arriving) f(pac) n(k) n (ets) h(with) i(a) f(probabilit) n(y) f(determined) h(b) n(y) g(its) h (a) n(v) n(erage) c(queue) j(length) p -75 4214 41 4 v Fi -75 4259 a(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\),) h(the) g(pac) n (k) n(et) f(drop) g(probabilit) n(y) f(at) i(the) g(RED) f(router) g (is) g(giv) n(en) g(b) n(y) p Fj 2239 4229 a(9) p Fi 1158 4509 a(p) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 83 b(=) p Fd 1540 4392 a(\022) p Fi 1739 4453 a(max) p Fh 1903 4465 a(th) p Fg 1990 4453 a(\000) p Fi 18 w(min) p Fh 2225 4465 a(th) p 1612 4490 808 4 v Fm 1612 4566 a(2) p Fi 14 w(max) p Fh 1832 4578 a(p) p Fm 1883 4566 a(\() p 1915 4520 41 4 v Fi(q) p Fm 4 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fi 19 w(min) p Fh 2320 4578 a(th) p Fm 2387 4566 a(\)) 2448 4509 y(+) 2541 4453 y(1) p 2541 4490 42 4 v 2541 4566 a(2) p Fd 2592 4392 a(\023) p Ff 2653 4409 a(\000) p Fj(1) p Fm 3869 4509 a(\(6\)) p Fn 1210 4785 a(3.) 32 b(STEAD) m(Y) i(ST) -9 b(A) g(TE) 35 b(ANAL) -9 b(YSIS) p Fm -75 4949 a(W) i(e) 35 b(analyze) e(the) h (steady) g(state) g(b) r(eha) n(vior) f(of) h(TCP) g(and) g(TFR) n(C) g (connections) f(utilizing) i(the) f(analytic) g(mo) r(del) g(deriv) n (ed) g(in) -75 5069 y(Section) 29 b(2.) 40 b(Sp) r(eci\014cally) -7 b(,) 29 b(b) n(y) f(utilizing) h(Eqs.) f(\(1\){\(6\),) h(w) n(e) g (deriv) n(e) e(TFR) n(C) i(throughput,) g(TCP) f(throughput,) h(a) n(v) n(erage) d(queue) -75 5190 y(length,) i(and) f(pac) n(k) n(et) g(drop) g (probabilit) n(y) f(of) i(the) g(RED) g(router) e(in) i(steady) f (state.) p dyy eop end %%Page: 6 6 TeXDict begin 6 5 bop Fm 50 83 a(Since) 19 b(the) i(congestion) d(con) n (trol) g(mec) n(hanism) i(of) f(TCP) h(is) f(an) h(AIMD) g(\(Additiv) n (e) h(Increase) d(Multiplicativ) n(e) i(Decrease\)) f(based) -75 204 y(feedbac) n(k) 26 b(con) n(trol,) g(when) g(the) h(feedbac) n(k) f (dela) n(y) g(is) g(not) h(zero,) f(the) h(windo) n(w) f(size) g(of) h (TCP) f(oscillates) f(and) i(nev) n(er) e(con) n(v) n(erges) f(to) -75 324 y(a) 30 b(constan) n(t) g(v) -5 b(alue.) 46 b(Note) 31 b(that) g(the) g(TCP) f(windo) n(w) g(size) p Fi 30 w(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) i(in) f(this) g(pap) r(er) f(represen) n (ts) f(not) i(an) f(instan) n(taneous) g(v) -5 b(alue) 30 b(of) -75 445 y(the) e(oscillating) e(TCP) i(windo) n(w) f(size) g(but) h(the) g(exp) r(ected) g(v) -5 b(alue) 28 b(of) f(TCP) g(windo) n(w) g (size) 50 601 y(TCP) i(windo) n(w) g(size,) h(TFR) n(C) f(transmission) g(rate,) g(a) n(v) n(erage) e(queue) i(length,) i(and) e(pac) n(k) n (et) g(drop) g(probabilit) n(y) f(of) i(the) g(RED) -75 721 y(router) 21 b(in) i(steady) f(state) h(are) e(denoted) i(b) n(y) p Fi 22 w(w) p Ff 1329 691 a(\003) p Fm 1368 721 a(,) p Fi 24 w(T) p Ff 1476 691 a(\003) p Fm 1513 721 a(,) p 1560 676 41 4 v Fi 24 w(q) p Ff 1600 690 a(\003) p Fm 1638 721 a(,) g(and) p Fi 23 w(p) p Ff 1883 691 a(\003) p Fm 1921 721 a(,) h(resp) r(ectiv) n(ely) -7 b(.) 34 b(W) -7 b(e) 23 b(can) f(n) n(umerically) g(obtain) p Fi 22 w(w) p Ff 3486 691 a(\003) p Fm 3525 721 a(,) p Fi 23 w(T) p Ff 3632 691 a(\003) p Fm 3670 721 a(,) p 3716 676 V Fi 23 w(q) p Ff 3756 690 a(\003) p Fm 3795 721 a(,) h(and) p Fi -75 842 a(p) p Ff -33 812 a(\003) p Fm 33 842 a(b) n(y) k(equating) p Fi 27 w(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) d(=) p Fi 23 w(w) p Ff 831 812 a(\003) p Fm 870 842 a(,) p Fi 28 w(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) e(=) p Fi 23 w(T) p Ff 1263 812 a(\003) p Fm 1300 842 a(,) p 1351 796 V Fi 28 w(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) i(=) p 1613 796 V Fi 23 w(q) p Ff 1653 810 a(\003) p Fm 1691 842 a(,) k(and) p Fi 27 w(p) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) c(=) p Fi 22 w(p) p Ff 2208 812 a(\003) p Fm 2274 842 a(in) k(b) r(oth) g(sides) f(of) h(Eqs.) f(\(1\){\(6\),) g(and) h (solving) f(them) -75 962 y(for) p Fi 28 w(w) p Ff 114 932 a(\003) p Fm 153 962 a(,) p Fi 29 w(T) p Ff 266 932 a(\003) p Fm 304 962 a(,) p 356 917 V Fi 29 w(q) p Ff 396 931 a(\003) p Fm 434 962 a(,) i(and) p Fi 29 w(p) p Ff 691 932 a(\003) p Fm 729 962 a(.) 41 b(TFR) n(C) 29 b(and) f(TCP) h(go) r(o) r(dputs) f(in) h(steady) g(state) f(are) g (giv) n(en) g(b) n(y) p Fi 29 w(T) p Ff 2885 932 a(\003) p Fm 2922 962 a(\(1) p Fg 19 w(\000) p Fi 19 w(p) p Ff 3141 932 a(\003) p Fm 3179 962 a(\)) h(and) p Fi 29 w(w) p Ff 3464 932 a(\003) p Fm 3502 962 a(\(1) p Fg 19 w(\000) p Fi 19 w(p) p Ff 3721 932 a(\003) p Fm 3759 962 a(\)) p Fi(=R) p Fh 3896 974 a(C) p Fm 3952 962 a(,) -75 1083 y(resp) r(ectiv) n(ely) -7 b(.) p Fn 1111 1328 a(4.) 32 b(TRANSIENT) h(ST) -9 b(A) g(TE) 35 b(ANAL) -9 b(YSIS) p Fm -75 1492 a(W) i(e) 23 b(then) h(analyze) e(the) h(transien) n(t) f (state) h(b) r(eha) n(vior) f(of) h(TCP) f(and) h(TFR) n(C) g (connections) f(b) n(y) h(linearizing) f(discrete) g(time) i(systems) -75 1612 y(around) 32 b(their) i(equilibrium) f(p) r(oin) n(ts.) 54 b(The) 34 b(net) n(w) n(ork) e(state) h(including) g(all) g(TFR) n(C) h (and) f(TCP) g(connections,) h(and) f(the) h(RED) -75 1733 y(router) 26 b(is) h(uniquely) g(determined) g(b) n(y) p Fb 27 w(state) i(variables) p Fm(:) p Fi 39 w(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fi(;) p Fg 14 w(\001) 14 b(\001) g(\001) p Fi 13 w(;) g(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 19 w(\000) p Fh 2317 1692 a(R) p Fe 2367 1700 a(F) p Fj 2414 1692 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 2317 1714 186 4 v 2382 1761 a(\001) p Fm 2513 1733 a(\),) p Fi 27 w(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fi(;) p Fg 14 w(\001) g(\001) g(\001) p Fi 15 w(;) g(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 21 w(\000) p Fh 3201 1692 a(R) p Fe 3251 1700 a(C) p Fj 3299 1692 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 3201 1714 187 4 v 3267 1761 a(\001) p Fm 3398 1733 a(\),) p Fi 27 w(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fi(;) p Fg 14 w(\001) g(\001) g(\001) p Fi 14 w(;) p Fm 14 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 20 w(\000) p Fm -75 