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n(ism) g(in) g(TCP) h(\(T) m(ran) n(smission) f(Control) f (Protoco) n(l\),) j(which) d(is) h(a) g(sort) g(of) -75 2983 y(feedb) n(ack) 22 b(based) f(cong) n(estion) h(con) n(trol) g (mecha) n(nisms.) p Fq 1528 2953 a(2) p Fs 1613 2983 a(TCP) g(has) g(tw) o(o) g(fun) n(damenta) n(l) h(mech) n(anisms:) 28 b(a) 22 b(pack) o(et) f(retransmission) g(mech) n(-) -75 3090 y(anism) f(and) f(a) i(cong) n(estion) f(a) n(v) n(oidanc) n(e) h (mechan) n(ism.) k(The) 20 b(pack) o(et) g(retran) n(smission) g (mechanism) f(re-send) n(s) i(lost) g(pack) o(ets) f(in) g(the) g(netw) o(or) n(k) -75 3196 y(for) d(realizing) g(reliable) h(data) f(transfer) h(between) f(sourc) n(e) i(and) e(destination) g(hosts.) 24 b(The) 18 b(cong) n(estion) g(a) n(v) n(oidance) f(mechan) n(ism) i (con) n(trols) g(the) -75 3303 y(pack) o(et) h(emission) g(pro) n(cess) h(from) e(a) i(source) f(host) g(accor) n(ding) g(to) g(the) g (congestion) f(status) i(for) e(utilizing) h(netw) o(ork) f(resour) n (ces) i(e) p Fr(\013) p Fs(ecti) n(v) o(ely) -7 b(.) 50 3445 y(The) 24 b(great) h(portio) n(n) h(of) e(the) i(tra) p Fr(\016) p Fs(c) e(in) i(the) f(Intern) n(et) h(is) g(transmitted) e (by) h(TCP.) p Fq 2366 3415 a(3,) 14 b(4) p Fs 2509 3445 a(Since) 25 b(the) g(algorith) n(m) h(of) e(TCP) i(is) g(complicated) n (,) -75 3552 y(the) c(simulation) f(techniq) n(ue) h(has) g(been) f (widely) h(used) g(to) g(e) n(v) n(alu) n(ate) h(the) e(perfor) n (mance) g(of) h(TCP) -9 b(.) 22 b(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(e) n(r) m(,) g(the) g (perfo) n(rmance) f(e) n(v) n(aluatio) n(n) -75 3658 y(of) h(TCP) h(using) f(mathem) n(atical) h(analysis) f(such) g(as) h (\003uid) f(appr) n(oximation) f(or) h(queu) n(ing) g(theory) f(has) h (been) g(perfo) n(rmed) g(acti) n(v) o(e) n(ly) h(in) f(recent) -75 3765 y(years.) p Fq 122 3735 a(1,) 13 b(5-11) p Fs 359 3765 a(F) o(or) 25 b(instance,) i(by) e(assuming) g(that) h(a) g(pack) o (et) g(loss) g(prob) n(ability) g(in) g(the) g(netw) o(or) n(k) g(and) g (the) f(round) n(-trip) g(time) h(of) g(TCP) h(are) -75 3872 y(kno) n(w) n(n,) j(the) d(TCP) i(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) f(in) g (steady) g(state) g(is) g(deri) n(v) o(ed) n(.) p Fq 1766 3841 a(5,) 14 b(6) p Fs 1934 3872 a(Ho) n(we) n(v) m(er) m(,) 29 b(the) f(pack) m(et) h(loss) f(prob) n(ability) g(in) f(the) h(netw) o (ork) e(and) i(the) -75 3978 y(roun) n(d-trip) 20 b(time) i(of) e(TCP) i (are) f(not) g(constant) f(since) i(the) o(y) e(are) h(chang) n(ed) g (by) g(the) g(cong) n(estion) g(control) f(of) h(TCP) -9 b(.) 22 b(Ther) n(efore,) e(perfor) n(mance) -75 4085 y(analyses) f(of) f(TCP) i(that) f(e) o(xp) n(licitly) g(model) f (interaction) g(between) g(the) g(congestion) f(control) h(mechan) n (ism) h(of) g(TCP) h(and) e(the) h(netw) o(or) n(k) g(ha) n(v) o(e) -75 4191 y(been) h(perf) n(ormed) n(.) p Fq 469 4161 a(1,) 14 b(7-10) p Fs 50 4334 a(Tho) n(se) 26 b(analy) n(ses) g(that) f(e) o(xp) n(licitly) g(model) f(interactio) n(n) h(between) f(the) g(conge) n (stion) h(contro) n(l) g(mechanism) f(of) g(TCP) h(and) f(the) h(netw) o (or) n(k) -75 4440 y(can) f(be) g(classi\002ed) h(into) g(tw) o(o) f (cate) o(gor) n(ies) h(accordin) n(g) g(to) f(the) h(mod) n(eling) f (appro) n(ach) g(of) h(the) f(bottlene) n(ck) h(link) f(in) g(the) h (netw) o(or) n(k.) 38 b(First,) 26 b(by) -75 4547 y(assuming) d(the) i (bottlen) n(eck) f(router) f(to) h(be) g(a) h(con) m(v) m(ention) n(al) g(Drop-) n(T) -7 b(ail) 25 b(router) -5 b(,) 26 b(the) e(bottlen) n (eck) g(link) g(in) h(the) f(netw) o(or) n(k) h(is) g(mod) n(eled) f (by) g(a) -75 4654 y(queu) n(eing) j(system) g(such) f(as) p Fm 32 w(M) p Fn -1 w(=) p Fm -1 w(M) p Fn -1 w(=) p Fs(1) p Fn(=) p Fm(m) p Fs 26 w(or) p Fm 30 w(M) p Fn -1 w(=) p Fm 2 w(D) p Fn(=) p Fs(1) p Fn(=) p Fm(m) p Fs(.) p Fq 1631 4623 a(1,) 15 b(7,) f(8) p Fs 1854 4654 a(On) 26 b(the) h(other) f(hand) n(,) j(by) e(assuming) e(the) i(bottleneck) e (router) h(to) h(be) g(an) -75 4760 y(A) -5 b(QM) 24 b(\(Acti) n(v) o(e) e(Queue) h(Manag) n(ement\)) f(router) m(,) h(the) g (bottlen) n(eck) g(link) g(is) h(modeled) e(using) g(\003uid) h(\003o) n (w) h(appr) n(oximatio) n(n.) p Fq 3463 4730 a(9,) 14 b(10) p Fs 3641 4760 a(Currently) -5 b(,) p -75 4831 1620 4 v Fl 59 4908 a(Further) 19 b(author) h(information:) k(\(Send) 19 b(corresponde) r(nce) g(to) g(Hisamatsu\)) -75 5006 y(H.H.:) j(E-mail:) h(hisamatu@anar) o(g.jp,) c(T) -5 b(elephone:) p Fk 24 w(+) p Fl(81) 19 b(06) g(6850) h(686) r(3) -75 5104 y(O.H.:) i(E-mail:) h(oosaki@ist.osaka-u.ac.jp,) c(T) -5 b(elephone:) p Fk 24 w(+) p Fl(81) 19 b(06) h(6850) g(6614) -75 5201 y(M.M.:) j(E-mail:) f (murata@cmc.osa) r(ka-u.ac.jp,) d(T) -5 b(elephone:) p Fk 24 w(+) p Fl(81) 19 b(06) g(6850) h(6860) p dyy eop end %%Page: 2 2 TeXDict begin 2 1 bop Fs -75 158 a(most) 23 b(rou) n(ters) g(operatin) n (g) g(in) g(the) g(curr) n(ent) g(Intern) n(et) g(are) g(Drop-) n(T) -7 b(ail) 23 b(routers.) 32 b(There) n(fore,) 23 b(the) f(former) f (analytic) i(app) n(roach) f(of) g(modelin) n(g) -75 265 y(the) e(bottleneck) f(link) h(using) f(the) i(queu) n(ing) f (theory) f(should) g(ha) n(v) o(e) h(lar) o(g) n(er) g(application) f (area) h(than) g(the) g(later) g(one.) 50 407 y(In) k(our) g(pre) n(v) n (ious) h(w) o(ork,) p Fq 779 377 a(1) p Fs 864 407 a(we) g(ha) n(v) o (e) f(prop) n(osed) h(an) f(appro) n(ach) h(for) f(mod) n(eling) g(the) h(netw) o(ork) e(including) g(TCP) j(run) n(ning) e(at) h(a) g(source) -75 514 y(host) 30 b(as) g(a) g(single) g(feedb) n(ack) g(system.) 54 b(Our) 29 b(appro) n(ach) h(w) o(as) g(to) g(separately) f(mode) n(l) i (the) f(TCP) g(conge) n(stion) g(contro) n(l) h(mech) n(anism) f(and) -75 620 y(the) e(netw) o(or) n(k) g(using) f(\003uid) g(\003o) n(w) h (appr) n(oximation) e(and) h(queu) n(ing) h(theor) n(y) -5 b(,) 29 b(respecti) n(v) o(e) n(ly) -5 b(.) 47 b(W) -7 b(e) 29 b(ha) n(v) o(e) d(modeled) g(the) i(cong) n(estion) g(contr) n (ol) -75 727 y(mechan) n(ism) i(of) f(TCP) i(as) f(a) g(SISO) g (\(Single) f(Inpu) n(t) h(and) f(Single) g(Output\)) g(system,) j (where) c(the) i(input) f(to) g(the) h(system) g(is) g(an) g(obser) n (v) o(ed) -75 833 y(pack) o(et) 23 b(loss) i(prob) n(ability) f(in) g (the) f(netw) o(ork) g(and) g(the) h(outpu) n(t) h(is) g(a) f(TCP) h (windo) l(w) f(size.) 37 b(W) -7 b(e) 25 b(ha) n(v) o(e) e(also) h (modeled) f(the) g(netw) o(ork) g(seen) h(by) -75 940 y(TCP) 29 b(as) g(another) e(SISO) i(system,) h(where) e(the) g(input) g (to) g(the) h(system) f(is) h(the) g(TCP) g(windo) l(w) g(size) g(and) f (the) g(outpu) n(t) h(is) h(the) e(pack) o(et) g(loss) -75 1047 y(prob) n(ability) f(in) g(the) f(netw) o(ork.) 44 b(By) 27 b(combin) n(ing) g(these) g(SISO) g(systems,) i(we) e(ha) n(v) o(e) f(mod) n(eled) h(the) g(netw) o(ork) e(including) g(the) i (congestio) n(n) -75 1153 y(contro) n(l) 21 b(mechan) n(ism) g(of) f (TCP) h(run) n(ning) f(on) g(a) g(source) g(host) g(as) h(a) f(single) g (feedback) f(system.) 50 1296 y(Note) 31 b(that,) i(in) e(our) g(pre) n (v) n(ious) g(w) o(ork,) p Fq 1168 1265 a(1) p Fs 1266 1296 a(we) h(ha) n(v) o(e) e(analyzed) g(a) h(simple) g(netw) o(ork) f (where) h(the) g(prop) n(agation) f(delay) g(of) h(each) g(TCP) -75 1402 y(conn) n(ection) 20 b(is) h(identica) n(l.) 26 b(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(e) n(r) m(,) 20 b(in) g(real) g(netw) o(or) n(ks,) g (each) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ection) f(shou) n(ld) g(ha) n(v) o(e) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(ere) n(nt) g(propag) n(ation) f(delays.) 25 b(On) 20 b(the) -75 1509 y(other) e(hand) n(,) i(it) f(is) h(kno) l(wn) f(fro) n(m) g(simulation) f(studies) p Fq 1481 1479 a(12) p Fs 1562 1509 a(and) g(from) g(analytical) g(studies) p Fq 2455 1479 a(5,) c(6,) g(11,) g(13) p Fs 2740 1509 a(that) k(the) h(TCP) h(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) f(is) h(depen) n(dent) -75 1615 y(on) g(its) i(rou) n(nd-trip) d(time.) 26 b(In) 20 b(general,) f(the) i(lar) o(ge) n(r) g(the) g(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) g (delay) f(of) g(a) h(TCP) g(conn) n(ection) f(is,) h(the) g(lar) o(ge) n (r) g(its) h(rou) n(nd-trip) d(time) i(is.) -75 1722 y(Thus,) d(when) h(multiple) f(TCP) i(conn) n(ections) f(with) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(ere) n(nt) h(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) f(delays) g(share) f (the) h(single) g(bottlene) n(ck) g(link,) g(it) g(is) h(e) o(xpected) d (that) -75 1829 y(f) o(airness) j(among) f(TCP) i(conn) n(ections) f (is) h(deteriora) n(ted.) 50 1971 y(F) o(or) 16 b(instance,) h(if) g (the) g(pack) o(et) g(loss) h(pro) n(bability) f(in) g(the) g(netw) o (or) n(k) g(is) h(constant,) f(it) h(is) g(kno) l(wn) f(that) g(the) g (TCP) h(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) g(in) f(steady) g(state) -75 2077 y(is) 24 b(in) m(v) o(e) n(rse) g(prop) n(ortiona) n(l) g(to) f (its) i(rou) n(nd-trip) d(time.) p Fq 1417 2047 a(5,) 13 b(6,) i(11,) f(13) p Fs 1740 2077 a(Note) 23 b(that,) h(in) f(those) g (analytical) g(studies,) h(the) f(pack) o(et) f(loss) i(prob) n (ability) f(in) -75 2184 y(the) e(netw) o(ork) f(and) h(the) g(round) n (-trip) g(time) g(of) g(TCP) h(connec) n(tions) g(are) f(assumed) g(to) g(be) g(kno) n(wn) n(.) 29 b(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(e) n(r) m(,) 21 b(in) h(reality) -5 b(,) 20 b(neither) h(the) g(pack) o(et) -75 2291 y(loss) g(proba) n(bility) g(in) g(the) f(netw) o(ork) g(nor) g (the) g(roun) n(d-trip) g(time) h(of) f(TCP) i(is) f(constant,) f(and) g (both) g(are) g(change) n(d) h(by) f(the) h(cong) n(estion) g(contr) n (ol) -75 2397 y(mechan) n(ism) f(of) g(TCP) -9 b(.) 20 b(Thus,) f(for) g(analyzin) n(g) h(multiple) f(TCP) i(conn) n(ections) f (with) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(ere) n(nt) g(prop) n(agation) f(delays,) g (an) h(analy) n(tic) h(appr) n(oach) -75 2504 y(that) f(e) o(xplicitly) f(models) h(dyna) n(mics) h(of) f(the) g(pack) o(et) g(loss) h(pro) n (bability) f(in) g(the) g(netw) o(ork) f(and) h(the) g(roun) n(d-trip) g (time) g(of) g(TCP) h(is) g(requir) n(ed.) 50 2646 y(In) h(this) h (paper) -5 b(,) 24 b(by) e(e) o(xten) n(ding) g(our) g(pre) n(vio) n (us) h(modelin) n(g) g(appro) n(ach,) p Fq 2070 2616 a(1) p Fs 2149 2646 a(we) g(model) f(both) g(TCP) h(and) f(the) h(netw) o(ork) e(where) h(the) h(pack) o(et) -75 2753 y(loss) j(pro) n (bability) e(in) h(the) g(netw) o(ork) f(and) g(the) h(rou) n(nd-trip) f (time) h(of) f(TCP) i(are) f(dyn) n(amic.) 39 b(W) -7 b(e) 26 b(analyz) n(e) g(a) f(more) f(gener) n(al) i(netw) o(or) n(k) f (where) -75 2859 y(each) f(TCP) i(conn) n(ection) f(has) g(a) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) g(propag) n(ation) f(delay) -5 b(.) 38 b(The) 24 b(modelin) n(g) h(appro) n(ach) g(pro) n(posed) f(in) h(this) h(pap) n(er) f(is) h(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) g(fro) n(m) -75 2966 y(our) c(pre) n(vio) n(us) i(one) p Fq 486 2936 a(1) p Fs 543 2966 a(in) f(the) g(follo) n(wing) f(tw) o(o) h(points.) 33 b(First,) 24 b(to) f(impro) o(v) m(e) g(the) g(accurac) m(y) g(of) g (appro) n(ximate) g(analy) n(sis,) i(we) e(use) p Fm 28 w(M) p Fn -1 w(=) p Fm 2 w(D) p Fn(=) p Fs(1) p Fn -2 w(=) p Fm(m) p Fs -75 3073 a(queu) n(ing) 30 b(system) g(instead) f (of) p Fm 33 w(M) p Fn -1 w(=) p Fm -1 w(M) p Fn -1 w(=) p Fs(1) p Fn(=) p Fm(m) p Fs 29 w(queuin) n(g) h(system) g(as) g(a) h (bottlen) n(eck) f(link) f(mode) n(l.) 54 b(Second,) 31 b(to) f(analyze) f(the) g(steady) h(state) -75 3179 y(beha) n(vio) n(r) 20 b(of) e(TCP) -9 b(,) 20 b(we) f(model) g(the) g(cong) n(estion) g (contro) n(l) h(mechan) n(ism) g(of) f(TCP) h(using) e(the) h(TCP) h (throu) n(ghpu) n(t) g(equation) p Fq 3426 3149 a(5) p Fs 3479 3179 a(instead) f(of) g(\003uid) -75 3286 y(\003o) n(w) h (appro) n(ximation.) 50 3428 y(W) -7 b(e) 25 b(\002rst) h(presen) n(t) g (the) e(steady) h(state) g(analysis) g(for) f(a) h(netw) o(ork) e(with) i(a) g(single) g(TCP) g(conn) n(ection,) g(and) g(deri) n(v) m(e) g (the) g(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) g(and) -75 3535 y(the) i(rou) n(nd-trip) f (time) h(of) f(TCP) -9 b(,) 27 b(and) f(the) h(pack) o(et) f(loss) i (pro) n(bability) e(in) h(the) g(netw) o(ork) n(.) 45 b(W) -7 b(e) 28 b(then) e(e) o(xtend) g(our) g(steady) g(state) i (analy) n(sis) g(to) -75 3641 y(a) g(netw) o(ork) f(where) g(each) g (TCP) i(con) n(nection) e(is) i(allo) n(wed) e(to) h(ha) n(v) o(e) f(a) h(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) h(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) f(delay) -5 b(.) 46 b(W) -7 b(e) 29 b(deri) n(v) o(e) e(the) g(throug) n(hput) g (and) -75 3748 y(the) k(round) n(-trip) g(time) g(of) g(TCP) -9 b(,) 32 b(and) f(the) g(pack) o(et) g(loss) h(prob) n(ability) f(in) h (the) f(netw) o(ork) n(.) 59 b(By) 32 b(sho) n(wing) e(se) n(v) o(eral) h(nume) n(rical) h(e) o(xam) n(ples,) -75 3855 y(we) 24 b(quan) n(titati) n(v) o(ely) f(in) m(v) o(e) n(stigate) h(ho) n(w) f (the) g(f) o(airness) g(among) f(TCP) i(connec) n(tions) g(is) g(de) o (gr) n(aded) f(when) g(multiple) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) f(with) -75 3961 y(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) f(propa) n(gation) f(delay) n(s) i (share) e(the) g(single) h(bottlen) n(eck) g(link.) 28 b(W) -7 b(e) 23 b(sho) n(w) e(that) h(the) f(f) o(airness) h(amon) n(g) g(TCP) g(conn) n(ections) g(beco) n(mes) -75 4068 y(w) o(orse) e(as) i (the) e(pack) o(et) g(proc) n(essing) h(delay) f(in) h(the) f(router) n (') -5 b(s) 22 b(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) d(becomes) h(smaller) g (\(i.e.,) g(lar) o(ger) f(processing) g(speed) h(of) h(the) f (bottlenec) n(k) -75 4174 y(router) f(and) p Fr(/) p Fs(o) n(r) h(smaller) h(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) e(capacity) g(of) h (the) h(bottlen) n(eck) f(router) n(\).) 50 4317 y(In) g(referen) n (ces,) p Fq 502 4287 a(7,) 14 b(8) p Fs 636 4317 a(the) 21 b(steady) f(state) i(beha) l(vior) f(of) f(TCP) i(is) g(analy) n(zed) f (by) f(modeling) f(the) i(conge) n(stion) g(contro) n(l) h(mecha) n (nism) f(of) g(TCP) -75 4423 y(using) g(either) h(Mark) m(o) o(v) g (chain) f(or) g(queue) n(ing) h(theor) n(y) -5 b(.) 30 b(Similar) 21 b(to) h(the) g(analytic) f(appro) n(ach) h(pro) n(posed) f (in) h(this) h(pap) n(er) m(,) f(those) g(analy) n(ses) h(e) o(x-) -75 4530 y(plicitly) c(mode) n(l) h(interaction) e(between) g(the) i(con) n (gestion) f(contro) n(l) h(mechan) n(ism) g(of) f(TCP) h(and) e(the) h (netw) o(ork) f(where) h(each) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ection) -75 4637 y(is) 27 b(allo) n(wed) f(to) h(ha) n(v) o(e) f(a) h(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(ere) n(nt) g(prop) n(agation) e(delay) -5 b(.) 43 b(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(e) n(r) m(,) 28 b(our) e(analytic) g(appr) n (oach) g(is) h(superior) e(to) i(those) f(appro) n(aches) h(in) g(the) -75 4743 y(follo) n(win) n(g) 19 b(poin) n(ts.) 25 b(First,) 20 b(our) d(analytic) h(appr) n(oach) g(can) g(be) g(e) o(xtend) n(ed) h (to) f(analyze) f(the) i(transien) n(t) g(state) g(beha) n(vior) e(of) h (TCP.) p Fq 3509 4713 a(1) p Fs 3580 4743 a(Second) n(,) h(our) -75 4850 y(analytic) 25 b(appro) n(ach) h(requir) n(es) h(less) g(comp) n (utational) e(b) n(urden) g(than) g(those) h(appro) n(aches) g(based) f (on) h(Mark) o(o) m(v) g(chain) f(or) h(queu) n(eing) g(theor) n(y) -75 4956 y(since) 20 b(our) g(analytic) f(appro) n(ach) h(uses) h(the) f (TCP) h(throug) n(hput) f(equ) n(ation.) p Fq 2008 4926 a(5) p Fs 50 5099 a(Or) o(g) n(anization) j(of) h(this) i(pap) n(er) f (is) g(as) h(follo) n(w) n(s.) 39 b(In) 24 b(Section) h(2,) g(we) g(e) o (xplain) e(our) h(analytic) g(mode) n(l) i(and) e(de\002ne) g(se) n(v) o (er) n(al) i(symb) n(ols.) 39 b(In) -75 5205 y(Section) 18 b(3,) g(we) g(model) g(the) g(netw) o(or) n(k) h(includ) n(ing) f(the) g (cong) n(estion) g(contro) n(l) h(mechan) n(ism) g(of) f(TCP) h(run) n (ning) e(at) i(the) f(source) f(host) h(as) h(a) g(single) -75 5312 y(feedb) n(ack) 27 b(system.) 46 b(W) -7 b(e) 28 b(then) e(deri) n(v) o(e) g(the) h(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) h(and) e(the) h (round) n(-trip) g(time) g(of) g(TCP) -9 b(,) 27 b(and) f(the) h(pack) o (et) g(loss) g(probab) n(ility) g(in) h(the) p dyy eop end %%Page: 3 3 TeXDict begin 3 2 bop 1039 1586 a @beginspecial 34 @llx 185 @lly 766 @urx 792 @ury 2187 @rwi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/model.eps %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 %%BoundingBox: 34 185 766 792 %%Title: w %%CreationDate: Tue Jun 24 23:57:52 2003 %%Creator: Tgif-4.1.41 written by William Chia-Wei Cheng (bill.cheng@acm.org) %%ProducedBy: (unknown) %%Pages: 1 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%EndComments %%BeginProlog /tgifdict 88 dict def tgifdict begin /tgifellipsedict 6 dict def tgifellipsedict /mtrx matrix put /TGEL % tgifellipse { tgifellipsedict begin /yrad exch def /xrad exch def /y exch def /x exch def /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def x y translate xrad yrad scale 0 0 1 0 360 arc savematrix setmatrix end } def /tgifarrowtipdict 8 dict def tgifarrowtipdict /mtrx matrix put /TGAT % tgifarrowtip { tgifarrowtipdict begin /dy exch def /dx exch def /h exch def /w exch def /y exch def /x exch def /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def x y translate dy dx atan rotate 0 0 moveto w neg h lineto w neg h neg lineto savematrix setmatrix end } def /tgifpatdict 10 dict def /tgifpatbyte { currentdict /retstr get exch pat i cellsz mod get put } def /tgifpatproc { 0 1 widthlim {tgifpatbyte} for retstr /i i 1 add def } def /TGPF % tgifpatfill { tgifpatdict begin /h exch def /w exch def /lty exch def /ltx exch def /cellsz exch def /pat exch def /widthlim w cellsz div cvi 1 sub def /retstr widthlim 1 add string def /i 0 def tgiforigctm setmatrix ltx lty translate w h true [1 0 0 1 0 0] {tgifpatproc} imagemask ltx neg lty neg translate end } def /pat3 <8000000008000000> def /pat4 <8800000022000000> def /pat5 <8800220088002200> def /pat6 <8822882288228822> def /pat7 def /pat8 <77dd77dd77dd77dd> def /pat9 <77ffddff77ffddff> def /pat10 <77ffffff77ffffff> def /pat11 <7fffffff7fffffff> def /pat12 <8040200002040800> def /pat13 <40a00000040a0000> def /pat14 def /pat15 def /pat16 def /pat17 <038448300c020101> def /pat18 <081c22c180010204> def /pat19 <8080413e080814e3> def /pat20 <8040201008040201> def /pat21 <8844221188442211> def /pat22 <77bbddee77bbddee> def /pat23 def /pat24 <7fbfdfeff7fbfdfe> def /pat25 <3e1f8fc7e3f1f87c> def /pat26 <0102040810204080> def /pat27 <1122448811224488> def /pat28 def /pat29 <83070e1c3870e0c1> def /pat30 def /pat31 <7cf8f1e3c78f1f3e> def /TGMAX { exch dup 3 1 roll exch dup 3 1 roll gt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def /TGMIN { exch dup 3 1 roll exch dup 3 1 roll lt { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def /TGSW { stringwidth pop } def /bd { bind def } bind def /GS { gsave } bd /GR { grestore } bd /NP { newpath } bd /CP { closepath } bd /CHP { charpath } bd /CT { curveto } bd /L { lineto } bd /RL { rlineto } bd /M { moveto } bd /RM { rmoveto } bd /S { stroke } bd /F { fill } bd /TR { translate } bd /RO { rotate } bd /SC { scale } bd /MU { mul } bd /DI { div } bd /DU { dup } bd /NE { neg } bd /AD { add } bd /SU { sub } bd /PO { pop } bd /EX { exch } bd /CO { concat } bd /CL { clip } bd /EC { eoclip } bd /EF { eofill } bd /IM { image } bd /IMM { imagemask } bd /ARY { array } bd /SG { setgray } bd /RG { setrgbcolor } bd /SD { setdash } bd /W { setlinewidth } bd /SM { setmiterlimit } bd /SLC { setlinecap } bd /SLJ { setlinejoin } bd /SH { show } bd /FF { findfont } bd /MS { makefont setfont } bd /AR { arcto 4 {pop} repeat } bd /CURP { currentpoint } bd /FLAT { flattenpath strokepath clip newpath } bd /TGSM { tgiforigctm setmatrix } def /TGRM { savematrix setmatrix } def end %%EndProlog %%Page: 1 1 %%PageBoundingBox: 34 185 766 792 tgifdict begin /tgifsavedpage save def 1 SM 1 W 0 SG 72 0 MU 72 11 MU TR 72 128 DI 100.000 MU 100 DI DU NE SC GS /tgiforigctm matrix currentmatrix def % BOX 0 SG NP 80 176 M 592 176 L 592 944 L 80 944 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 80 176 M 592 176 L 592 944 L 80 944 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 64 160 M 576 160 L 576 928 L 64 928 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 10 SM GS NP 64 160 M 576 160 L 576 928 L 64 928 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 848 176 M 1360 176 L 1360 944 L 848 944 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 848 176 M 1360 176 L 1360 944 L 848 944 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 832 160 M 1344 160 L 1344 928 L 832 928 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 10 SM GS NP 832 160 M 1344 160 L 1344 928 L 832 928 L CP S GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 493 784 M GS 0 SG /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (l) SH 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (N) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 477 640 M GS 0 SG /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (l) SH 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (N-1) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 128 640 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica-Oblique FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (p) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (p) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 128 784 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica-Oblique FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (p) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (p) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 596 353 M 0 223 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 819 exch SU exch sin 22.000 MU 353 exch SU L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 819 353 22.000 9.000 223 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 819 353 22.000 9.000 223 0 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 596 737 M 0 223 atan DU cos 22.000 MU exch sin 22.000 MU RM 819 737 L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 596 737 22.000 9.000 -223 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 596 737 22.000 9.000 -223 0 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 850 519 M 0 127 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 977 exch SU exch sin 22.000 MU 519 exch SU L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 977 519 22.000 9.000 127 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 977 519 22.000 9.000 127 0 TGAT CP F GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 1200 752 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica-Oblique FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (p) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (p) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 909 496 M GS 0 SG /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (l) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 685 336 M GS 0 SG /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (S) SH 0 SG /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (l) SH 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (n) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 1200 592 M 112 0 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 1200 exch SU exch sin 22.000 MU 704 exch SU L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 1200 704 22.000 9.000 0 112 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 1200 704 22.000 9.000 0 112 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 1232 624 M 0 96 atan DU cos 12.000 MU 1328 exch SU exch sin 12.000 MU 624 exch SU L TGSM 3 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 1328 624 12.000 5.000 96 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 1328 624 12.000 5.000 96 0 TGAT CP F GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 1280 608 M GS GS 0 /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (m) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (m) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 714 706 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica-Oblique FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (p) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (p) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 992 640 M 0 160 atan DU cos 12.000 MU exch sin 12.000 MU RM 0 160 atan DU cos 12.000 MU 1152 exch SU exch sin 12.000 MU 640 exch SU L TGSM 3 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 992 640 12.000 5.000 -160 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 992 640 12.000 5.000 -160 0 TGAT CP F GR GS TGSM NP 1152 640 12.000 5.000 160 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 1152 640 12.000 5.000 160 0 TGAT CP F GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 1074 620 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (m) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (m) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 310 232 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [60 0 0 -60 0 0] MS (TCP model) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [60 0 0 -60 0 0] MS (TCP model) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 1082 228 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [60 0 0 -60 0 0] MS (network model) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [60 0 0 -60 0 0] MS (network model) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 698 114 M GS GS 0 /Symbol FF [34 0 0 -34 0 0] MS (t) TGSW AD /Helvetica FF [34 0 0 -34 0 0] MS (N) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Symbol FF [34 0 0 -34 0 0] MS (t) SH 0 SG /Helvetica FF [34 0 0 -34 0 0] MS (N) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 493 304 M GS 0 SG /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (l) SH 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (1) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 493 448 M GS 0 SG /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (l) SH 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (2) SH GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 192 432 M 456 432 L 456 524 L 192 524 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 192 432 M 456 432 L 456 524 L 192 524 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 172 416 M 444 416 L 444 512 L 172 512 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 10 SM GS NP 172 416 M 444 416 L 444 512 L 172 512 L CP S GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 308 461 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (TCP Source Host) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (TCP Source Host) SH GR 0 38 RM GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (2) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (2) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 92 465 M 0 81 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 173 exch SU exch sin 22.000 MU 465 exch SU L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 173 465 22.000 9.000 81 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 173 465 22.000 9.000 81 0 TGAT CP F GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 128 304 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica-Oblique FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (p) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (p) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 128 448 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica-Oblique FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (p) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (p) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG NP 320 960 M 1184 960 L 1184 1024 L 320 1024 L CP 1 SG EF 0 SG GS [16 16] 0 SD NP 320 960 M 1184 960 L 1184 1024 L 0 -864 atan DU cos 12.000 MU 320 exch SU exch sin 12.000 MU 1024 exch SU L TGSM 3 W S [] 0 SD 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 320 1024 12.000 5.000 -864 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 320 1024 12.000 5.000 -864 0 TGAT CP F GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 704 936 M GS GS 0 /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (t) TGSW AD /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (N) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (t) SH 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (N) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG NP 320 64 M 1184 64 L 1184 