1853 a(max\() p Fh 122 1813 a(R) p Fe 172 1821 a(C) p Fj 220 1813 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 122 1834 V 188 1882 a(\001) p Fi 319 1853 a(;) p Fh 366 1813 a(R) p Fe 416 1821 a(F) p Fj 463 1813 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 366 1834 186 4 v 431 1882 a(\001) p Fm 561 1853 a(\)\),) 30 b(and) p 841 1807 41 4 v Fi 29 w(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fi(;) p Fg 14 w(\001) 14 b(\001) g(\001) p Fi 14 w(;) p 1176 1807 V 14 w(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 23 w(\000) p Fm 19 w(max) o(\() p Fh 1594 1813 a(R) p Fe 1644 1821 a(C) p Fj 1693 1813 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 1594 1834 187 4 v 1660 1882 a(\001) p Fi 1791 1853 a(;) p Fh 1838 1813 a(R) p Fe 1888 1821 a(F) p Fj 1935 1813 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 1838 1834 186 4 v 1904 1882 a(\001) p Fm 2034 1853 a(\)\).) 41 b(W) -7 b(e) 30 b(in) n(tro) r(duce) e(a) h(state) g(v) n(ector) p Fl 27 w(x) p Fm 1 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) g(whic) n(h) g(is) g (de\014ned) -75 1974 y(as) e(di\013erences) g(b) r(et) n(w) n(een) h (eac) n(h) f(state) g(v) -5 b(ariable) 27 b(at) g(slot) p Fi 27 w(k) p Fm 31 w(and) g(its) h(equilibrium) g(v) -5 b(alue.) p Fl 1032 2906 a(x) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fg 84 w(\021) p Fd 1423 2091 a(2) 1423 2238 y(6) 1423 2287 y(6) 1423 2337 y(6) 1423 2387 y(6) 1423 2437 y(6) 1423 2487 y(6) 1423 2536 y(6) 1423 2586 y(6) 1423 2636 y(6) 1423 2686 y(6) 1423 2736 y(6) 1423 2786 y(6) 1423 2835 y(6) 1423 2885 y(6) 1423 2935 y(6) 1423 2985 y(6) 1423 3035 y(6) 1423 3084 y(6) 1423 3134 y(6) 1423 3184 y(6) 1423 3234 y(6) 1423 3284 y(6) 1423 3333 y(6) 1423 3383 y(6) 1423 3433 y(6) 1423 3483 y(6) 1423 3536 y(4) p Fi 2269 2165 a(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fg 84 w(\000) p Fi 82 w(w) p Ff 2732 2135 a(\003) p Fm 2545 2260 a(.) 2545 2293 y(.) 2545 2326 y(.) p Fi 1960 2447 a(w) p Fm 2 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 23 w(\000) p Fh 2212 2406 a(R) p Fe 2262 2414 a(C) p Fj 2310 2406 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 2212 2428 187 4 v 2278 2475 a(\001) p Fm 2409 2447 a(\)) p Fg 83 w(\000) p Fi 82 w(w) p Ff 2732 2417 a(\003) p Fi 2270 2567 a(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fg 83 w(\000) p Fi 82 w(T) p Ff 2732 2537 a(\003) p Fm 2545 2662 a(.) 2545 2695 y(.) 2545 2728 y(.) p Fi 1963 2849 a(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 21 w(\000) p Fh 2213 2809 a(R) p Fe 2263 2817 a(F) p Fj 2310 2809 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 2213 2830 186 4 v 2278 2878 a(\001) p Fm 2409 2849 a(\)) p Fg 83 w(\000) p Fi 82 w(T) p Ff 2732 2819 a(\003) p Fi 2290 2970 a(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fg 84 w(\000) p Fi 82 w(q) p Ff 2711 2939 a(\003) p Fm 2545 3064 a(.) 2545 3097 y(.) 2545 3131 y(.) p Fi 1608 3251 a(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 17 w(max) o(\() p Fh 1936 3211 a(R) p Fe 1986 3219 a(C) p Fj 2035 3211 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 1937 3232 187 4 v 2003 3280 a(\001) p Fi 2133 3251 a(;) p Fh 2180 3211 a(R) p Fe 2230 3219 a(F) p Fj 2278 3211 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 2180 3232 186 4 v 2246 3280 a(\001) p Fm 2376 3251 a(\)\)) p Fg 84 w(\000) p Fi 82 w(q) p Ff 2711 3221 a(\003) p 2290 3326 41 4 v Fi 2290 3372 a(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) p Fg 84 w(\000) p 2671 3326 V Fi 82 w(q) p Ff 2711 3340 a(\003) p Fm 2545 3467 a(.) 2545 3500 y(.) 2545 3533 y(.) p 1520 3608 V Fi 1520 3653 a(q) p Fm 3 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fg 22 w(\000) p Fm 18 w(max) o(\() p Fh 1936 3613 a(R) p Fe 1986 3621 a(C) p Fj 2035 3613 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 1937 3634 187 4 v 2003 3682 a(\001) p Fi 2133 3653 a(;) p Fh 2180 3613 a(R) p Fe 2230 3621 a(F) p Fj 2278 3613 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 2180 3634 186 4 v 2246 3682 a(\001) p Fm 2376 3653 a(\)\)) p Fg 84 w(\000) p 2671 3608 41 4 v Fi 82 w(q) p Ff 2711 3622 a(\003) p Fd 2813 2091 a(3) 2813 2238 y(7) 2813 2287 y(7) 2813 2337 y(7) 2813 2387 y(7) 2813 2437 y(7) 2813 2487 y(7) 2813 2536 y(7) 2813 2586 y(7) 2813 2636 y(7) 2813 2686 y(7) 2813 2736 y(7) 2813 2786 y(7) 2813 2835 y(7) 2813 2885 y(7) 2813 2935 y(7) 2813 2985 y(7) 2813 3035 y(7) 2813 3084 y(7) 2813 3134 y(7) 2813 3184 y(7) 2813 3234 y(7) 2813 3284 y(7) 2813 3333 y(7) 2813 3383 y(7) 2813 3433 y(7) 2813 3483 y(7) 2813 3536 y(5) p Fm 50 3874 a(W) e(e) 25 b(assume) g(that) h (the) g(destination) g(host) f(of) g(TFR) n(C) h(noti\014es) f(its) h (source) e(host) i(of) f(feedbac) n(k) g(information) g(ev) n(ery) p Fi 24 w(M) p Fm 35 w(slots.) -75 3994 y(W) -7 b(e) 24 b(fo) r(cus) h(on) e(the) i(state) f(transition) f(from) h(slot) p Fi 24 w(k) p Fm 27 w(to) g(slot) p Fi 24 w(k) p Fm 14 w(+) p Fi 11 w(M) p Fm 9 w(.) 35 b(Although) 24 b(all) g(discrete) g (time) h(systems) e(\(Eqs.) h(\(1\)) g({\(6\)\)) g(are) -75 4115 y(nonlinear,) h(they) h(can) f(b) r(e) h(written) g(in) g(the) g (follo) n(wing) e(matrix) h(form) g(b) n(y) h(linearizing) e(them) i (around) f(their) g(equilibrium) h(p) r(oin) n(ts.) p Fl 1422 4318 a(x) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 22 w(+) p Fi 18 w(M) p Fm 9 w(\)) 83 b(=) p Fl 83 w(A) 14 b(B) p Fh 2159 4283 a(M) p Ff 6 w(\000) p Fj(1) p Fl 2317 4318 a(x) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) 1392 b(\(7\)) -75 4521 y(Matrix) p Fl 24 w(A) p Fm 24 w(represen) n(ts) 23 b(the) i(state) f(transition) f(from) p Fl 24 w(x) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 15 w(+) p Fi 12 w(M) p Fg 20 w(\000) p Fm 12 w(1\)) g(to) p Fl 25 w(x) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 15 w(+) p Fi 12 w(M) p Fm 9 w(\),) h(when) g(the) h(source) e(host) h (of) g(TFR) n(C) h(receiv) n(es) -75 4641 y(feedbac) n(k) 34 b(information) g(from) g(its) h(destination) g(host) f(\(Eq.) h (\(2\)\).) 