128 L 320 128 L CP 1 SG EF 0 SG GS [16 16] 0 SD NP 320 64 M 1184 64 L 1184 128 L 0 -864 atan DU cos 12.000 MU 320 exch SU exch sin 12.000 MU 128 exch SU L TGSM 3 W S [] 0 SD 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 320 128 12.000 5.000 -864 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 320 128 12.000 5.000 -864 0 TGAT CP F GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 704 40 M GS GS 0 /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (t) TGSW AD /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (1) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Symbol FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (t) SH 0 SG /Helvetica-Oblique FF [24 0 0 -24 0 0] MS (1) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 1090 426 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (bottleneck router) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (bottleneck router) SH GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1144 474 M 1160 474 L 1160 586 L 1144 586 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 1144 474 M 1160 474 L 1160 586 L 1144 586 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1128 474 M 1144 474 L 1144 586 L 1128 586 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 1128 474 M 1144 474 L 1144 586 L 1128 586 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1112 474 M 1128 474 L 1128 586 L 1112 586 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 1112 474 M 1128 474 L 1128 586 L 1112 586 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1096 474 M 1112 474 L 1112 586 L 1096 586 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 1096 474 M 1112 474 L 1112 586 L 1096 586 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1080 474 M 1096 474 L 1096 586 L 1080 586 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 1080 474 M 1096 474 L 1096 586 L 1080 586 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1064 474 M 1080 474 L 1080 586 L 1064 586 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 1064 474 M 1080 474 L 1080 586 L 1064 586 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1048 474 M 1064 474 L 1064 586 L 1048 586 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 1048 474 M 1064 474 L 1064 586 L 1048 586 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1032 474 M 1048 474 L 1048 586 L 1032 586 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 1032 474 M 1048 474 L 1048 586 L 1032 586 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1016 474 M 1032 474 L 1032 586 L 1016 586 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 1016 474 M 1032 474 L 1032 586 L 1016 586 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1000 474 M 1016 474 L 1016 586 L 1000 586 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 1000 474 M 1016 474 L 1016 586 L 1000 586 L CP S GR GR % OVAL 0 SG NP 1208 529 64 64 TGEL F GS GS NP 1208 529 64 64 TGEL S GR GR % BOX 0 SG GS NP 1136 464 M 1152 464 L 1152 576 L 1136 576 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG NP 1136 464 M 1152 464 L 1152 576 L 1136 576 L CP EC NP pat6 8 1128 456 32 128 TGPF GR GS 10 SM GS NP 1136 464 M 1152 464 L 1152 576 L 1136 576 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG GS NP 1120 464 M 1136 464 L 1136 576 L 1120 576 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG NP 1120 464 M 1136 464 L 1136 576 L 1120 576 L CP EC NP pat6 8 1112 456 32 128 TGPF GR GS 10 SM GS NP 1120 464 M 1136 464 L 1136 576 L 1120 576 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG GS NP 1104 464 M 1120 464 L 1120 576 L 1104 576 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG NP 1104 464 M 1120 464 L 1120 576 L 1104 576 L CP EC NP pat6 8 1096 456 32 128 TGPF GR GS 10 SM GS NP 1104 464 M 1120 464 L 1120 576 L 1104 576 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG GS NP 1088 464 M 1104 464 L 1104 576 L 1088 576 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG NP 1088 464 M 1104 464 L 1104 576 L 1088 576 L CP EC NP pat6 8 1080 456 32 128 TGPF GR GS 10 SM GS NP 1088 464 M 1104 464 L 1104 576 L 1088 576 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG GS NP 1072 464 M 1088 464 L 1088 576 L 1072 576 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG NP 1072 464 M 1088 464 L 1088 576 L 1072 576 L CP EC NP pat6 8 1064 456 32 128 TGPF GR GS 10 SM GS NP 1072 464 M 1088 464 L 1088 576 L 1072 576 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1056 464 M 1072 464 L 1072 576 L 1056 576 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 10 SM GS NP 1056 464 M 1072 464 L 1072 576 L 1056 576 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1040 464 M 1056 464 L 1056 576 L 1040 576 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 10 SM GS NP 1040 464 M 1056 464 L 1056 576 L 1040 576 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1024 464 M 1040 464 L 1040 576 L 1024 576 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 10 SM GS NP 1024 464 M 1040 464 L 1040 576 L 1024 576 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 1008 464 M 1024 464 L 1024 576 L 1008 576 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 10 SM GS NP 1008 464 M 1024 464 L 1024 576 L 1008 576 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 992 464 M 1008 464 L 1008 576 L 992 576 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 10 SM GS NP 992 464 M 1008 464 L 1008 576 L 992 576 L CP S GR GR % OVAL 0 SG NP 1200 519 64 64 TGEL CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS GS NP 1200 519 64 64 TGEL S GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG NP 611 362 M 801 362 L 801 459 L 611 459 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 1 W 706 402 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (TCP) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (TCP) SH GR 0 48 RM GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (throughput) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (throughput) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG NP 610 744 M 810 744 L 810 841 L 610 841 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 1 W 710 784 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (packet loss) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (packet loss) SH GR 0 48 RM GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (probability) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (probability) SH GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 698 1066 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (two-way propagation delay) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [40 0 0 -40 0 0] MS (two-way propagation delay) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 454 465 M 0 87 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 541 exch SU exch sin 22.000 MU 465 exch SU L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 541 465 22.000 9.000 87 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 541 465 22.000 9.000 87 0 TGAT CP F GR % BOX 0 SG NP 192 288 M 456 288 L 456 380 L 192 380 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 192 288 M 456 288 L 456 380 L 192 380 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 172 272 M 444 272 L 444 368 L 172 368 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 10 SM GS NP 172 272 M 444 272 L 444 368 L 172 368 L CP S GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 308 317 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (TCP Source Host) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (TCP Source Host) SH GR 0 38 RM GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (1) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (1) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 92 321 M 0 81 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 173 exch SU exch sin 22.000 MU 321 exch SU L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 173 321 22.000 9.000 81 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 173 321 22.000 9.000 81 0 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 454 321 M 0 87 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 541 exch SU exch sin 22.000 MU 321 exch SU L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 541 321 22.000 9.000 87 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 541 321 22.000 9.000 87 0 TGAT CP F GR % BOX 0 SG NP 190 624 M 454 624 L 454 716 L 190 716 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 190 624 M 454 624 L 454 716 L 190 716 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 170 608 M 442 608 L 442 704 L 170 704 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 10 SM GS NP 170 608 M 442 608 L 442 704 L 170 704 L CP S GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 306 653 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (TCP Source Host) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (TCP Source Host) SH GR 0 38 RM GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (N-1) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (N-1) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 90 657 M 0 81 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 171 exch SU exch sin 22.000 MU 657 exch SU L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 171 657 22.000 9.000 81 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 171 657 22.000 9.000 81 0 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 452 657 M 0 87 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 539 exch SU exch sin 22.000 MU 657 exch SU L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 539 657 22.000 9.000 87 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 539 657 22.000 9.000 87 0 TGAT CP F GR % BOX 0 SG NP 190 768 M 454 768 L 454 860 L 190 860 L CP F GS 10 SM GS NP 190 768 M 454 768 L 454 860 L 190 860 L CP S GR GR % BOX 0 SG NP 170 752 M 442 752 L 442 848 L 170 848 L CP 1 SG F 0 SG GS 10 SM GS NP 170 752 M 442 752 L 442 848 L 170 848 L CP S GR GR % TEXT NP 0 SG GS 1 W 306 797 M GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (TCP Source Host) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (TCP Source Host) SH GR 0 38 RM GS GS 0 /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (N) TGSW AD GR 2 DI NE 0 RM 0 SG /Helvetica FF [32 0 0 -32 0 0] MS (N) SH GR GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 90 801 M 0 81 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 171 exch SU exch sin 22.000 MU 801 exch SU L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 171 801 22.000 9.000 81 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 171 801 22.000 9.000 81 0 TGAT CP F GR % POLY/OPEN-SPLINE 0 SG GS NP 452 801 M 0 87 atan DU cos 22.000 MU 539 exch SU exch sin 22.000 MU 801 exch SU L TGSM 7 W S 1 W GR GS TGSM NP 539 801 22.000 9.000 87 0 TGAT 1 SG CP F 0 SG NP 539 801 22.000 9.000 87 0 TGAT CP F GR GR tgifsavedpage restore end showpage %%Trailer %MatchingCreationDate: Tue Jun 24 23:57:52 2003 %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica %%+ Helvetica-Oblique %%+ Symbol %%EOF %%EndDocument @endspecial Fs 1519 1776 a(Figur) n(e) 21 b(1:) k(Analytic) 20 b(model.) p Fj 1476 1975 a(T) -7 b(able) 18 b(1) p Fs(.) p Fl 26 w(De\002nition) h(of) g(symbols.) p 972 2064 1956 4 v Fm 1024 2139 a(N) p Fs 120 w(the) h(numb) n(er) g(of) g(TCP) h (conne) n(ctions) p Fn 1022 2245 a(\026) p Fs 133 w(pack) m(et) g (processing) e(speed) h(of) g(bottlen) n(eck) g(router) p Fm 1022 2352 a(m) p Fs 117 w(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) f(size) i(of) f (bottlene) n(ck) h(rou) n(ter) p Fn 1022 2459 a(\034) p Fh 1061 2471 a(n) p Fs 1199 2459 a(tw) o(o-w) o(ay) e(prop) n(agation) g (delay) h(of) p Fm 20 w(n) p Fh 2258 2471 a(t) p Fm 2279 2459 a(h) p Fs 20 w(TCP) h(conn) n(ection) p Fm 1022 2565 a(r) p Fh 1054 2577 a(n) p Fs 1199 2565 a(rou) n(nd-trip) e(time) h (of) p Fm 20 w(n) p Fh 1856 2577 a(t) q(h) p Fs 1927 2565 a(TCP) h(conn) n(ection) p Fn 1022 2672 a(\025) p Fh 1066 2684 a(n) p Fs 1199 2672 a(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) g(of) p Fm 20 w(n) p Fh 1716 2684 a(t) q(h) p Fs 1786 2672 a(TCP) g(connectio) n (n) p Fm 1028 2778 a(p) p Fs 129 w(pack) m(et) g(loss) g(prob) n (ability) f(in) h(the) f(netw) o(ork) p 972 2814 V -75 3054 a(netw) o(ork) n(.) 26 b(In) 19 b(Section) h(4,) g(by) g(sho) n (wing) f(se) n(v) o(era) n(l) i(numer) n(ical) g(e) o(xam) n(ples,) g (we) f(quan) n(titati) n(v) o(ely) g(in) m(v) o(e) n(stigate) g(ho) n (w) g(the) g(f) o(airness) g(among) f(TCP) -75 3161 y(conn) n(ections) f (is) i(de) o(g) n(raded) d(when) h(multiple) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) f (with) h(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) g(prop) n(agation) e(delays) h (share) g(the) g(single) g(bottleneck) f(link.) -75 3267 y(Finally) -5 b(,) 19 b(in) i(Section) f(5,) g(we) g(conclu) n(de) h (this) f(paper) f(and) h(discuss) h(futu) n(re) g(w) o(orks.) p Ft 50 3521 a(2.) 29 b(AN) n(AL) -9 b(YTIC) 25 b(MODEL) p Fs -75 3682 a(In) j(this) g(paper) -5 b(,) 30 b(by) e(e) o(xten) n (ding) f(our) g(pre) n(vio) n(us) i(mod) n(eling) f(appr) n(oach,) p Fq 1989 3652 a(1) p Fs 2080 3682 a(we) g(analyze) f(the) h(netw) o(ork) e(with) i(multiple) g(TCP) g(connectio) n(ns) -75 3788 y(where) 21 b(each) h(TCP) h(conn) n(ection) f(is) h(allo) n(wed) e(to) h(ha) n(v) o(e) g(a) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) h(prop) n (agation) e(delay) -7 b(.) 31 b(Figure) 21 b(1) h(illustrates) h(our) e (analytic) g(model.) 30 b(The) -75 3895 y(numb) n(er) p Fm 20 w(N) p Fs 24 w(of) 17 b(TCP) i(conn) n(ections) f(share) f(the) h (single) g(bottlen) n(eck) g(route) n(r) g(\(i.e.,) g(the) g(router) e (connected) g(to) i(the) g(bottlenec) n(k) g(link\),) g(and) f(each) -75 4001 y(TCP) 25 b(connec) n(tion) g(has) f(a) h(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(erent) f(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) h(delay) -5 b(.) 37 b(W) -7 b(e) 25 b(assume) g(that) f(the) h(num) n(ber) f(of) h (TCP) g(conn) n(ections) f(is) i(\002x) o(ed.) 37 b(The) 24 b(pack) o(et) -75 4108 y(sending) d(rate) h(of) p Fm 21 w(n) p Fh 486 4120 a(t) q(h) p Fs 558 4108 a(\(1) p Fg 26 w(\024) p Fm 25 w(n) p Fg 26 w(\024) p Fm 28 w(N) p Fs 5 w(\)) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ection) f(is) h(den) n(oted) f(by) p Fn 21 w(\025) p Fh 2065 4120 a(n) p Fs 2098 4108 a(,) h(and) e(its) i (prop) n(agation) e(delay) g(is) i(den) n(oted) f(by) p Fn 21 w(\034) p Fh 3513 4120 a(n) p Fs 3547 4108 a(.) 