58 b(Moreo) n(v) n(er,) 34 b(matrix) p Fl 34 w(B) p Fm 35 w(represen) n(ts) f(the) i(state) g(transition) -75 4762 y(from) p Fl 37 w(x) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)) k(to) p Fl 37 w(x) p Fm(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 29 w(+) 24 b(1\)) 38 b(when) g(the) g(source) e(host) h(of) h(TFR) n(C) f(do) r(es) h(not) f (receiv) n(e) f(feedbac) n(k) h(information) g(at) h(slot) p Fi 37 w(k) p Fm 41 w(\(i.e.,) p Fi -75 4882 a(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 26 w(+) 23 b(1\)) 37 b(=) p Fi 36 w(T) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fi(k) p Fm 3 w(\)\).) 61 b(The) 36 b(eigen) f(v) -5 b(alues) 35 b(of) h(the) g(state) g(transition) f (matrix) p Fl 35 w(A) 14 b(B) p Fh 2613 4852 a(M) p Ff 6 w(\000) p Fj(1) p Fm 2772 4882 a(,) 37 b(represen) n(ting) e (transition) g(of) g(state) -75 5003 y(v) -5 b(ariables) 34 b(from) i(slot) p Fi 35 w(k) p Fm 39 w(to) g(slot) p Fi 35 w(k) p Fm 27 w(+) p Fi 23 w(M) p Fm 9 w(,) i(determines) e(the) g (transien) n(t) f(state) g(b) r(eha) n(vior) g(around) g(equilibrium) h (p) r(oin) n(ts.) 61 b(Let) p Fi -75 5123 a(\025) p Fh -27 5135 a(i) p Fm 1 5123 a(\(1) p Fg 23 w(\024) p Fi 23 w(i) p Fg 22 w(\024) p Fh 335 5083 a(R) p Fe 385 5091 a(C) p Fj 433 5083 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 335 5104 187 4 v 401 5152 a(\001) p Fm 541 5123 a(+) p Fh 625 5083 a(R) p Fe 675 5091 a(F) p Fj 722 5083 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 625 5104 186 4 v 690 5152 a(\001) p Fm 830 5123 a(+) 9 b(2) 27 b(max) o(\() p Fh 1169 5083 a(R) p Fe 1219 5091 a(C) p Fj 1268 5083 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 1170 5104 187 4 v 1236 5152 a(\001) p Fi 1367 5123 a(;) p Fh 1413 5083 a(R) p Fe 1463 5091 a(F) p Fj 1511 5083 a(\() p Fh(k) p Fj 1 w(\)) p 1413 5104 186 4 v 1479 5152 a(\001) p Fm 1609 5123 a(\)\)) d(b) r(e) f(the) h(eigen) e (v) -5 b(alues) 23 b(of) g(the) g(state) g(transition) g(matrix) p Fl 22 w(A) 14 b(B) p Fh 3615 5093 a(M) p Ff 6 w(\000) p Fj(1) p Fm 3774 5123 a(.) 35 b(The) -75 5244 y(maxim) n(um) 25 b(absolute) f(v) -5 b(alue) 25 b(of) g(eigen) f(v) -5 b(alues,) p Fb 25 w(maximum) 27 b(mo) l(dulus) p Fm(,) f(determines) e (the) i(stabilit) n(y) e(and) h(the) g(transien) n(t) f(b) r(eha) n (vior) p dyy eop end %%Page: 7 7 TeXDict begin 7 6 bop Fm -75 83 a(of) 28 b(the) h(feedbac) n(k) f (system) g(around) f(their) h(equilibrium) h(p) r(oin) n(ts.) p Fj 1948 53 a(11) p Fm 2086 83 a(It) f(is) h(kno) n(wn) e(that) i(the) g (smaller) e(the) i(maxim) n(um) f(mo) r(dulus) -75 204 y(is,) c(the) g(b) r(etter) f(the) h(transien) n(t) f(b) r(eha) n(vior) e(b) r(ecomes.) 36 b(It) 23 b(is) g(also) f(kno) n(wn) h(that) h(the) f (system) g(is) g(stable) g(if) h(the) g(maxim) n(um) f(mo) r(dulus) -75 324 y(is) k(less) h(than) f(1.0.) p Fn 1250 561 a(5.) 32 b(NUMERICAL) i(EXAMPLES) p Fm -75 721 a(W) -7 b(e) 29 b(presen) n(t) f(sev) n(eral) e(n) n(umerical) i(examples) g(on) g(our) g(steady) g(state) g(analysis) f(as) h(w) n(ell) g(as) g(sev) n(eral) e (sim) n(ulation) i(results.) 39 b(Using) -75 842 y(ns-2) c(sim) n (ulator,) p Fj 473 811 a(12) p Fm 617 842 a(w) n(e) h(run) h(sim) n (ulation) e(exp) r(erimen) n(ts) h(for) g(the) h(same) f(net) n(w) n (ork) e(mo) r(del) j(with) g(Fig.) f(1.) 63 b(Eac) n(h) 35 b(sim) n(ulation) -75 962 y(exp) r(erimen) n(t) 30 b(is) g(run) g(for) g (300) e(seconds,) i(and) g(a) g(result) g(of) g(the) h(last) e(200) g (seconds) g(is) h(used) h(for) e(calculating) g(TFR) n(C) i(and) f(TCP) -75 1083 y(go) r(o) r(dputs,) d(a) n(v) n(erage) e(queue) j(length,) f (and) h(pac) n(k) n(et) e(loss) h(ev) n(en) n(t) g(rate) g(of) h(TFR) n (C.) 50 1236 y(In) i(obtaining) g(analytic) f(and) h(sim) n(ulation) g (results,) h(w) n(e) f(use) g(the) g(follo) n(wing) g(parameters.) 43 b(TFR) n(C) 30 b(and) g(TCP) g(pac) n(k) n(et) f(size) -75 1356 y(are) 23 b(\014xed) g(at) h(1000) e([b) n(yte],) i(and) g(the) g (n) n(um) n(b) r(er) f(of) h(TFR) n(C) g(and) f(TCP) g(connections) g (are) p Fi 23 w(N) p Fh 2740 1368 a(F) p Fm 2818 1356 a(=) g(10) f(and) p Fi 24 w(N) p Fh 3237 1368 a(C) p Fm 3316 1356 a(=) g(10,) i(resp) r(ectiv) n(ely) -7 b(.) -75 1477 y(Tw) n(o-w) n(a) n(y) 36 b(propagation) f(dela) n(ys) i(of) h (TFR) n(C) g(and) g(TCP) f(are) g(set) h(to) g(the) g(same) g(v) -5 b(alue:) p Fi 57 w(\034) p Fm 50 w(=) p Fi 40 w(\034) p Fh 3051 1489 a(C) p Fm 3148 1477 a(=) p Fi 39 w(\034) p Fh 3288 1489 a(F) p Fm 3384 1477 a(=) 40 b(50) p Fi(;) p Fm 14 w(100) p Fi(;) 14 b(or) p Fm 2 w(200) -75 1597 y([ms].) 53 b(According) 32 b(to) h(the) g(t) n(w) n(o-w) n(a) n(y) d (propagation) h(dela) n(y) p Fi 32 w(\034) p Fm 43 w(and) i(the) g(b) r (ottlenec) n(k) g(link) g(capacit) n(y) p Fi 32 w(\026) p Fm(,) h(w) n(e) f(con\014gure) e(con) n(trol) -75 1718 y(parameters) g(\() p Fi(min) p Fh 544 1730 a(th) p Fm 644 1718 a(and) p Fi 32 w(max) p Fh 974 1730 a(th) p Fm 1042 1718 a(\)) i(and) g(the) f(bu\013er) h(size) f(of) g(RED) h (routers) p Fi 31 w(L) p Fm(;) h(i.e.,) p Fi 34 w(min) p Fh 2855 1730 a(th) p Fm 2954 1718 a(=) c(0) p Fi(:) p Fm(25) p Fi(\026\034) p Fm 9 w(,) p Fi 34 w(max) p Fh 3514 1730 a(th) p Fm 3613 1718 a(=) h(1) p Fi(:) p Fm(25) p Fi(\026\034) p Fm 9 w(,) p Fi -75 1838 a(L) p Fm 23 w(=) 22 b(2) p Fi(:) p Fm(5) p Fi(\026\034) p Fm 37 w([pac) n(k) n(et].) 36 b(Other) 27 b(con) n(trol) f(parameters) g(of) h(the) h(RED) g(router) f (are) f(\014xed) i(at) p Fi 27 w(max) p Fh 2910 1850 a(p) p Fm 2972 1838 a(=) 23 b(0) p Fi(:) p Fm(1) j(and) p Fi 28 w(w) p Fh 3414 1850 a(q) p Fm 3474 1838 a(=) d(0) p Fi(:) p Fm(002.) 50 1991 y(Figure) 33 b(2) h(sho) n(ws) g(TFR) n(C) g (go) r(o) r(dput,) i(TCP) e(go) r(o) r(dput,) j(a) n(v) n(erage) 31 b(queue) k(length,) h(pac) n(k) n(et) d(loss) h(ev) n(en) n(t) g(rate) g (of) g(TFR) n(C) h(for) -75 2112 y(di\013eren) n(t) e(b) r(ottlenec) n (k) f(link) h(capacities.) 50 b(In) 33 b(the) g(\014gure,) g(b) r(oth) g (analytic) f(and) g(sim) n(ulation) g(results) g(are) f(sho) n(wn) h (for) g(di\013eren) n(t) -75 2232 y(t) n(w) n(o-w) n(a) n(y) 21 b(propagation) h(dela) n(ys) g(of) i(TFR) n(C) f(and) h(TCP) f(with) p Fi 24 w(\034) p Fm 33 w(=) f(50) h(and) p Fi 23 w(\034) p Fm 33 w(=) g(100) f(This) i(\014gure) e(indicates) i(that) g(b) r(oth) g (analytic) -75 2353 y(and) j(sim) n(ulation) g(results) h(sho) n(w) e (a) h(go) r(o) r(d) g(agreemen) n(t,) g(sho) n(wing) f(the) i(v) -5 b(alidiy) 28 b(of) f(our) g(appro) n(ximate) f(analysis.) 50 2506 y(As) 21 b(can) g(b) r(e) g(found) h(b) n(y) f(comparing) e(Fig.) i (2\(a\)) g(with) h(Fig.) f(2\(b\),) i(the) e(TFR) n(C) g(go) r(o) r (dput) h(is) f(sligh) n(tly) f(higher) h(than) g(that) g(of) h(TCP) -75 2627 y(although) 30 b(TFR) n(C) h(is) f(designed) h(for) f(realizing) f (fairness) h(with) i(TCP) e(connections) g(\(TCP-friendliness\).) 46 b(This) 30 b(phenomenon) -75 2747 y(is) d(in) h(agreemen) n(t) f(with) h (other) f(sim) n(ulation) g(studies.) p Fj 1588 2717 a(6) p Fn 1537 2984 a(6.) 32 b(CONCLUSION) p Fm -75 3144 a(In) e(this) g(pap) r(er,) f(w) n(e) g(ha) n(v) n(e) g(analyzed) f (the) i(steady) f(state) g(b) r(eha) n(vior) g(and) g(the) h(transien) n (t) f(state) g(b) r(eha) n(vior) f(of) i(TFR) n(C) f(and) h(TCP) -75 3265 y(in) 36 b(a) g(net) n(w) n(ork) e(where) i(TFR) n(C) g(and) f (TCP) h(connections) f(commonly) g(share) g(the) h(single) g(b) r (ottlenec) n(k) g(link.) 62 b(First,) 38 b(w) n(e) d(ha) n(v) n(e) -75 3385 y(mo) r(deled) c(TFR) n(C) f(connection,) h(TCP) f(connection,) h (and) g(RED) g(router) e(as) h(discrete-time) g(systems,) h(resp) r (ectiv) n(ely) -7 b(.) 45 b(W) -7 b(e) 31 b(ha) n(v) n(e) -75 3506 y(then) 23 b(deriv) n(ed) f(TFR) n(C) g(go) r(o) r(dput,) h(TCP) f (go) r(o) r(dput,) i(a) n(v) n(erage) 19 b(queue) j(length) h(of) f (the) h(RED) g(router,) f(and) g(pac) n(k) n(et) g(loss) f(probabilit) n (y) -75 3626 y(at) 27 b(the) h(RED) f(router) f(in) i(steady) e(state) h (b) n(y) g(utilizing) h(these) f(discrete-time) g(systems.) 36 b(By) 27 b(linearizing) f(discrete-time) h(systems) -75 3747 y(around) g(their) g(equilibrium) h(p) r(oin) n(ts,) f(w) n(e) h (ha) n(v) n(e) e(also) h(analyzed) f(the) i(transien) n(t) f(state) h (b) r(eha) n(vior) e(of) h(TCP) g(and) h(TFR) n(C.) p Fn 1594 3984 a(REFERENCES) p Fm -10 4137 a(1.) 41 b(M.) 21 b(Handly) -7 b(,) 22 b(S.) f(Flo) n(yd,) g(J.) f(P) n(adh) n(y) n(e,) h (and) f(J.) h(Widmer,) h(\\TCP) d(friendly) i(rate) f(con) n(trol) f (\(TFR) n(C\):) i(proto) r(col) f(sp) r(eci\014cation,") p Fb 96 4257 a(R) l(e) l(quest) 28 b(for) j(Comments) e(\(RF) n(C\)) h (3448) p Fm 29 w(,) e(2003.) -10 4383 y(2.) 41 b(R.) 30 b(Rejaie,) g(M.) h(Handley) -7 b(,) 30 b(and) g(D.) g(Estrin,) g (\\RAP:) g(An) g(end-to-end) g(rate-based) e(congestion) h(con) n(trol) f(mec) n(hanism) i(for) 96 4504 y(realtime) d(streams) f(in) i(the) g (in) n(ternet,") f(in) p Fb 28 w(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) k(of) f(INF) n(OCOM) g(1999) p Fm(,) f(pp.) f(1337{1345,) c(Mar.) j(1999.) -10 4630 y(3.) 41 b(I.) 25 b(Rhee,) h(V.) g(Ozdemir,) g(and) f(Y.) h(Yi,) g (\\TEAR:) f(TCP) g(em) n(ulation) g(at) h(receiv) n(ers) d({) i(\015o) n (w) g(con) n(trol) f(for) h(m) n(ultimedia) h(stream-) 96 4751 y(ing,") p Fb 27 w(NCSU) j(T) -6 b(e) l(chnic) l(al) 31 b(R) l(ep) l(ort) p Fm 27 w(,) d(Apr.) g(2000.) -10 4877 y(4.) 41 b(J.) c(P) n(adh) n(y) n(e,) h(V.) g(Firoiu,) h(D.) f(T) -7 b(o) n(wsley) g(,) 39 b(and) e(J.) g(Kurose,) h(\\Mo) r(deling) f(TCP) g (throughput:) 56 b(a) 37 b(simple) g(mo) r(del) h(and) f(its) 96 4997 y(empirical) 27 b(v) -5 b(alidation,") 26 b(in) p Fb 28 w(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) 31 b(of) f(A) n(CM) g(SIGCOMM) h('98) p Fm(,) e(pp.) f(303{314,) c(Sept.) 29 b(1998.) -10 5123 y(5.) 41 b(J.) 35 b(P) n(adh) n(y) n(e,) h(J.) f(Kurose,) h(D.) g (T) -7 b(o) n(wsley) g(,) 37 b(and) e(R.) h(Ko) r(o) r(dli,) h(\\A) e (mo) r(del) h(based) f(TCP-friendly) g(rate) f(con) n(trol) h(proto) r (col,") p Fb 96 5244 a(UMass-CMPSCI) c(T) -6 b(e) l(chnic) l(al) 31 b(R) l(ep) l(ort) e(TR) h(98-04) p Fm 29 w(,) e(1998.) p dyy eop end %%Page: 8 8 TeXDict begin 8 7 bop 519 1132 a @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 1701 @rwi 1258 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/tfrc-mu-10.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Title: figure/tfrc-mu-10.eps %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 3 %%CreationDate: Thu Jan 1 09:00:09 1970 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont pop /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 630 420 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 742 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 742 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 10)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 1064 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 1064 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 20)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 1386 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 1386 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 30)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 1708 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 1708 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 40)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 2030 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 2030 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 50)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 2352 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 60)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 630 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1176 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1176 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 20)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1723 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1723 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 40)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2269 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2269 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 60)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2816 