30 b(TCP) 23 b(uses) f(a) -75 4215 y(windo) n(w) n(-based) d(\003o) n(w) h (contr) n(ol) g(mechan) n(ism) g(that) g(contro) n(ls) h(the) e(numb) n (er) h(of) f(pack) o(ets) h(that) f(the) h(source) e(host) i(can) f (inject) h(into) f(the) h(netw) o(or) n(k) -75 4321 y(durin) n(g) e (its) h(rou) n(nd-trip) d(time.) 25 b(Ho) n(we) n(v) m(er) m(,) 18 b(in) f(this) i(pape) n(r) m(,) f(we) g(use) g(the) g(instantan) n (eous) g(pack) o(et) f(sending) f(rate) i(\() p Fg(') p Fs 18 w(windo) l(w) g(size) p Fr 18 w(/) p Fs 18 w(round) n(-trip) -75 4428 y(time\).) 28 b(W) -7 b(e) 22 b(assume) g(that) f(\223prop) n (agation) f(delay\224) h(includ) n(es) h(an) o(y) f(delay) n(s) i(e) o (xce) n(pt) f(the) f(queue) n(ing) g(delay) g(and) g(the) g(processing) f(delay) h(at) h(the) -75 4534 y(bottlene) n(ck) g(route) n(r) -5 b(.) 30 b(W) -7 b(e) 22 b(also) g(assume) f(that) h(the) f(\223prop) n (agation) f(delay\224) h(is) h(constant.) 28 b(T) -7 b(able) 21 b(1) h(summar) n(izes) g(the) g(de\002nition) e(of) h (symbols) -75 4641 y(used) f(throu) n(ghou) n(t) h(this) g(paper) -7 b(.) 50 4783 y(The) 25 b(congestion) g(contro) n(l) i(mechan) n(ism) g (of) f(TCP) h(chang) n(es) g(its) h(windo) l(w) f(size) g(accord) n (ing) f(to) g(occurr) n(ence) g(of) g(pack) o(et) g(losses) h(in) g (the) -75 4890 y(netw) o(ork) n(.) 39 b(Hence,) 25 b(there) f(e) o (xists) h(a) g(tende) n(nc) o(y) f(that) h(when) f(the) g(pack) o(et) g (loss) h(proba) n(bility) g(is) g(small,) h(the) f(windo) l(w) g(size) g (is) h(lar) o(g) n(e) f(\(i.e,) h(the) -75 4997 y(sending) e(rate) h (is) g(lar) o(ge\)) n(.) 40 b(On) 25 b(the) f(contrary) -7 b(,) 26 b(when) e(the) h(pack) o(et) f(loss) i(pro) n(bability) f(is) g (lar) o(ge,) g(the) g(windo) l(w) h(size) f(tends) g(to) g(be) g(small) g(\(i.e,) -75 5103 y(the) c(sendin) n(g) g(rate) f(is) i(small\).) k(W) -7 b(e) 22 b(there) n(fore) e(model) g(the) g(congestion) f(contro) n (l) i(mechanism) f(of) g(TCP) h(at) g(the) g(source) f(hosts) g(as) p Fm 24 w(N) p Fs 26 w(systems) -75 5210 y(where) 28 b(the) g(input) g (to) h(the) f(system) h(is) g(the) g(pack) m(et) h(loss) f(prob) n (ability) f(in) h(the) f(netw) o(ork) g(and) g(the) g(outpu) n(t) h (from) f(the) g(system) h(is) g(the) g(TCP) -75 5316 y(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) 21 b(\(see) g(Fig.) f(1\).) p dyy eop end %%Page: 4 4 TeXDict begin 4 3 bop Fs 50 158 a(On) 29 b(the) h(other) f(hand) n(,) j (the) e(netw) o(ork) e(seen) i(by) f(TCP) i(beha) n(v) m(es) g(such) e (that) h(when) f(the) g(numb) n(er) h(of) g(pack) m(ets) h(enterin) n (g) f(the) g(netw) o(or) n(k) -75 265 y(increases,) 18 b(some) g(pack) o(ets) g(are) g(a) o(w) o(aited) g(at) h(router) n(') -5 b(s) 20 b(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) -7 b(.) 26 b(This) 18 b(sometimes) g(causes) h(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) e(o) o(v) o(e) n (r\003o) n(w) -5 b(,) 18 b(resulting) g(in) g(a) h(pack) m(et) g(loss.) 25 b(So) -75 371 y(the) e(pack) m(et) g(loss) h(pro) n(bability) e (become) n(s) i(lar) o(g) n(e) f(when) f(the) h(num) n(ber) g(of) f (pack) o(ets) g(entering) f(the) i(netw) o(or) n(k) g(increases.) 32 b(Thus,) 22 b(the) h(netw) o(or) n(k) -75 478 y(seen) i(by) g(TCP) g (can) g(be) g(modeled) f(as) h(a) h(system,) g(where) e(the) h(input) f (to) i(the) f(system) g(is) h(the) f(TCP) h(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) f(and) g (the) g(outp) n(ut) h(fro) n(m) g(the) -75 584 y(system) 20 b(is) i(the) e(pack) m(et) h(loss) g(prob) n(ability) f(\(see) h(Fig.) f (1\).) 50 724 y(Note) j(that,) i(we) f(mak) o(e) g(follo) n(w) n(ing) g (assumption) n(s) h(in) f(our) f(analysis:) 33 b(\(1\)) 23 b(to) h(focus) f(on) h(the) g(steady) f(state) i(beha) n(vio) n(r) f (of) g(TCP) -9 b(,) 24 b(all) h(TCP) -75 831 y(conn) n(ections) c(are) f (assumed) h(to) f(operate) g(in) h(the) g(con) n(gestion) g(a) n(v) n (oidan) n(ce) g(phase,) f(\(2\)) g(the) h(bottlene) n(ck) g(router) f (is) h(a) g(Drop-T) -9 b(ail) 22 b(route) n(r) f(with) -75 938 y(a) i(single) g(FIFO) h(que) n(ue) f(for) g(all) g(TCP) h(conn) n (ections,) f(\(3\)) g(the) g(TCP) g(pack) o(et) g(size) g(is) h(\002x) o (ed,) f(\(4\)) f(all) i(TCP) f(connectio) n(ns) h(ha) n(v) o(e) e (in\002nite) h(data) -75 1044 y(to) c(transfer) m(,) f(\(5\)) h(the) g (pack) o(et) g(loss) h(only) e(occurs) h(at) h(the) f(bottlene) n(ck) h (rou) n(ter) g(due) e(to) i(its) g(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) f(o) o(v) m(er\003o) n(w) -5 b(,) 18 b(and) h(\(6\)) g(the) g (maximu) n(m) h(windo) l(w) -75 1151 y(size) h(of) f(TCP) h(is) g(su) p Fr(\016) p Fs(ciently) e(lar) o(ger) g(than) h(the) g(band) n (width\226d) n(elay) h(pro) n(duct) f(of) g(the) g(netw) o(ork) n(.) p Ft 50 1401 a(3.) 29 b(STEAD) l(Y) d(ST) -9 b(A) g(TE) 26 b(AN) n(AL) -9 b(YSIS) p Fo -75 1560 a(3.1.) 23 b(Case) e(of) f(a) g (single) h(TCP) g(connectio) n(n) p Fs -75 1702 a(W) -7 b(e) 24 b(\002rst) f(present) f(the) g(steady) h(state) g(analysis) g (for) e(the) i(netw) o(ork) e(with) i(a) g(single) f(TCP) i(conn) n (ection.) 32 b(The) 22 b(TCP) h(source) f(host) h(is) g(modele) n(d) -75 1808 y(by) i(a) h(SISO) g(\(Single) f(Inpu) n(t) i(and) e(Single) g (Output\)) f(system;) 29 b(i.e.,) e(the) e(pack) o(et) g(loss) i(pro) n (bability) p Fm 31 w(p) p Fs 26 w(in) f(the) f(netw) o(ork) g(is) h (the) g(input) f(to) h(the) -75 1915 y(system,) 18 b(and) g(the) f(TCP) i(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) p Fn 19 w(\025) p Fs 18 w(is) g(the) f(outp) n (ut.) 25 b(Let) p Fm 24 w(p) p Fs 18 w(and) p Fm 17 w(r) p Fs 21 w(be) 17 b(the) h(pack) o(et) f(loss) i(prob) n(ability) f(in) g (the) g(netw) o(or) n(k) g(and) g(the) f(round) n(-trip) -75 2022 y(time) j(of) g(the) g(TCP) i(con) n(nection,) d(respecti) n(v) o (ely) -7 b(.) 25 b(The) 20 b(TCP) h(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) p Fn 21 w(\025) p Fs(\() p Fm 6 w(p) p Fn(;) p Fm 14 w(r) p Fs 2 w(\)) f(is) h(appro) n(ximately) e(gi) n(v) o(en) g(by) h(the) g (follo) n(wing) f(equatio) n(n.) p Fq 3921 1991 a(5) p Fn 1562 2280 a(\025) p Fs(\() p Fm 6 w(p) p Fn(;) p Fm 14 w(r) p Fs 2 w(\)) p Fg 81 w(') p Fs 2006 2224 a(1) p 2006 2261 42 5 v Fm 2010 2337 a(r) p Ff 2085 2131 a(s) p 2160 2131 179 5 v Fs 2228 2224 a(3) p 2170 2261 159 5 v 2170 2337 a(2) p Fm 14 w(b) h(p) p Fs 3878 2280 a(\(1\)) -75 2516 y(In) g(the) g(abo) o(v) m(e) g(equation) n(,) p Fm 21 w(b) p Fs 20 w(\(usually) p Fm 19 w(b) p Fr 23 w(=) p Fs 22 w(1) h(or) p Fm 19 w(b) p Fr 23 w(=) p Fs 23 w(2\)) f(is) h(the) f(num) n(ber) g(of) g(pack) o(ets) g(requ) n (ired) g(for) f(the) i(TCP) f(destination) f(host) i(to) f(send) g(an) -75 2622 y(A) m(CK) h(pack) m(et.) 50 2762 y(W) -7 b(e) 22 b(then) f(model) g(the) g(netw) o(ork) g(seen) g(from) g(the) g(TCP) i (sourc) n(e) f(host) g(by) f(a) h(single) f(FIFO) h(\(First-In) f (First-Out\)) g(queue) n(.) 30 b(Pro) o(v) n(ided) 21 b(that) -75 2869 y(queu) n(eing) e(delay) f(occurs) h(only) f(at) i (the) f(bottlen) n(eck) g(router) -5 b(,) 20 b(the) f(bottlen) n(eck) g (router) f(is) i(mode) n(led) g(by) e(a) i(M) p Fr(/) p Fs(M) p Fr(/) p Fs(1) e(queu) n(ing) h(system.) 25 b(In) 18 b(other) -75 2976 y(w) o(ords,) g(the) g(netw) o(ork) f(is) j(mod) n (eled) e(by) g(a) h(SISO) g(system,) f(where) g(the) g(input) g(is) h (the) f(TCP) h(throug) n(hput) p Fn 18 w(\025) p Fs 19 w(and) e(the) i(outp) n(ut) g(is) g(the) f(pack) o(et) g(loss) -75 3082 y(prob) n(ability) p Fm 27 w(p) p Fs 21 w(at) j(the) f(bottleneck) g(rou) n(ter) -5 b(.) 27 b(Let) p Fn 21 w(\025) p Fs 21 w(and) p Fm 20 w(m) p Fs 22 w(be) 20 b(the) h(TCP) g(throug) n(hput) f(and) g(the) h(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) f(size) h(of) f(the) h (bottleneck) e(router) -5 b(.) 26 b(The) -75 3189 y(pack) o(et) 20 b(loss) h(pro) n(bability) f(in) g(the) g(netw) o(ork) f(is) i(appro) n (ximated) f(as) p Fm 1547 3425 a(p) p Fs(\() p Fn(\025) p Fs(\)) p Fg 82 w(') p Fs 83 w(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fh 2072 3323 a(m) p Ff 2038 3340 a(X) p Fh 2047 3520 a(k) p Fp 1 w(=) p Fq(0) p Fm 2178 3425 a(P) p Fh 2229 3437 a(k) p Fs 2260 3425 a(\() p Fn(\025) p Fs(\)) 1518 b(\(2\)) -75 3668 y(where) p Fm 33 w(P) p Fh 213 3680 a(k) p Fs 244 3668 a(\() p Fn(\025) p Fs(\)) 31 b(is) h(the) g(state) g(prob) n (ability) f(of) g(a) h(M) p Fr(/) p Fs(M) p Fr(/) p Fs(1) f(queu) n (ing) g(system.) 59 b(By) 32 b(letting) p Fn 31 w(\026) p Fs 33 w(be) f(the) g(pack) o(et) g(processing) f(speed) h(of) h(the) -75 3775 y(bottlene) n(ck) 21 b(rou) n(ter) m(,) p Fm 22 w(P) p Fh 581 3787 a(k) p Fs 612 3775 a(\() p Fn(\025) p Fs(\)) f(is) h(gi) n(v) o(en) e(by) p Fm 1528 4013 a(P) p Fh 1579 4025 a(k) p Fs 1610 4013 a(\() p Fn(\025) p Fs(\)) p Fr 82 w(=) p Ff 1928 3896 a( ) p Fs 1960 4013 a(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fn 2101 3957 a(\025) p 2101 3994 45 5 v 2101 4070 a(\026) p Ff 2156 3896 a(!) 27 b( ) p Fn 2257 3957 a(\025) p 2257 3994 V 2257 4070 a(\026) p Ff 2311 3896 a(!) p Fh 2343 3914 a(k) p Fs 3878 4013 a(\(3\)) -75 4232 y(Thus,) p Fm 26 w(p) p Fs(\() p Fn(\025) p Fs(\)) 19 b(is) i(obtained) e(from) g(Eqs.) h(\(2\)) g(and) g(\(3\)) f(as) p Fm 1653 4470 a(p) p Fs(\() p Fn(\025) p Fs(\)) p Fg 82 w(') p Ff 2013 4353 a( ) p Fn 2055 4414 a(\025) p 2055 4451 V 2055 4527 a(\026) p Ff 2109 4353 a(!) p Fq 2141 4371 a(1) p Fp(+) p Fh(m) p Fs 3878 4470 a(\(4\)) -75 4688 y(Since) j(the) f(windo) n(w-) n(based) h(\003o) n(w) f(contro) n (l) i(mech) n(anism) f(of) f(TCP) i(oper) n(ates) g(arou) n(nd) e(the) h (100) n(\045) h(o) p Fr(\013) p Fs(ere) n(d) f(tra) p Fr(\016) p Fs(c) f(load,) p Fm 28 w(p) p Fs(\() p Fn(\025) p Fs(\)) g(in) h(the) f(abo) o(v) m(e) -75 4795 y(equatio) n(n) g(can) f (be) g(appr) n(oximated) f(by) p Fm 1533 5005 a(p) p Fs(\() p Fn(\025) p Fs(\)) p Fg 82 w(') p Fn 1903 4949 a(\025) p Fr 19 w(+) p Fn 18 w(\025) p Fm 14 w(m) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fm 18 w(m) p Fn 14 w(\026) p 1903 4986 460 5 v 2111 5062 a(\026) p Fs 3878 5005 a(\(5\)) -75 5218 y(W) -7 b(e) 19 b(then) e(deri) n(v) o(e) g(the) h(rou) n(nd-trip) f (time) h(of) f(the) h(TCP) g(connectio) n(n.) 24 b(Let) p Fn 18 w(\034) p Fs 19 w(be) 18 b(the) g(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) g(delay) f (of) h(a) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ection.) 24 b(W) -7 b(e) 19 b(assume) -75 5325 y(that) j(the) h(queu) n(eing) f(delay) g(occur) n (s) i(only) d(at) i(the) f(bottleneck) f(router) -5 b(.) 31 b(F) o(or) 22 b(a) h(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) g(TCP) g(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) p Fn 23 w(\025) p Fs(,) h(the) e(TCP) h(round) n(-trip) f(time) p Fm 23 w(r) p Fs 2 w(\() p Fn(\025) p Fs(\)) p dyy eop end %%Page: 5 5 TeXDict begin 5 4 bop Fs -75 158 a(is) 23 b(obtained) e(using) h(the) g (a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) h(queu) n(e) g(length) p Fm 23 w(L) p Fr 27 w(=) p Fn 27 w(\025=) p Fs(\() p Fn(\026) p Fg 19 w(\000) p Fn 20 w(\025) p Fs(\)) g(of) f(a) g(M) p Fr(/) p Fs(M) p Fr(/) p Fs(1) f(queuein) n(g) i(system) f(and) g(the) g (Little') -5 b(s) 23 b(theor) n(em) p Fm 25 w(N) p Fr 32 w(=) p Fn 26 w(\025) p Fm 14 w(T) p Fs 10 w(.) -75 265 y(Thus,) p Fm 1462 439 a(r) p Fs 2 w(\() p Fn(\025) p Fs(\)) p Fr 83 w(=) p Fm 1826 383 a(L) p 1824 420 49 5 v Fn 1826 496 a(\025) p Fr 1901 439 a(+) p Fn 19 w(\034) p Fr 23 w(=) p Fs 2189 383 a(1) p 2121 420 179 5 v Fn 2121 496 a(\026) p Fg 19 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(\025) p Fr 2327 439 a(+) p Fn 19 w(\034) p Fs 1440 w(\(6\)) -75 621 y(Let) p Fn 20 w(\025) p Fe 100 591 a(\003) p Fs 132 621 a(,) p Fm 20 w(r) p Fe 207 591 a(\003) p Fs 239 621 a(,) d(and) p Fm 25 w(p) p Fe 468 591 a(\003) p Fs 520 621 a(be) g(the) g(TCP) g (throug) n(hput,) f(the) h(rou) n(nd-trip) f(time) h(of) f(the) h(TCP) h (conn) n(ection,) f(and) f(the) h(pack) o(et) f(loss) i(pro) n (bability) f(in) g(the) -75 728 y(netw) o(ork) f(in) h(steady) g (state,) h(respecti) n(v) o(e) n(ly) -5 b(.) 25 b(From) 20 b(Eqs.) g(\(1\)) n(,) h(\(5\),) e(and) h(\(6\),) f(the) h(follo) n (wing) f(relations) h(are) g(satis\002ed) h(in) f(steady) g(state.) p Fn 1640 878 a(\025) p Fs(\() p Fm 6 w(p) p Fe 1760 843 a(\003) p Fn 1791 878 a(;) p Fm 14 w(r) p Fe 1860 843 a(\003) p Fs 1892 878 a(\)) p Fr 22 w(=) p Fn 23 w(\025) p Fe 2062 843 a(\003) p Fm 1743 1009 a(p) p Fs(\() p Fn(\025) p Fe 1857 975 a(\003) p Fs 1888 1009 a(\)) p Fr 23 w(=) p Fm 28 w(p) p Fe 2062 975 a(\003) p Fm 1764 1141 a(r) p Fs 2 w(\() p Fn(\025) p Fe 1870 1106 a(\003) p Fs 1901 1141 a(\)) p Fr 23 w(=) p Fm 23 w(r) p Fe 2062 1106 a(\003) p Fs -75 1290 a(By) k(solving) f(these) g(equation) n(s,) i(we) f(can) f (obtain) g(the) h(TCP) g(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) p Fn 24 w(\025) p Fe 2099 1260 a(\003) p Fs 2131 1290 a(,) h(the) e(roun) n (d-trip) g(time) p Fm 24 w(r) p Fe 2869 1260 a(\003) p Fs 2924 1290 a(of) h(the) f(TCP) i(con) n(nection,) f(and) f(the) -75 1397 y(pack) o(et) g(loss) h(prob) n(ability) p Fm 29 w(p) p Fe 754 1367 a(\003) p Fs 810 1397 a(in) f(steady) g(state.) 36 b(F) o(or) 23 b(e) o(xamp) n(le,) i(the) e(TCP) h(throug) n(hput) p Fn 23 w(\025) p Fe 2541 1367 a(\003) p Fs 2596 1397 a(in) g(steady) f (state) h(is) h(gi) n(v) o(e) n(n) f(by) f(the) g(solution) g(of) -75 1503 y(the) d(follo) n(win) n(g) h(equatio) n(n.) 1421 1676 y(\() p Fn 1448 1677 a(\026) p Fg 19 w(\000) p Fn 19 w(\025) p Fs 1627 1676 a(\)) p Ff 1696 1582 a(q) p 1764 1582 407 5 v Fq 1932 1637 a(3) p Fi 10 w(\026) p 1774 1658 387 5 v Fq 1774 1706 a(2) p Fh 10 w(b) p Fq 1852 1705 a(\() p Fi 1871 1706 a(\025) p Fp(+) p Fi(\025) p Fh 9 w(m) p Fe(\000) p Fh(m) p Fi 10 w(\026) p Fq 2141 1705 a(\)) p 1421 1747 750 5 v Fs 1588 1823 a(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fn 18 w(\025) 14 b(\034) p Fr 19 w(+) p Fn 18 w(\026) g(\034) p Fr 2203 1766 a(=) p Fn 23 w(\025) p Fs 1555 w(\(7\)) p Fo -75 2007 a(3.2.) 23 b(Case) e(of) f(multiple) h (TCP) f(connections) p Fs -75 2141 a(In) g(what) h(follo) n(w) n(s,) h (we) e(e) o(xtend) g(the) g(pre) n(vio) n(us) h(analysis) g(to) f(a) h (netw) o(ork) f(with) g(heterog) n(eneou) n(s) i(TCP) f(conne) n (ctions.) 