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2816 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 80)] ] -46.7 MCshow 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 100)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 630 420 M 2732 0 V 0 1932 V -2732 0 V 630 420 L stroke 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (TFRC goodput [Mbit/s])] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore 1996 70 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( [Mbit/s])] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LT0 2185 2191 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 50[ms] \(analysis\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 2269 2191 M 399 0 V 685 432 M 82 46 V 27 17 V 27 18 V 110 70 V 27 17 V 27 18 V 27 17 V 28 18 V 27 17 V 27 18 V 28 17 V 27 17 V 27 17 V 28 17 V 27 17 V 27 17 V 28 17 V 27 17 V 27 17 V 28 17 V 27 17 V 27 17 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 17 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 17 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 17 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 17 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 17 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 17 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 17 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 1.000 UL LT1 2185 2051 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 100[ms] \(analysis\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 2269 2051 M 399 0 V 657 426 M 28 15 V 54 34 V 28 18 V 27 17 V 27 18 V 28 17 V 27 17 V 27 18 V 28 17 V 27 17 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 17 V 27 17 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 17 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 17 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 27 17 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT2 2185 1911 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 50[ms] \(simulation\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 767 541 Pls 903 630 Pls 1040 712 Pls 1176 793 Pls 1313 872 Pls 1450 953 Pls 1586 1034 Pls 1723 1117 Pls 1859 1199 Pls 1996 1279 Pls 2133 1356 Pls 2269 1441 Pls 2406 1515 Pls 2542 1594 Pls 2679 1675 Pls 2816 1775 Pls 2952 1877 Pls 3089 2025 Pls 3225 2181 Pls 3362 2343 Pls 2468 1911 Pls 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT3 2185 1771 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 100[ms] \(simulation\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 767 524 Crs 903 607 Crs 1040 688 Crs 1176 770 Crs 1313 851 Crs 1450 933 Crs 1586 1010 Crs 1723 1089 Crs 1859 1173 Crs 1996 1244 Crs 2133 1335 Crs 2269 1409 Crs 2406 1483 Crs 2542 1568 Crs 2679 1653 Crs 2816 1722 Crs 2952 1811 Crs 3089 1900 Crs 3225 2009 Crs 3362 2110 Crs 2468 1771 Crs stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fk 893 1335 a(\(a\)) 25 b(TFR) n(C) h(go) r(o) r(dput) 1992 1132 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 1701 @rwi 1258 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/tcp-mu-10.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Title: figure/tcp-mu-10.eps %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 3 %%CreationDate: Thu Jan 1 09:00:09 1970 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont pop /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 630 420 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 742 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 742 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 10)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 1064 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 1064 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 20)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 1386 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 1386 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 30)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 1708 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 1708 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 40)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 2030 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 2030 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 50)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 2352 M 63 0 V 2669 0 R -63 0 V stroke 546 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 60)] ] -46.7 MRshow 630 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 630 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1176 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1176 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 20)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1723 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1723 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 40)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2269 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2269 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 60)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2816 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2816 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 80)] ] -46.7 MCshow 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 100)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 630 420 M 2732 0 V 0 1932 V -2732 0 V 630 420 L stroke 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (TCP goodput [Mbit/s])] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore 1996 70 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( [Mbit/s])] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LT0 2185 2191 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 50[ms] \(analysis\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 2269 2191 M 399 0 V 685 461 M 82 48 V 27 15 V 27 15 V 110 59 V 27 15 V 27 15 V 27 15 V 28 15 V 27 15 V 27 16 V 28 15 V 27 15 V 27 15 V 28 16 V 27 15 V 27 15 V 28 16 V 27 15 V 27 16 V 28 15 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 15 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 15 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 15 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 15 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 15 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 15 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 1.000 UL LT1 2185 2051 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 100[ms] \(analysis\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 2269 2051 M 399 0 V 657 440 M 28 17 V 54 30 V 28 15 V 27 15 V 27 15 V 28 15 V 27 15 V 27 15 V 28 16 V 27 15 V 27 15 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 15 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 15 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 15 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 17 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 17 V 27 16 V 27 16 V 28 16 V 27 16 V 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT2 2185 1911 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 50[ms] \(simulation\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 767 460 Pls 903 532 Pls 1040 611 Pls 1176 691 Pls 1313 773 Pls 1450 853 Pls 1586 933 Pls 1723 1011 Pls 1859 1089 Pls 1996 1171 Pls 2133 1255 Pls 2269 1331 Pls 2406 1418 Pls 2542 1500 Pls 2679 1580 Pls 2816 1640 Pls 2952 1700 Pls 3089 1713 Pls 3225 1718 Pls 3362 1716 Pls 2468 1911 Pls 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT3 2185 1771 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 100[ms] \(simulation\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 767 477 Crs 903 555 Crs 1040 635 Crs 1176 714 Crs 1313 793 Crs 1450 873 Crs 1586 957 Crs 1723 1039 Crs 1859 1116 Crs 1996 1206 Crs 2133 1276 Crs 2269 1363 Crs 2406 1450 Crs 2542 1526 Crs 2679 1602 Crs 2816 1694 Crs 2952 1766 Crs 3089 1838 Crs 3225 1890 Crs 3362 1950 Crs 2468 1771 Crs stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial 2389 1335 a(\(b\)) f(TCP) i(go) r(o) r(dput) 519 2577 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 1701 @rwi 1258 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/avgqueu-mu-10.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Title: figure/avgqueu-mu-10.eps %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 3 %%CreationDate: Thu Jan 1 09:00:09 1970 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont pop /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 696 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 696 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 50)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 972 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 972 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 100)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 1248 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1248 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 150)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 1524 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1524 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 200)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 1800 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1800 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 250)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 2076 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2076 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 300)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 2352 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 350)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 714 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1244 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1244 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 20)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1773 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1773 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 40)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2303 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2303 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 60)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2832 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2832 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 80)] ] -46.7 MCshow 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 100)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L stroke 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (RED avearage queue length [packet])] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore 2038 70 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( [Mbit/s])] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LT0 2219 2247 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 50[ms] \(analysis\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 2303 2247 M 399 0 V 767 508 M 79 34 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 106 29 V 27 6 V 26 7 V 27 7 V 26 7 V 27 7 V 26 7 V 27 7 V 26 7 V 27 7 V 26 7 V 27 7 V 26 8 V 27 7 V 26 7 V 26 8 V 27 7 V 26 8 V 27 7 V 26 8 V 27 7 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 7 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 9 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 9 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 9 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 9 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 9 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 9 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 9 V 26 8 V 27 9 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 9 V 27 8 V 26 9 V 27 8 V 26 8 V 27 9 V 26 8 V 27 9 V 26 8 V 27 9 V 26 8 V 27 8 V 26 9 V 27 8 V 26 9 V 27 8 V 26 9 V 27 8 V 26 9 V 27 8 V 26 9 V 1.000 UL LT1 2219 2107 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 100[ms] \(analysis\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 2303 2107 M 399 0 V 740 508 M 27 24 V 53 33 V 26 15 V 27 13 V 26 14 V 27 14 V 26 14 V 27 14 V 26 14 V 27 15 V 26 15 V 27 15 V 26 15 V 27 15 V 26 16 V 27 15 V 26 16 V 27 16 V 26 16 