26 b(Let) p Fm 23 w(N) p Fs 26 w(be) 21 b(the) f(numb) n(er) -75 2248 y(of) 26 b(TCP) h(connectio) n(ns,) p Fn 28 w(\025) p Fh 690 2260 a(n) p Fs 751 2248 a(be) f(the) g(throug) n(hput) g(of) p Fm 26 w(n) p Fh 1514 2260 a(t) q(h) p Fs 1591 2248 a(TCP) h(connec) n(tion,) h(and) p Fm 26 w(r) p Fh 2363 2260 a(n) p Fs 2423 2248 a(be) f(the) f(roun) n(d-trip) g(time) h(of) p Fm 26 w(n) p Fh 3334 2260 a(t) q(h) p Fs 3411 2248 a(TCP) g(conn) n(ection.) -75 2354 y(W) -7 b(e) 25 b(assume) f(rando) n(m) g(pack) o(et) g(losses) g(in) h(the) e(netw) o (ork.) 35 b(From) 24 b(Eq.) f(\(1\),) h(for) g(a) g(gi) n(v) o(en) f (pack) o(et) g(loss) i(prob) n(ability) p Fm 30 w(p) p Fs 24 w(in) f(the) g(netw) o(ork) n(,) i(the) -75 2461 y(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) 21 b(of) f(each) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ection) f(is) h (gi) n(v) o(en) e(by) p Fn 1517 2688 a(\025) p Fh 1561 2700 a(n) p Fs 1595 2688 a(\() p Fm 6 w(p) p Fn(;) p Fm 14 w(r) p Fh 1738 2700 a(n) p Fs 1770 2688 a(\)) p Fg 83 w(') p Fs 2038 2632 a(1) p 2026 2669 66 5 v Fm 2026 2745 a(r) p Fh 2058 2757 a(n) p Ff 2130 2540 a(s) p 2204 2540 179 5 v Fs 2273 2632 a(3) p 2214 2669 159 5 v 2214 2745 a(2) p Fm 14 w(b) h(p) p Fs 3878 2688 a(\(8\)) 50 2919 y(W) -7 b(e) 20 b(then) f(mod) n(el) h(the) g(netw) o(or) n(k) g (seen) f(from) g(TCP) h(sourc) n(e) g(hosts) g(as) g(a) g(MISO) f (\(Multi) g(Inpu) n(t) h(and) f(Single) g(Output\)) f(system,) i(where) f(the) -75 3025 y(inputs) h(are) g(thro) n(ughp) n(uts) p Fn 21 w(\025) p Fh 732 3037 a(n) p Fs 786 3025 a(of) f(TCP) i(connec) n (tions) f(and) g(the) g(outpu) n(t) h(is) g(the) f(pack) o(et) f(loss) i (prob) n(ability) p Fm 26 w(p) p Fs 20 w(in) g(the) f(netw) o(or) n(k.) 25 b(From) 20 b(Eq.) f(\(2\),) -75 3132 y(the) h(pack) o(et) g(loss) h (pro) n(bability) f(in) g(the) g(netw) o(ork) f(with) i(multiple) e (TCP) i(connec) n(tions,) p Fm 26 w(p) p Fs(\() p Fn(\025) p Fq 2515 3144 a(1) p Fn 2548 3132 a(;) p Fg 14 w(\001) 14 b(\001) g(\001) p Fn 12 w(;) g(\025) p Fh 2766 3144 a(N) p Fs 2813 3132 a(\),) 20 b(is) h(obtained) e(as) p Fm 1320 3349 a(p) p Fs(\() p Fn(\025) p Fq 1434 3361 a(1) p Fn 1466 3349 a(;) p Fg 14 w(\001) 14 b(\001) g(\001) p Fn 13 w(;) g(\025) p Fh 1685 3361 a(N) p Fs 1731 3349 a(\)) p Fg 83 w(') p Fs 83 w(1) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Fh 2143 3247 a(m) p Ff 2109 3264 a(X) p Fh 2117 3444 a(k) p Fp 1 w(=) p Fq(0) p Fm 2248 3349 a(P) p Fh 2299 3361 a(k) p Fs 2330 3349 a(\() p Fh 2392 3247 a(N) p Ff 2358 3264 a(X) p Fh 2365 3444 a(n) p Fp(=) p Fq(1) p Fn 2481 3349 a(\025) p Fh 2525 3361 a(n) p Fs 2559 3349 a(\)) 1291 b(\(9\)) -75 3561 y(Similarly) -5 b(,) 19 b(for) h(a) g(gi) n(v) o(en) f(TCP) i (throug) n(hput) p Fn 19 w(\025) p Fh 1249 3573 a(n) p Fs 1283 3561 a(,) f(the) g(round) n(-trip) g(time) p Fm 20 w(r) p Fh 2004 3573 a(n) p Fs 2038 3561 a(\() p Fn(\025) p Fh 2110 3573 a(n) p Fs 2143 3561 a(\)) g(of) p Fm 20 w(n) p Fh 2323 3573 a(t) q(h) p Fs 2394 3561 a(TCP) h(con) n (nections) f(is) h(obtaine) n(d) g(fro) n(m) g(Eq.) f(\(6\)) n(.) p Fm 1455 3742 a(r) p Fh 1487 3754 a(n) p Fs 1520 3742 a(\() p Fn(\025) p Fh 1592 3754 a(n) p Fs 1625 3742 a(\)) p Fr 83 w(=) p Fs 2057 3686 a(1) p 1882 3723 392 5 v Fn 1882 3810 a(\026) p Fg 18 w(\000) p Ff 2016 3753 a(P) p Fh 2084 3775 a(N) 2083 3834 y(n) p Fp(=) p Fq(1) p Fn 2196 3810 a(\025) p Fh 2240 3822 a(n) p Fr 2301 3742 a(+) p Fn 19 w(\034) p Fh 2412 3754 a(n) p Fs 3837 3742 a(\(10) n(\)) -75 3942 y(where) p Fn 20 w(\034) p Fh 188 3954 a(n) p Fs 242 3942 a(is) h(the) f(prop) n(agation) f(delay) h (of) p Fm 20 w(n) p Fh 1190 3954 a(t) q(h) p Fs 1260 3942 a(TCP) h(connec) n(tion.) 50 4074 y(Finally) -5 b(,) 29 b(we) f(deri) n(v) m(e) g(the) g(equilibriu) n(m) g(in) g (steady) g(state.) 49 b(Let) p Fn 28 w(\025) p Fe 1973 4044 a(\003) p Fh 1973 4095 a(n) p Fs 2006 4074 a(,) p Fm 30 w(r) p Fe 2091 4044 a(\003) p Fh 2089 4095 a(n) p Fs 2123 4074 a(,) 30 b(and) p Fm 33 w(p) p Fe 2370 4044 a(\003) p Fs 2430 4074 a(be) e(the) g(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) g(of) p Fm 28 w(n) p Fh 3199 4086 a(t) q(h) p Fs 3277 4074 a(TCP) h(conne) n (ction,) h(the) -75 4181 y(roun) n(d-trip) 20 b(time) h(of) p Fm 20 w(n) p Fh 584 4193 a(t) q(h) p Fs 655 4181 a(TCP) h(conn) n (ection,) e(and) h(the) f(pack) o(et) g(loss) i(pro) n(bability) e(in) h (steady) g(state,) g(respecti) n(v) o(e) n(ly) -5 b(.) 27 b(W) -7 b(e) 21 b(ha) n(v) o(e) f(the) h(follo) n(win) n(g) -75 4287 y(equatio) n(ns) g(from) e(Eqs.) h(\(8\),) f(\(9\),) h(and) f (\(10\).) p Fn 1705 4437 a(\025) p Fq 1749 4449 a(1) p Fs 1782 4437 a(\() p Fm 6 w(p) p Fe 1858 4403 a(\003) p Fn 1889 4437 a(;) p Fm 14 w(r) p Fe 1958 4403 a(\003) p Fq 1956 4460 a(1) p Fs 1990 4437 a(\)) p Fr 82 w(=) p Fn 83 w(\025) p Fe 2280 4403 a(\003) p Fq 2280 4460 a(1) p Fn 2116 4552 a(:) 2116 4585 y(:) 2116 4618 y(:) 1676 4749 y(\025) p Fh 1721 4761 a(N) p Fs 1768 4749 a(\() p Fm 6 w(p) p Fe 1844 4715 a(\003) p Fn 1875 4749 a(;) p Fm 14 w(r) p Fe 1944 4715 a(\003) p Fh 1943 4772 a(N) p Fs 1990 4749 a(\)) p Fr 82 w(=) p Fn 83 w(\025) p Fe 2280 4715 a(\003) p Fh 2281 4772 a(N) p Fm 1578 4881 a(p) p Fs(\() p Fn(\025) p Fe 1692 4847 a(\003) p Fq 1692 4904 a(1) p Fn 1725 4881 a(;) p Fg 14 w(\001) 14 b(\001) g(\001) p Fn 12 w(;) g(\025) p Fe 1942 4847 a(\003) p Fh 1943 4903 a(N) p Fs 1990 4881 a(\)) p Fr 82 w(=) p Fm 89 w(p) p Fe 2284 4847 a(\003) p Fm 1850 5012 a(r) p Fs 2 w(\() p Fn(\025) p Fe 1956 4978 a(\003) p Fq 1956 5036 a(1) p Fs 1990 5012 a(\)) p Fr 82 w(=) p Fm 83 w(r) p Fe 2270 4978 a(\003) p Fq 2268 5036 a(1) p Fn 2116 5127 a(:) 2116 5160 y(:) 2116 5193 y(:) p Fm 1836 5325 a(r) p Fs 2 w(\() p Fn(\025) p Fe 1942 5291 a(\003) p Fh 1943 5347 a(N) p Fs 1990 5325 a(\)) p Fr 82 w(=) p Fm 83 w(r) p Fe 2270 5291 a(\003) p Fh 2269 5347 a(N) p dyy eop end %%Page: 6 6 TeXDict begin 6 5 bop 36 841 a @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 1506 @rwi 819 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/total-thro-bandwidth.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Title: total-thro-bandwidth.eps %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 2 %%CreationDate: Thu Oct 3 04:44:36 2002 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 546 420 M 63 0 V 2753 0 R -63 0 V stroke 462 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 546 662 M 63 0 V 2753 0 R -63 0 V stroke 462 662 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 546 903 M 63 0 V 2753 0 R -63 0 V stroke 462 903 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 546 1145 M 63 0 V 2753 0 R -63 0 V stroke 462 1145 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 3)] ] -46.7 MRshow 546 1386 M 63 0 V 2753 0 R -63 0 V stroke 462 1386 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 4)] ] -46.7 MRshow 546 1628 M 63 0 V 2753 0 R -63 0 V stroke 462 1628 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 5)] ] -46.7 MRshow 546 1869 M 63 0 V 2753 0 R -63 0 V stroke 462 1869 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 6)] ] -46.7 MRshow 546 2111 M 63 0 V 2753 0 R -63 0 V stroke 462 2111 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 7)] ] -46.7 MRshow 546 2352 M 63 0 V 2753 0 R -63 0 V stroke 462 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 8)] ] -46.7 MRshow 546 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 546 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1250 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1250 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 50)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1954 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1954 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 100)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2658 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2658 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 150)] ] -46.7 MCshow 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 200)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 546 420 M 2816 0 V 0 1932 V -2816 0 V 546 420 L stroke 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (Total Throughput of All TCP Connections [packet/ms])] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore 1954 70 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( Propagation Delay of TCP Group 1 )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 112.0 -42.0 true true (G)] [(Helvetica) 89.6 -75.6 true true (1)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( [ms])] ] -21.5 MCshow 1.000 UL LT0 2711 2219 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 2219 M 399 0 V 687 675 M 70 -1 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 70 -1 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 71 -1 V 70 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 -1 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 -1 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 -1 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 1.000 UL LT1 2711 2079 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 2079 M 399 0 V 687 923 M 70 -1 V 71 -1 V 70 -1 V 70 -1 V 71 0 V 70 -1 V 71 0 V 70 -1 V 70 0 V 71 -1 V 70 0 V 71 -1 V 70 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 -1 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 70 0 V 71 -1 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 -1 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 70 -1 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 1.000 UL LT2 2711 1939 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 4)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 1939 M 399 0 V 687 1413 M 70 -3 V 71 -2 V 70 -1 V 70 -2 V 71 -1 V 70 -1 V 71 -1 V 70 -1 V 70 -1 V 71 0 V 70 -1 V 71 0 V 70 -1 V 70 0 V 71 -1 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 -1 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 71 -1 V 70 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 -1 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 0 V 70 0 V 71 0 V 70 -1 V 71 0 V 70 0 V stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fl 98 1030 a(\(a\)) 25 b(T) -6 b(otal) 26 b(throughpu) r(ts) f(of) h(all) f(the) h(TCP) 98 1128 y(connection) r(s) 1333 841 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 1506 @rwi 819 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/loss-bandwidth.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Title: loss-bandwidth.eps %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 2 %%CreationDate: Thu Oct 3 04:44:36 2002 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 798 420 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.01)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 711 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 881 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 1002 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 1095 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 1172 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 1236 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 1292 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 1342 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 1386 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 1386 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 1677 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 1847 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 1968 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 2061 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 2138 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 2202 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 2258 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 2308 M 31 0 V 2533 0 R -31 0 V 798 2352 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 798 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1439 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1439 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 50)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2080 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2080 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 100)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2721 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2721 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 150)] ] -46.7 MCshow 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 200)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 798 420 M 2564 0 V 0 1932 V -2564 0 V 798 420 L stroke 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (Packet Loss Probability)] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore 2080 70 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( Two-way Propagation Delay of TCP Group 1 )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 112.0 -42.0 true true (G)] [(Helvetica) 89.6 -75.6 true true (1)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( [ms])] ] -21.5 MCshow 1.000 UL LT0 2711 2219 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 2219 M 399 0 V 926 1117 M 64 -18 V 64 -10 V 65 -10 V 64 -10 V 64 -10 V 64 -11 V 64 -11 V 64 0 V 64 -11 V 64 -12 V 64 -12 V 64 0 V 65 -13 V 64 -12 V 64 0 V 64 -14 V 64 0 V 64 -14 V 64 0 V 64 0 V 64 -14 V 64 0 V 65 -15 V 64 0 V 64 0 V 64 -15 V 64 0 V 64 0 V 64 -8 V 64 -8 V 64 0 V 64 0 V 65 -17 V 64 0 V 64 0 V 64 0 V 64 -8 V 64 -9 V 1.000 UL LT1 2711 2079 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 2079 M 399 0 V 926 996 M 64 -19 V 64 -21 V 65 -21 V 64 -15 V 64 -19 V 64 -16 V 64 -13 V 64 -17 V 64 -14 V 64 -14 V 64 -10 V 64 -9 V 65 -11 V 64 -10 V 64 -11 V 64 -11 V 64 -5 V 64 -12 V 64 -5 V 64 -12 V 64 -6 V 64 -7 V 65 -6 V 64 -6 V 64 -7 V 64 -6 V 64 -7 V 64 0 V 64 -6 V 64 -7 V 64 -7 V 64 0 V 65 -7 V 64 -8 V 64 0 V 64 -7 V 64 0 V 64 -7 V 1.000 UL LT2 2711 1939 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 4)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 1939 M 399 0 V 926 837 M 64 -41 V 64 -35 V 65 -32 V 64 -29 V 64 -28 V 64 -23 V 64 -24 V 64 -18 V 64 -21 V 64 -17 V 64 -17 V 64 -14 V 65 -15 V 64 -14 V 64 -11 V 64 -12 V 64 -11 V 64 -10 V 64 -10 V 64 -7 V 64 -11 V 64 -7 V 65 -8 V 15 -2 V stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial 1395 1030 a(\(b\)) 19 b(P) o(ack) o(et) h(loss) g (probability) g(in) f(the) h(net-) 1395 1128 y(w) o(ork) 2630 841 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 1506 @rwi 819 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/rtt-bandwidth.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Title: rtt-bandwidth.eps %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 2 %%CreationDate: Thu Oct 3 04:44:36 2002 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 613 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 613 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 50)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 806 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 806 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 100)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 1000 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1000 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 150)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 1193 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1193 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 200)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 1386 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1386 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 250)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 1579 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1579 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 300)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 1772 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1772 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 350)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 1966 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1966 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 400)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 2159 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2159 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 450)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 2352 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 500)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 714 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1376 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1376 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 50)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2038 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2038 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 100)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2700 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2700 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 150)] ] -46.7 MCshow 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 200)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L stroke 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (Round Trip Time of Group 1 [ms])] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore 2038 70 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( Two-way Propagation Delay of TCP Group 1 )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 112.0 -42.0 true true (G)] [(Helvetica) 89.6 -75.6 true true (1)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( [ms])] ] -21.5 MCshow 1.000 UL LT0 2711 2219 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 2219 M 399 0 V 846 978 M 67 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 67 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 67 18 V 66 20 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 67 18 V 66 20 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 66 20 V 67 18 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 66 20 V 67 17 V 66 20 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 67 19 V 66 20 V 66 17 V 66 19 V 66 20 V 67 19 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 1.000 UL LT1 2711 2079 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 2079 M 399 0 V 846 716 M 67 19 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 67 18 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 67 19 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 67 18 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 67 18 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 67 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 67 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 66 20 V 67 18 V 66 20 V 66 18 V 1.000 UL LT2 2711 1939 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 4)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 1939 M 399 0 V 846 584 M 67 17 V 66 18 V 66 18 V 66 18 V 66 18 V 67 18 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 66 18 V 67 18 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 66 18 V 67 19 V 66 18 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 67 18 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 67 18 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 67 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V 67 19 V 66 19 V 66 19 V stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial 2692 1030 a(\(c\)) 33 b(Roud-trip) i(time) e(of) h(TCP) f (connec-) 2692 1128 y(tions) 19 b(in) p Fu 17 w(G) p Fc 2987 1139 a(1) 36 1996 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 1506 @rwi 819 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/thro1-bandwidth.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Title: thro1-bandwidth.eps %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 2 %%CreationDate: Thu Oct 3 04:44:36 2002 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 798 420 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 806 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 806 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.05)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 1193 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 1193 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 1579 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 1579 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.15)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 1966 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 1966 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 2352 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.25)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 798 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1439 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1439 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 50)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2080 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2080 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 100)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2721 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2721 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 150)] ] -46.7 MCshow 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 200)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 798 420 M 2564 0 V 0 1932 V -2564 0 V 798 420 L stroke 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (Throughput of Group 1 [packet/ms])] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore 2080 70 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( Two-way Propagation Delay of TCP Group 1 )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 112.0 -42.0 true true (G)] [(Helvetica) 89.6 -75.6 true true (1)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( [ms])] ] -21.5 MCshow 1.000 UL LT0 2711 2219 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 2219 M 399 0 V 926 603 M 64 -2 V 64 -3 V 65 -3 V 64 -2 V 64 -3 V 64 -2 V 64 -2 V 64 -4 V 64 -2 V 64 -2 V 64 -1 V 64 -4 V 65 -1 V 64 0 V 64 -4 V 64 0 V 64 -4 V 64 0 V 64 -3 V 64 -3 V 64 0 V 64 -2 V 65 0 V 64 -3 V 64 -2 V 64 0 V 64 -2 V 64 -2 V 64 -1 V 64 -1 V 64 -2 V 64 -2 V 65 1 V 64 -2 V 64 -2 V 64 -2 V 64 0 V 64 -1 V 1.000 UL LT1 2711 2079 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 2079 M 399 0 V 926 806 M 64 -11 V 64 -9 V 65 -8 V 64 -10 V 64 -7 V 64 -7 V 64 -8 V 64 -6 V 64 -7 V 64 -6 V 64 -7 V 64 -6 V 65 -7 V 64 -5 V 64 -5 V 64 -5 V 64 -6 V 64 -4 V 64 -5 V 64 -3 V 64 -5 V 64 -5 V 65 -4 V 64 -4 V 64 -4 V 64 -4 V 64 -3 V 64 -5 V 64 -3 V 64 -3 V 64 -3 V 64 -4 V 65 -3 V 64 -2 V 64 -4 V 64 -2 V 64 -4 V 64 -1 V 1.000 UL LT2 2711 1939 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 4)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 1939 M 399 0 V 926 1244 M 64 -28 V 64 -28 V 65 -26 V 64 -26 V 64 -22 V 64 -24 V 64 -19 V 64 -23 V 64 -17 V 64 -18 V 64 -17 V 64 -17 V 65 -15 V 64 -14 V 64 -15 V 64 -13 V 64 -12 V 64 -13 V 64 -11 V 64 -12 V 64 -10 V 64 -10 V 65 -10 V 64 -9 V 64 -10 V 64 -7 V 64 -9 V 64 -8 V 64 -8 V 64 -7 V 64 -7 V 64 -6 V 65 -8 V 64 -5 V 64 -7 V 64 -5 V 64 -6 V 64 -6 V stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fl 98 2186 a(\(d\)) 29 b(Throughpu) r(t) f(of) h(TCP) e (conne) r(ctions) 98 2283 y(in) p Fu 17 w(G) p Fc 229 2294 a(1) 1333 1996 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 1506 @rwi 819 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/thro2-bandwidth.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Title: thro2-bandwidth.eps %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 2 %%CreationDate: Thu Oct 3 04:44:36 2002 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 798 420 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 806 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 806 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.05)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 1193 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 1193 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 1579 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 1579 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.15)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 1966 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 1966 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 2352 M 63 0 V 2501 0 R -63 0 V stroke 714 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.25)] ] -46.7 MRshow 798 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 798 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1439 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1439 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 50)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2080 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2080 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 100)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2721 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2721 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 150)] ] -46.7 MCshow 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 200)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 798 420 M 2564 0 V 0 1932 V -2564 0 V 798 420 L stroke 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (Throughput of Group 2 [packet/ms])] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore 2080 70 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( Two-way Propagation Delay of TCP Group 1 )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 112.0 -42.0 true true (G)] [(Helvetica) 89.6 -75.6 true true (1)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( [ms])] ] -21.5 MCshow 1.000 UL LT0 2711 2219 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 2219 M 399 0 V 926 565 M 64 4 V 64 2 V 65 2 V 64 2 V 64 2 V 64 2 V 64 3 V 64 0 V 64 2 V 64 3 V 64 2 V 64 0 V 65 3 V 64 3 V 64 0 V 64 4 V 64 0 V 64 3 V 64 0 V 64 0 V 64 4 V 64 0 V 65 4 V 64 0 V 64 0 V 64 4 V 64 0 V 64 0 V 64 2 V 64 2 V 64 0 V 64 0 V 65 5 V 64 0 V 64 0 V 64 0 V 64 3 V 64 2 V 1.000 UL LT1 2711 2079 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 2079 M 399 0 V 926 682 M 64 7 V 64 8 V 65 8 V 64 6 V 64 9 V 64 7 V 64 5 V 64 8 V 64 6 V 64 7 V 64 5 V 64 5 V 65 5 V 64 5 V 64 6 V 64 6 V 64 3 V 64 6 V 64 3 V 64 7 V 64 3 V 64 4 V 65 4 V 64 3 V 64 4 V 64 4 V 64 4 V 64 0 V 64 4 V 64 5 V 64 4 V 64 0 V 65 5 V 64 4 V 64 0 V 64 5 V 64 0 V 64 5 V 1.000 UL LT2 2711 1939 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 4)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 1939 M 399 0 V 926 869 M 64 27 V 64 25 V 65 24 V 64 23 V 64 23 V 64 19 V 64 22 V 64 16 V 64 20 V 64 17 V 64 16 V 64 15 V 65 16 V 64 14 V 64 13 V 64 12 V 64 14 V 64 11 V 64 11 V 64 9 V 64 13 V 64 9 V 65 10 V 64 9 V 64 7 V 64 11 V 64 7 V 64 7 V 64 7 V 64 7 V 64 8 V 64 8 V 65 3 V 64 8 V 64 4 V 64 8 V 64 4 V 64 5 V stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fl 1395 2186 a(\(e\)) i(Through) r(put) h(of) g(TCP) e (conne) r(ctions) 1395 2283 y(in) p Fu 17 w(G) p Fc 1526 2294 a(2) 2630 1996 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 230 @urx 176 @ury 1506 @rwi 819 @rhi @setspecial %%BeginDocument: figure/prop-thro-bandwidth.eps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 %%Title: prop-thro-bandwidth.eps %%Creator: gnuplot 3.7 patchlevel 2 %%CreationDate: Thu Oct 3 04:44:36 2002 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%BoundingBox: 50 50 230 176 %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments /gnudict 256 dict def gnudict begin /Color false def /Solid false def /gnulinewidth 5.000 def /userlinewidth gnulinewidth def /vshift -46 def /dl {10 mul} def /hpt_ 31.5 def /vpt_ 31.5 def /hpt hpt_ def /vpt vpt_ def /M {moveto} bind def /L {lineto} bind def /R {rmoveto} bind def /V {rlineto} bind def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /Lshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 vshift R show } def /Rshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def /Cshow { currentpoint stroke M dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def /UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def /DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } {pop pop pop Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def /BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth } def /AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth } def /UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def /PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth } def /LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def /LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def /LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def /LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def /LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def /LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def /LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def /LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def /LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def /LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def /LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def /Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def /Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V currentpoint stroke M hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke } def /Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def /TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def /BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def /TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def /TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke Pnt } def /TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def /DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def /Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def /PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath fill grestore } def /Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def /CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def /C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def /C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc } bind def /C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def /Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def /Square { dup Rec } bind def /Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def /S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def /S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def /S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def /S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def /D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def /D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def /D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def /D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def /D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def /D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def /D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def /D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def /D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def /D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def /D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def /D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def /D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def /D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def /D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def /D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def /DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def /BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def /TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def /PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat closepath stroke grestore } def /CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def /Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def /DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def /BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def /TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V hpt 2 mul 0 V hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def /PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat Opaque stroke grestore } def /CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def /BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def /Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall currentdict end definefont /MFshow {{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont [ currentpoint ] exch dup 2 get 0 exch rmoveto dup dup 5 get exch 4 get {show} {stringwidth pop 0 rmoveto}ifelse dup 3 get {2 get neg 0 exch rmoveto pop} {pop aload pop moveto}ifelse} forall} bind def /MFwidth {0 exch {dup 3 get{dup dup 0 get findfont exch 1 get scalefont setfont 5 get stringwidth pop add} {pop} ifelse} forall} bind def /MLshow { currentpoint stroke M 0 exch R MFshow } bind def /MRshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth neg 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def /MCshow { currentpoint stroke M exch dup MFwidth -2 div 3 -1 roll R MFshow } def end %%EndProlog gnudict begin gsave 50 50 translate 0.050 0.050 scale 0 setgray newpath (Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 420 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 903 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 903 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.5)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 1386 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1386 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 1869 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 1869 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 1.5)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 2352 M 63 0 V 2585 0 R -63 0 V stroke 630 2352 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 714 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 714 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1045 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1045 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 0.5)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1376 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1376 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 1)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1707 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 1707 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 1.5)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2038 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2038 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 2)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2369 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2369 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 2.5)] ] -46.7 MCshow 2700 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 2700 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 3)] ] -46.7 MCshow 3031 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3031 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 3.5)] ] -46.7 MCshow 3362 420 M 0 63 V 0 1869 R 0 -63 V stroke 3362 280 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( 4)] ] -46.7 MCshow 1.000 UL LTb 714 420 M 2648 0 V 0 1932 V -2648 0 V 714 420 L stroke 140 1386 M currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 moveto [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (Throughput Ratio \(Group 1 / Group 2\))] ] -46.7 MCshow grestore 2038 70 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (Ratio of Two-Way Propagation Delay \()] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 112.0 -42.0 true true (G)] [(Helvetica) 89.6 -75.6 true true (1)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (/)] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (t)] [(Helvetica) 112.0 -42.0 true true (G)] [(Helvetica) 89.6 -75.6 true true (2)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (\))] ] -21.5 MCshow 1.000 UL LT0 2711 2219 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 1)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 2219 M 399 0 V 846 1635 M 67 -37 V 66 -36 V 66 -33 V 66 -32 V 66 -30 V 67 -28 V 66 -27 V 66 -26 V 66 -24 V 66 -24 V 67 -22 V 66 -21 V 66 -21 V 66 -19 V 66 -19 V 67 -18 V 66 -17 V 66 -16 V 66 -16 V 66 -15 V 67 -15 V 66 -14 V 66 -14 V 66 -13 V 66 -12 V 67 -13 V 66 -11 V 66 -11 V 66 -12 V 66 -10 V 67 -10 V 66 -10 V 66 -11 V 66 -9 V 66 -9 V 67 -8 V 66 -9 V 66 -8 V 1.000 UL LT1 2711 2079 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 2)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 2079 M 399 0 V 846 1842 M 67 -77 V 66 -70 V 66 -63 V 66 -58 V 66 -53 V 67 -49 V 66 -45 V 66 -41 V 66 -38 V 66 -36 V 67 -34 V 66 -31 V 66 -29 V 66 -27 V 66 -25 V 67 -24 V 66 -23 V 66 -21 V 66 -20 V 66 -19 V 67 -18 V 66 -17 V 66 -17 V 66 -15 V 66 -15 V 67 -14 V 66 -13 V 66 -12 V 66 -13 V 66 -11 V 67 -12 V 66 -10 V 66 -10 V 66 -10 V 66 -9 V 67 -9 V 66 -9 V 66 -8 V 1.000 UL LT2 2711 1939 M [ [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true (analysis )] [(Symbol) 140.0 0.0 true true (m)] [(Helvetica) 140.0 0.0 true true ( = 4)] ] -46.7 MRshow 2795 1939 M 399 0 V 846 2191 M 67 -156 V 66 -135 V 66 -116 V 66 -101 V 66 -88 V 67 -78 V 66 -69 V 66 -62 V 66 -55 V 66 -50 V 67 -45 V 66 -40 V 66 -38 V 66 -34 V 66 -31 V 67 -28 V 66 -27 V 66 -24 V 66 -23 V 66 -21 V 67 -20 V 66 -18 V 66 -17 V 66 -16 V 66 -15 V 67 -14 V 66 -14 V 66 -12 V 66 -12 V 66 -12 V 67 -10 V 66 -11 V 66 -9 V 66 -9 V 66 -9 V 67 -9 V 66 -8 V 66 -7 V stroke grestore end showpage %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Symbol Helvetica %%EndDocument @endspecial Fl 2692 2186 a(\(f\)) 21 b(Relation) h(between) g(the) g (propagation) 2692 2283 y(delay) d(ratio) g(and) h(the) f(throughpu) r (t) f(ratio) p Fs -75 2531 a(Figure) e(2:) 24 b(Numer) n(ical) e(e) o (xamp) n(les) g(for) f(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) h(processing) e (speed) h(of) h(the) f(bottlene) n(ck) h(rou) n(ter) p Fn 22 w(\026) p Fs 22 w(\() p Fn(\034) p Fh 2898 2543 a(G) p Fb 2940 2552 a(2) p Fr 2995 2531 a(=) p Fs 25 w(50) f([ms],) p Fm 21 w(m) p Fr 26 w(=) p Fs 25 w(150) f([pack) m (et],) p Fm 250 2637 a(N) p Fr 28 w(=) p Fs 23 w(50\)) -75 2892 y(By) k(num) n(erically) f(solving) f(these) h(equation) n(s) h (for) p Fn 23 w(\025) p Fe 1435 2862 a(\003) p Fh 1435 2913 a(n) p Fs 1468 2892 a(,) p Fm 24 w(r) p Fe 1547 2862 a(\003) p Fh 1545 2913 a(n) p Fs 1579 2892 a(,) g(and) p Fm 29 w(p) p Fe 1816 2862 a(\003) p Fs 1847 2892 a(,) g(the) f(throu) n (ghpu) n(t) h(and) f(the) g(roun) n(d-trip) f(time) i(of) p Fm 22 w(n) p Fh 3340 2904 a(t) q(h) p Fs 3414 2892 a(TCP) g(conn) n (ection,) -75 2999 y(and) c(the) g(pack) o(et) f(loss) i(proba) n (bility) g(in) f(the) g(netw) o(ork) f(can) h(be) g(obtained) n(.) p Ft 50 3252 a(4.) 29 b(NUMERICAL) c(EXAMPLE) r(S) p Fs -75 3413 a(By) 19 b(presentin) n(g) g(se) n(v) o(eral) f(num) n(erical) h(e) o(xam) n(ples,) g(we) g(in) m(v) o(e) n(stigate) g(the) f(steady) g (state) h(beha) n(vior) e(of) i(TCP) g(when) f(each) g(TCP) h(conn) n (ection) f(has) -75 3520 y(a) 26 b(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) g (propa) n(gation) f(delay) -7 b(.) 41 b(In) 26 b(num) n(erical) g(e) o (xam) n(ples,) h(the) f(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) e(size) i(of) g (the) f(bottlenec) n(k) h(router) p Fm 24 w(m) p Fs 26 w(is) h(150) d([pack) o(et]) n(,) k(and) d(the) -75 3627 y(proce) n(ssing) h(speed) g(of) f(the) h(bottlenec) n(k) g(router) p Fn 25 w(\026) p Fs 27 w(is) g(either) g(1,) h(2,) g(or) e(4) h([pack) o (et) p Fr(/) p Fs -2 w(ms].) 42 b(The) 26 b(num) n(ber) g(of) f(TCP) i (conn) n(ections) p Fm 28 w(N) p Fs 31 w(is) g(\002x) o(ed) -75 3733 y(at) e(50,) g(and) f(these) h(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) e(are) h (classi\002ed) g(into) g(tw) o(o) g(gro) n(ups) g(called) p Fm 22 w(G) p Fq 2379 3745 a(1) p Fs 2438 3733 a(and) p Fm 22 w(G) p Fq 2643 3745 a(2) p Fs 2701 3733 a(accord) n(ing) g(to) f (their) h(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) g(delays.) -75 3840 y(Propag) n(ation) e (delays) g(of) g(all) h(TCP) h(con) n(nections) e(in) p Fm 22 w(G) p Fq 1532 3852 a(1) p Fs 1589 3840 a(are) g(identically) g (deno) n(ted) h(by) p Fn 23 w(\034) p Fh 2521 3852 a(G) p Fb 2563 3861 a(1) p Fr 2622 3840 a(=) p Fn 29 w(\034) p Fh 2743 3852 a(i) p Fs 2788 3840 a(\(1) p Fg 28 w(\024) p Fm 29 w(i) p Fg 29 w(\024) p Fs 29 w(25\)) f([ms],) h(and) f(pro) n (pagatio) n(n) -75 3946 y(delays) d(of) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) f(in) p Fm 19 w(G) p Fq 982 3958 a(2) p Fs 1037 3946 a(are) h(by) p Fn 19 w(\034) p Fh 1301 3958 a(G) p Fb 1345 3967 a(2) p Fr 1397 3946 a(=) p Fn 23 w(\034) p Fh 1512 3958 a(i) p Fs 1553 3946 a(\(26) p Fg 22 w(\024) p Fm 23 w(i) p Fg 23 w(\024) p Fs 23 w(50\)) e([ms].) 50 4089 y(Figur) n(e) 29 b(2) e(sho) n(ws) h(analytic) f(results) h(for) f(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) i(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) f(delays) f(of) h(TCP) g (conn) n(ections) g(in) p Fm 26 w(G) p Fq 3088 4101 a(1) p Fs 3149 4089 a(whereas) f(the) h(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) -75 4195 y(delay) 23 b(of) h(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) f(in) p Fm 22 w(G) p Fq 970 4207 a(2) p Fs 1027 4195 a(is) h(\002x) o(ed.) 36 b(This) 24 b(\002gure) f(sho) n(ws) h(\(a\)) g(the) f(total) i(thro) n (ughp) n(uts) g(of) e(all) i(TCP) g(con) n(nections) f(\() p Fg(\021) p Ff 3695 4138 a(P) p Fh 3763 4161 a(N) 3762 4219 y(i) p Fp(=) p Fq(1) p Fn 3862 4195 a(\025) p Fh 3906 4207 a(i) p Fs 3927 4195 a(\),) -75 4302 y(\(b\)) 19 b(the) h(pack) o(et) f(loss) h(proba) n(bility) g(in) g(the) g(netw) o (or) n(k,) g(\(c\)) f(the) h(roun) n(d-trip) f(time) h(of) f(TCP) i (conn) n(ections) f(in) p Fm 18 w(G) p Fq 3036 4314 a(1) p Fs 3069 4302 a(,) g(\(d\)) f(the) h(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) g(of) g(TCP) -75 4409 y(conn) n(ections) k(in) p Fm 21 w(G) p Fq 494 4421 a(1) p Fs 527 4409 a(,) h(\(e\)) e(the) g(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) h(of) g (TCP) g(conn) n(ections) f(in) p Fm 22 w(G) p Fq 2041 4421 a(2) p Fs 2074 4409 a(,) h(and) f(\(f\)) g(the) g(relation) g (between) g(the) g(prop) n(agation) f(delay) h(ratio) -75 4515 y(\() p Fn(\034) p Fh -9 4527 a(G) p Fb 33 4536 a(1) p Fn 63 4515 a(=\034) p Fh 138 4527 a(G) p Fb 180 4536 a(2) p Fs 210 4515 a(\)) k(and) e(the) i(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) g (ratio.) 43 b(Each) 26 b(\002gure) f(in) i(Fig.) f(2) g(contains) g (analytic) g(results) g(for) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) h (processing) e(speeds) i(of) f(the) -75 4622 y(bottlene) n(ck) 21 b(rou) n(ter:) p Fn 26 w(\026) p Fr 21 w(=) p Fs 20 w(1,) f(2,) g(and) g (4) g([pack) o(et) p Fr(/) p Fs(m) n(s].) 50 4764 y(First,) e(Fig.) e (2\(a\)) g(sho) n(ws) h(that) g(aggr) n(e) o(gated) f(TCP) h(connec) n (tions) g(achie) n(v) o(e) f(rou) n(ghly) g(100) g(\045) i(thro) n (ughp) n(ut) f(re) o(gar) n(dless) h(of) e(the) h(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) -75 4871 y(delay) h(of) h(TCP) h(con) n(nections.) k(This) 19 b(indicates) g(that) g(TCP) g(can) g(e) p Fr(\013) p Fs(ecti) n(v) o(ely) f(utilize) h(netw) o(or) n(k) g(resource) n(s) h (e) n(v) o(en) e(when) g(prop) n(agation) g(delays) -75 4977 y(of) k(TCP) i(conn) n(ections) e(are) h(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t.) 33 b(Ne) o(xt,) 22 b(we) h(focus) f(on) g(the) h(pack) o (et) f(loss) h(prob) n(ability) g(in) f(the) h(netw) o(ork) e(\(see) i (Fig.) g(2\(b) n(\)\).) 32 b(Note) 23 b(that,) -75 5084 y(since) f(we) h(assume) f(the) g(bottlene) n(ck) g(router) f(to) i(ha) n(v) o(e) e(a) i(FIFO) f(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) g(in) g(our) f (analysis,) i(the) f(pack) m(et) h(loss) g(prob) n(ability) f(observ) m (ed) g(by) g(each) -75 5190 y(TCP) j(con) n(nection) e(is) i (identical.) 35 b(Figure) 23 b(2\(b\)) g(sho) n(ws) h(that) f(the) h (pack) o(et) f(loss) i(prob) n(ability) f(in) g(the) f(netw) o(ork) g (decreases) g(as) p Fn 25 w(\034) p Fh 3588 5202 a(G) p Fb 3630 5211 a(1) p Fs 3685 5190 a(beco) n(mes) -75 5297 y(lar) o(ge) g(when) g(prop) n(agation) g(delay) n(s) i(of) f(TCP) g (connec) n(tions) g(are) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t.) 37 b(This) 24 b(phen) n(omeno) n(n) g(can) g(be) f(e) o(xplaine) n(d) h (by) g(the) g(f) o(act) g(that) g(the) p dyy eop end %%Page: 7 7 TeXDict begin 7 6 bop Fs -75 158 a(cong) n(estion) 22 b(contr) n(ol) g(mechan) n(ism) g(of) f(TCP) h(tries) g(to) g(fully) f (utilize) g(netw) o(ork) f(resources.) 28 b(Namely) -5 b(,) 20 b(the) i(roun) n(d-trip) e(time) i(becom) n(es) h(lar) o(g) n (e) -75 265 y(as) d(the) e(propa) n(gation) g(delay) g(becom) n(es) i (lar) o(ge) n(.) 26 b(The) 18 b(lar) o(ge) n(r) i(the) e(round) n (-trip) g(time) h(becomes,) f(the) h(smaller) g(the) g(recei) n(vin) n (g) g(A) m(CK) g(rate) g(by) g(the) -75 371 y(source) h(host) g (becomes,) g(resulting) f(in) i(a) g(slo) n(wer) g(windo) l(w) g(size) g (increase.) 26 b(Consequ) n(ently) -5 b(,) 20 b(the) h(pack) m(et) h (loss) f(prob) n(ability) f(in) h(the) g(netw) o(or) n(k) -75 478 y(decreases.) 27 b(Note) 22 b(that,) f(althou) n(gh) g(the) g(pack) o(et) g(loss) h(pro) n(bability) f(becom) n(es) h(lar) o(ge) e(as) i (the) f(propa) n(gation) f(delay) h(becom) n(es) h(lar) o(ge) n(,) g (the) f(total) -75 584 y(TCP) i(throug) n(hput) f(is) h(almost) g(100) n (\045) h(in) e(all) i(cases) f(\(see) g(Fig.) f(2\(a\)\).) 31 b(Hence,) 23 b(in) f(terms) h(of) f(the) h(total) f(TCP) i(throu) n (ghpu) n(t,) g(v) n(ariatio) n(n) f(in) g(the) -75 691 y(pack) o(et) d(loss) h(pro) n(bability) f(caused) f(by) h(the) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(erenc) n(e) h(in) f(propa) n(gation) f(delays) h(of) g (TCP) h(conne) n(ctions) g(is) g(not) f(pro) n(blematic.) 50 833 y(On) 25 b(the) h(other) f(hand,) i(one) e(can) h(\002nd) f(that) h (the) g(pack) o(et) f(loss) i(prob) n(ability) f(in) g(the) g(netw) o (ork) f(decre) n(ases) i(as) g(the) f(pro) n(cessing) g(speed) g(of) -75 940 y(the) g(bottlen) n(eck) g(rou) n(ter) p Fn 26 w(\026) p Fs 26 w(becomes) f(lar) o(ge) n(.) 42 b(This) 26 b(can) f(also) h(be) f (e) o(xplain) n(ed) h(by) f(the) h(f) o(act) f(that) h(the) f (congestion) f(contro) n(l) j(mech) n(anism) f(of) -75 1047 y(TCP) c(tries) h(to) e(fully) g(utilize) h(netw) o(ork) f(resou) n (rces.) 30 b(Namely) -5 b(,) 21 b(if) h(the) f(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) g(size) i(is) f(\002x) o(ed,) f(the) h(roun) n (d-trip) f(time) h(obser) n(v) o(ed) f(by) g(each) h(TCP) -75 1153 y(conn) n(ection) i(is) g(almost) g(constant) f(re) o(gar) n (dless) i(of) e(the) h(processing) f(speed) g(of) h(the) g(bottlen) n (eck) g(rou) n(ter) g(\(see) h(Fig.) e(2\(c\)\).) 35 b(Thus,) 24 b(when) g(the) -75 1260 y(proce) n(ssing) c(speed) e(of) h (the) g(bottlenec) n(k) g(router) f(is) i(lar) o(ge,) e(TCP) i(must) f (enlar) o(g) n(e) h(its) g(windo) l(w) g(size) f(to) g(utilize) h(netw) o(or) n(k) f(resources,) f(resulting) -75 1366 y(in) i(a) h(small) g (pack) m(et) g(loss) g(prob) n(ability) f(in) h(the) f(netw) o(ork) n (.) 50 1509 y(Furth) n(ermore,) k(we) g(focus) g(on) f(the) i(rou) n (nd-trip) e(time) h(of) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) f(in) p Fm 22 w(G) p Fq 2445 1521 a(1) p Fs 2503 1509 a(\(see) g(Fig.) h (2\(c\)) n(\).) 37 b(TCP) 25 b(is) g(a) f(congestion) f(contr) n(ol) -75 1615 y(mechan) n(ism) h(based) f(on) g(a) h(pack) m(et) g(loss.) 35 b(Moreo) o(v) m(er) 23 b(the) g(bottleneck) f(router) g(is) i(a) g (Drop-) n(T) -7 b(ail) 24 b(router) e(in) i(our) e(analysis.) 35 b(F) o(or) 23 b(this) h(reason) n(,) -75 1722 y(the) 19 b(a) n(v) o(era) n(ge) g(numb) n(er) g(of) f(pack) o(ets) h(in) f(the) h (b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) f(tak) o(es) h(a) g(v) n(alue) f(close) h (to) f(the) h(router) n(') -5 b(s) 20 b(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) e(size.) 25 b(F) o(or) 18 b(instance,) g(when) p Fn 18 w(\034) p Fh 3549 1734 a(G) p Fb 3593 1743 a(1) p Fr 3645 1722 a(=) p Fs 23 w(50) g([ms]) -75 1829 y(and) p Fn 20 w(\026) p Fr 24 w(=) p Fs 24 w(1) i([pack) o(et) p Fr(/) p Fs(m) n(s],) h(the) g(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) g(numb) n(er) g(of) f (pack) o(ets) h(in) f(the) h(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) f(is) h(128) p Fn(:) p Fs(5) n(0) g([pack) m(et],) g(which) f(is) h(close) g(to) g (the) g(rou) n(ter') -5 b(s) 21 b(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) -75 1935 y(size.) k(Further) n(more,) 17 b(one) g(can) h(\002nd) f(that) h(the) g(rou) n(nd-trip) f(time) g(of) h(TCP) g(conne) n (ctions) g(becom) n(es) h(small) f(as) g(the) g(proc) n(essing) g (speed) p Fn 18 w(\026) p Fs 18 w(of) g(the) -75 2042 y(bottlene) n(ck) g(router) f(increa) n(ses.) 26 b(This) 17 b(can) h(be) g(e) o(xp) n(lained) f(as) i(follo) n(w) n(s.) 25 b(First,) 19 b(the) f(roun) n(d-trip) f(time) h(of) f(a) h(TCP) h(conn) n(ection) e(is) i(gi) n(v) o(en) d(by) i(the) -75 2148 y(sum) i(of) g(its) i(tw) o(o-w) o(ay) e(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) h(delay) e (and) h(the) h(pack) m(et) h(w) o(aiting) e(time) g(in) h(the) f (router) n(') -5 b(s) 22 b(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) d(\(see) i(Eq.) f (\(10\)) n(\).) 26 b(The) 20 b(pack) o(et) g(w) o(aiting) -75 2255 y(time) j(in) g(the) f(router') -7 b(s) 24 b(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) e(tak) o(es) h(a) g(small) h(v) n(alu) n(e) g(as) f (the) g(pro) n(cessing) g(speed) p Fn 22 w(\026) p Fs 24 w(of) f(the) h(bottlenec) n(k) g(router) f(increases.) 32 b(Conseque) n(ntly) -5 b(,) -75 2362 y(the) 20 b(roun) n(d-trip) g (time) g(of) g(a) h(TCP) g(con) n(nection) f(beco) n(mes) h(small) g (as) f(the) h(pro) n(cessing) f(speed) p Fn 20 w(\026) p Fs 21 w(of) g(the) h(bottlen) n(eck) f(router) f(increases.) 50 2504 y(As) 24 b(sho) n(wn) f(in) h(Fig.) f(2\(a\),) h(aggr) n(e) o (gated) f(TCP) h(conne) n(ctions) g(achie) n(v) o(e) e(rough) n(ly) i (100) f(\045) h(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) h(re) o(g) n(ardless) f(of) f(the) h (pro) n(pagatio) n(n) -75 2610 y(delay) j(of) g(TCP) h(conn) n (ections.) 46 b(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(e) n(r) m(,) 29 b(there) e(is) h(a) g (serious) f(prob) n(lem) h(fro) n(m) g(a) g(vie) n(wp) n(oint) f(of) g (f) o(airness) h(amon) n(g) g(TCP) g(conn) n(ections.) -75 2717 y(As) h(sho) n(wn) f(in) g(Figs.) h(2\(d) n(\)) g(and) f(2\(e\)) n (,) j(when) d(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) h(delays) f(of) g(all) h(TCP) g (conn) n(ections) f(are) g(identical) g(\(i.e.,) p Fn 30 w(\034) p Fh 3432 2729 a(G) p Fb 3474 2738 a(1) p Fr 3542 2717 a(=) p Fn 38 w(\034) p Fh 3671 2729 a(G) p Fb 3715 2738 a(2) p Fs 3744 2717 a(\),) i(each) -75 2824 y(TCP) c(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) f(is) h(also) f(identical,) g(resulting) f (in) h(a) g(f) o(air) g(share) f(of) h(the) g(bottlen) n(eck) g(link) f (bandwid) n(th.) 39 b(Ho) n(we) n(v) o(e) n(r) m(,) 26 b(when) e(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) -75 2930 y(delays) i(of) g(TCP) h (connectio) n(ns) g(are) f(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(erent,) h(TCP) g(connec) n(tions) g(with) f(smaller) h(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) g(delays) f(gain) g (high) n(er) h(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) g(than) -75 3037 y(ones) 19 b(with) h(lar) o(ge) n(r) g(prop) n(agation) e(delays.) 25 b(F) o(or) 19 b(instance,) g(when) g(the) g(ratio) h(of) f(prop) n (agation) f(delays) h(is) i(1) p Fr(/) p Fs(2) e(\(2) p Fn(\034) p Fh 3140 3049 a(G) p Fb 3182 3058 a(1) p Fr 3234 3037 a(=) p Fn 23 w(\034) p Fh 3348 3049 a(G) p Fb 3390 3058 a(2) p Fs 3420 3037 a(\),) h(the) g(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) -75 3143 y(of) 27 b(TCP) i(conn) n(ections) f(in) p Fm 26 w(G) p Fq 781 3155 a(1) p Fs 842 3143 a(is) h(0.16) e([Mbp) n(s],) j (and) d(the) h(throu) n(ghput) f(of) g(TCP) i(conn) n(ections) f(in) p Fm 26 w(G) p Fq 2922 3155 a(2) p Fs 2983 3143 a(is) h(0.48) e([Mbp) n (s].) 48 b(So,) 30 b(the) e(ratio) -75 3250 y(of) e(TCP) h(throug) n (hputs) f(is) i(abo) n(ut) f(1) p Fr(/) p Fs(3.) 43 b(This) 27 b(is) g(because) f(TCP) h(increases) f(its) i(windo) l(w) f(size) g(e) n (v) o(ery) f(receip) n(t) i(of) e(an) g(A) m(CK) h(pack) o(et) f(in) h (its) -75 3357 y(cong) n(estion) d(a) n(v) n(oidance) f(phase.) 35 b(Namely) -5 b(,) 24 b(the) g(pack) m(et) h(loss) g(pro) n(bability) e (observ) o(e) n(d) h(by) g(all) g(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) f(are) g (identica) n(l) h(since) f(all) -75 3463 y(TCP) f(conn) n(ections) f (share) g(the) g(single) g(bottlene) n(ck) g(link.) 31 b(Ho) n(we) n(v) m(er) m(,) 22 b(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) f(with) g (smaller) g(roun) n(d-trip) g(times) g(recei) n(v) o(e) f(A) m(CK) -75 3570 y(pack) o(ets) 26 b(more) g(freq) n(uently) g(than) g(one) n(s) i (with) e(lar) o(ger) f(roun) n(d-trip) h(times.) 43 b(TCP) 28 b(conn) n(ections) e(with) h(smaller) f(roun) n(d-trip) g(time) g (increase) -75 3676 y(their) h(windo) l(w) g(sizes) h(more) e(quickly) -7 b(,) 29 b(so) e(that) g(the) o(y) f(can) g(achie) n(v) o(e) g(highe) n(r) h(throug) n(hput) f(than) h(one) n(s) h(with) f(lar) o(ger) f(rou) n(nd-trip) g(times.) 45 b(In) -75 3783 y(addition) n(,) 29 b(some) d(A) -5 b(QM) 28 b(rou) n(ters) f(that) g(chang) n(e) g(their) g (pack) m(et) h(mark) n(ing) f(pro) n(bability) f(accordin) n(g) h(to) g (TCP) g(conne) n(ction') -5 b(s) 27 b(throu) n(ghpu) n(t) h(is) -75 3890 y(prop) n(osed) e(for) g(impr) n(o) o(ving) f(unf) o(air) n(ness) i (among) e(TCP) i(conn) n(ections.) p Fq 1968 3860 a(14-16) p Fs 2177 3890 a(F) o(or) f(instance,) h(an) f(A) -5 b(QM) 27 b(rou) n(ter) g(realizing) e(better) h(f) o(airne) n(ss) -75 3996 y(amon) n(g) 21 b(TCP) g(conn) n(ections) f(might) g(be) g (designe) n(d) h(by) e(utilizing) h(our) f(analytic) h(result.) 50 4139 y(Figur) n(e) 35 b(2\(f\)) e(is) h(generated) e(from) h(Figs.) i (2\(d) n(\)) f(and) g(2\(e\)) f(for) g(displayin) n(g) h(the) g (relation) f(between) g(the) h(prop) n(agation) f(delay) g(ratio) -75 4245 y(\() p Fn(\034) p Fh -9 4257 a(G) p Fb 33 4266 a(1) p Fn 63 4245 a(=\034) p Fh 138 4257 a(G) p Fb 180 4266 a(2) p Fs 210 4245 a(\)) 27 b(and) g(the) g(throug) n(hput) g (ratio.) 46 b(This) 27 b(\002gure) f(sho) n(ws) i(that) f(the) g(slope) g(of) g(the) h(thro) n(ughpu) n(t) g(ratio) f(is) h(lar) o(ge) e(when) h (the) g(propa) n(ga-) -75 4352 y(tion) e(delay) g(ratio) g(is) i(arou) n (nd) e(1.0.) 40 b(On) 26 b(the) f(other) g(hand) n(,) i(when) e(the) h (pro) n(pagatio) n(n) g(delay) f(ratio) g(is) h(lar) o(ge) f(\(e.g) n (.,) i(aroun) n(d) f(3.0\)) n(,) h(the) f(slope) -75 4458 y(of) e(the) h(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) g(ratio) f(is) h(small.) 39 b(This) 24 b(indicates) g(that) h(comp) n(eting) f(TCP) i(con) n (nections) e(recei) n(v) o(e) f(greatly) h(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) h(throug) n(hputs) f(by) -75 4565 y(the) d(slight) f(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(ce) h(in) g(their) f(prop) n(agation) f(delays,) h (resulting) g(in) h(unf) m(airness) g(amon) n(g) g(TCP) g(connec) n (tions.) 26 b(This) 21 b(is) g(a) g(serious) g(f) o(airne) n(ss) -75 4672 y(issue) e(of) f(TCP) -9 b(.) 19 b(Furthe) n(rmore,) f(one) f(can) i(\002nd) f(that) g(the) g(throug) n(hput) g(ratio) g(beco) n(mes) h (lar) o(ge) e(as) i(the) g(pro) n(cessing) g(speed) p Fn 17 w(\026) p Fs 20 w(of) f(the) g(bottlenec) n(k) -75 4778 y(router) g(becom) n(es) i(lar) o(ge) n(.) 26 b(This) 19 b(means) g(that) g(unf) m(airness) h(amon) n(g) f(TCP) h(connec) n (tions) g(will) f(get) g(w) o(orse) g(as) h(the) f(netw) o(ork) f (capacity) h(beco) n(mes) -75 4885 y(lar) o(ge) n(r) k(in) f(the) f (future.) 29 b(Such) 22 b(tenden) n(c) o(y) g(can) f(be) h(e) o(xplain) n(ed) g(as) h(follo) l(ws.) 31 b(The) 22 b(w) o(aiting) f(time) h(in) g (the) g(router) f(becom) n(es) i(small) f(as) h(the) f(pro) n(-) -75 4991 y(cessing) i(speed) f(of) g(the) g(bottleneck) f(router) h(becom) n (es) h(lar) o(ge) f(\(see) h(Fig.) f(2) h(\(c\)\).) 34 b(Consequen) n(tly) -5 b(,) 24 b(the) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(ce) g(in) g(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) g(delays) -75 5098 y(of) c(TCP) h(conn) n(ections) f(directly) g(a) p Fr(\013) p Fs(ects) g(the) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(erence) f(in) i(their) e(round) n(-trip) h(times.) p dyy eop end %%Page: 8 8 TeXDict begin 8 7 bop Ft 50 158 a(5.) 29 b(CONCLUSION) 24 b(AND) h(FUTURE) g(W) o(ORKS) p Fs -75 319 a(In) f(this) g(paper) -5 b(,) 25 b(we) f(ha) n(v) o(e) g(analy) n(zed) g(the) g(steady) f(state) i(beha) n(vio) n(r) f(of) g(TCP) h(when) e(each) g(TCP) i(conn) n (ection) f(has) g(a) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) h(pro) n(pagatio) n(n) -75 426 y(delay) -5 b(.) 28 b(W) -7 b(e) 23 b(ha) n(v) o(e) d (deri) n(v) o(ed) g(the) i(thro) n(ughp) n(ut) g(and) f(the) h(rou) n (nd-trip) e(time) i(of) f(TCP) -9 b(,) 22 b(and) f(the) h(pack) m(et) h (loss) f(pro) n