V 27 16 V 26 16 V 27 16 V 26 16 V 26 16 V 27 17 V 26 16 V 27 17 V 26 16 V 27 17 V 26 16 V 27 17 V 26 16 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 16 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 16 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 26 17 V 27 16 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 18 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 18 V 26 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 18 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 18 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 18 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 27 17 V 26 17 V 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT2 2219 1967 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 50[ms] \(simulation\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 846 625 Pls 979 676 Pls 1111 703 Pls 1244 731 Pls 1376 759 Pls 1508 787 Pls 1641 815 Pls 1773 844 Pls 1906 871 Pls 2038 900 Pls 2170 928 Pls 2303 957 Pls 2435 988 Pls 2568 1020 Pls 2700 1050 Pls 2832 1082 Pls 2965 1123 Pls 3097 1170 Pls 3230 1234 Pls 3362 1303 Pls 2502 1967 Pls 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT3 2219 1827 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 100[ms] \(simulation\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 846 688 Crs 979 736 Crs 1111 790 Crs 1244 846 Crs 1376 903 Crs 1508 960 Crs 1641 1019 Crs 1773 1084 Crs 1906 1146 Crs 2038 1212 Crs 2170 1278 Crs 2303 1342 Crs 2435 1408 Crs 2568 1475 Crs 2700 1544 Crs 2832 1613 Crs 2965 1681 Crs 3097 1750 Crs 3230 1818 Crs 3362 1895 Crs 2502 1827 Crs stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial 705 2781 a(\(c\)) f(RED) f(a) n(v) n(erage) h(queue) f (length) 1992 2577 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 1701 @rwi 1258 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/eventrate-mu-10.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Title: figure/eventrate-mu-10.eps %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 3 %%CreationDate: Thu Jan 1 09:00:09 1970 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont pop /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 966 420 M 63 0 V 2333 0 R -63 0 V stroke 882 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.0001)] ] -46.7 MRshow 966 565 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 650 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 711 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 758 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 796 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 828 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 856 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 881 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 903 M 63 0 V 2333 0 R -63 0 V stroke 882 903 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.001)] ] -46.7 MRshow 966 1048 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1133 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1194 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1241 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1279 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1311 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1339 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1364 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1386 M 63 0 V 2333 0 R -63 0 V stroke 882 1386 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.01)] ] -46.7 MRshow 966 1531 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1616 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1677 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1724 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1762 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1794 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1822 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1847 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 1869 M 63 0 V 2333 0 R -63 0 V stroke 882 1869 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 966 2014 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 2099 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 2160 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 2207 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 2245 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 2277 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 2305 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 2330 M 31 0 V 2365 0 R -31 0 V 966 2352 M 63 0 V 2333 0 R -63 0 V stroke 882 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 966 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 966 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1445 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1445 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 20)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1924 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1924 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 40)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2404 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2404 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 60)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2883 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2883 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 80)] ] -46.7 MCshow 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 100)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 966 420 M 2396 0 V 0 1932 V -2396 0 V 966 420 L stroke 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (packet loss event rate)] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore 2164 70 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( [Mbit/s])] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT0 2711 2219 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 50[ms] \(simulation\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 1086 1611 Pls 1206 1513 Pls 1325 1442 Pls 1445 1378 Pls 1565 1321 Pls 1685 1271 Pls 1805 1223 Pls 1924 1181 Pls 2044 1141 Pls 2164 1108 Pls 2284 1076 Pls 2404 1044 Pls 2523 1017 Pls 2643 992 Pls 2763 967 Pls 2883 938 Pls 3003 915 Pls 3122 890 Pls 3242 867 Pls 3362 833 Pls 2994 2219 Pls 1.000 UP 1.000 UL LT1 2711 2079 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 100[ms] \(simulation\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 1086 1524 Crs 1206 1384 Crs 1325 1274 Crs 1445 1185 Crs 1565 1109 Crs 1685 1043 Crs 1805 992 Crs 1924 941 Crs 2044 896 Crs 2164 860 Crs 2284 817 Crs 2404 784 Crs 2523 757 Crs 2643 727 Crs 2763 697 Crs 2883 679 Crs 3003 652 Crs 3122 629 Crs 3242 607 Crs 3362 579 Crs 2994 2079 Crs 1.000 UL LT2 2711 1939 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 50[ms] \(analysis\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 1939 M 399 0 V -2180 59 R 72 -158 V 24 -37 V 24 -33 V 96 -109 V 24 -24 V 23 -21 V 24 -21 V 24 -20 V 24 -19 V 24 -18 V 24 -18 V 24 -17 V 24 -16 V 24 -15 V 24 -15 V 24 -15 V 24 -14 V 24 -14 V 24 -13 V 24 -13 V 24 -13 V 24 -12 V 24 -12 V 24 -11 V 24 -12 V 24 -11 V 24 -10 V 24 -11 V 24 -10 V 24 -10 V 23 -10 V 24 -10 V 24 -9 V 24 -9 V 24 -9 V 24 -9 V 24 -9 V 24 -8 V 24 -9 V 24 -8 V 24 -8 V 24 -8 V 24 -7 V 24 -8 V 24 -7 V 24 -8 V 24 -7 V 24 -7 V 24 -7 V 24 -7 V 24 -7 V 24 -6 V 24 -7 V 24 -6 V 24 -7 V 23 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -5 V 24 -6 V 24 -5 V 24 -6 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -6 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -4 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 23 -4 V 24 -5 V 24 -4 V 24 -5 V 24 -4 V 24 -4 V 24 -5 V 24 -4 V 24 -4 V 24 -5 V 24 -4 V 24 -4 V 24 -4 V 1.000 UL LT3 2711 1799 M [ [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 100[ms] \(analysis\))] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 1799 M 399 0 V 990 1998 M 24 -116 V 48 -143 V 24 -54 V 24 -48 V 24 -42 V 24 -39 V 24 -36 V 24 -33 V 24 -30 V 24 -29 V 23 -27 V 24 -26 V 24 -24 V 24 -23 V 24 -21 V 24 -21 V 24 -20 V 24 -19 V 24 -18 V 24 -18 V 24 -17 V 24 -16 V 24 -15 V 24 -15 V 24 -15 V 24 -14 V 24 -14 V 24 -13 V 24 -13 V 24 -12 V 24 -12 V 24 -12 V 24 -12 V 24 -11 V 24 -11 V 23 -10 V 24 -11 V 24 -10 V 24 -10 V 24 -10 V 24 -9 V 24 -9 V 24 -9 V 24 -9 V 24 -9 V 24 -8 V 24 -9 V 24 -8 V 24 -8 V 24 -8 V 24 -8 V 24 -7 V 24 -8 V 24 -7 V 24 -7 V 24 -7 V 24 -7 V 24 -7 V 24 -7 V 24 -6 V 23 -7 V 24 -6 V 24 -7 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -5 V 24 -6 V 24 -6 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -6 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 23 -4 V 24 -5 V 24 -5 V 24 -4 V 24 -5 V 24 -4 V 24 -5 V 24 -4 V 24 -4 V 24 -5 V 24 -4 V 24 -4 V 24 -4 V stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial 2141 2781 a(\(d\)) g(TFR) n(C) h(pac) n(k) n(et) f(loss) i (ev) n(en) n(t) e(rate) p Fm -75 3031 a(Figure) c(2:) p Fl 33 w(Steady) 36 b(state) f(b) s(eha) m(vior) g(for) g(di\013eren) m (t) f(b) s(ottlenec) m(k) h(link) f(capacities) p Fm(,) p Fi 32 w(N) 9 b(F) p Fm 39 w(=) 27 b(10,) p Fi 30 w(N) 9 b(C) p Fm 33 w(=) 27 b(10,) p Fi 30 w(maxp) p Fm 27 w(=) 279 3152 y(0) p Fi(:) p Fm(1,) p Fi 27 w(w) p Fh 495 3164 a(q) p Fm 555 3152 a(=) c(0) p Fi(:) p Fm(002,) p Fi 26 w(min) p Fh 1035 3164 a(th) p Fm 1125 3152 a(=) g(0) p Fi(:) p Fm(25) p Fg 17 w(\002) p Fi 18 w(\026) p Fg 18 w(\002) p Fi 18 w(\034) p Fm 9 w(,) p Fi 29 w(max) p Fh 1874 3164 a(th) p Fm 1965 3152 a(=) g(1) p Fi(:) p Fm(25) p Fg 17 w(\002) p Fi 18 w(\026) p Fg 18 w(\002) p Fi 18 w(\034) p Fm 9 w(,) p Fi 29 w(L) p Fm 22 w(=) g(2) p Fi(:) p Fm(5) p Fg 18 w(\002) p Fi 18 w(\026) p Fg 18 w(\002) p Fi 18 w(\034) p Fm -10 3485 a(6.) 41 b(S.) 30 b(Flo) n(yd,) f(M.) h(Handley) -7 b(,) 31 b(J.) e(P) n(adh) n(y) n(e,) g (and) g(J.) h(Widmer,) g(\\Equation-based) d(congestion) i(con) n(trol) f(for) h(unicast) h(applica-) 96 3605 y(tions,") d(in) p Fb 27 w(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) k(of) g(A) n(CM) f(SIGCOMM) p Fm(,) e(pp.) g(43{56,) e(\(Sto) r(c) n(kholm,) h(Sw) n(eden\),) h(Aug.) g(2000.) -10 3734 y(7.) 41 b(Y.) 25 b(R.) f(Y) -7 b(ang,) 25 b(M.) g(S.) g(Kim,) g(and) f(S.) h(S.) g(Lam,) f(\\T) -7 b(ransien) n(t) 24 b(b) r(eha) n(viors) e(of) j(TCP-friendly) f (congestion) f(con) n(trol) g(proto) r(cols,") 96 3855 y(in) p Fb 28 w(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) 30 b(of) h(INF) n (OCOM) p Fm(,) c(pp.) h(1716{1725,) c(Apr.) j(2001.) -10 3983 y(8.) 41 b(D.) 30 b(Bansal,) e(H.) i(Balakrishnan,) e(S.) i(Flo) n (yd,) f(and) h(S.) f(Shenk) n(er,) g(\\Dynamic) g(b) r(eha) n(vior) f (of) i(slo) n(wly-resp) r(onsiv) n(e) c(congestion) 96 4104 y(con) n(trol) g(algorithms,") g(in) p Fb 28 w(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l (e) l(dings) k(of) h(A) n(CM) f(SIGCOMM) p Fm(,) e(pp.) g(263{274,) d (Aug.) i(2001.) -10 4233 y(9.) 41 b(S.) 21 b(Flo) n(yd) g(and) g(V.) g (Jacobson,) g(\\Random) f(early) g(detection) i(gatew) n(a) n(ys) c (for) j(congestion) f(a) n(v) n(oidance,") p Fb 20 w(IEEE/A) n(CM) 25 b(T) -6 b(r) l(ans-) 96 4353 y(actions) 30 b(on) g(Networking) p Fl 28 w(1) p Fm(,) e(pp.) g(397{413,) c(Aug.) k(1993.) -52 4482 y(10.) 41 b(S.) 32 b(H.) h(Lo) n(w,) f(F.) g(P) n(aganini,) g(and) g(J.) g(C.) g(Do) n(yle,) h(\\In) n(ternet) e(congestion) g(con) n (trol,") p Fb 32 w(IEEE) j(Contr) l(ol) h(Systems) e(Magazine) p Fl 96 4603 a(22) p Fm(,) 27 b(pp.) h(28{43,) d(F) -7 b(eb.) 28 b(2002.) -52 4731 y(11.) 41 b(H.) 24 b(Ohsaki,) g(M.) h (Murata,) f(T.) h(Ushio,) f(and) g(H.) h(Miy) n(ahara,) e(\\Stabilit) n (y) h(analysis) f(of) h(windo) n(w-based) f(\015o) n(w) h(con) n(trol) f (mec) n(ha-) 96 4852 y(nism) k(in) g(TCP/IP) e(net) n(w) n(orks,") p Fb 25 w(1999) 31 b(IEEE) f(International) f(Confer) l(enc) l(e) h(on) g (Contr) l(ol) f(Applic) l(ations) p Fm 29 w(,) e(pp.) g(1603{1606,) 96 4972 y(Aug.) g(1999.) -52 5101 y(12.) 41 b(\\The) 27 b(net) n(w) n(ork) f(sim) n(ulator) g({) i(ns2.") 35 b(a) n(v) -5 b(ailable) 27 b(at) p Fa 27 w(http://www.isi.e) o(du/) o (ns) o(nam) o(/n) o(s/) p Fm(.) p dyy eop end %%Trailer userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF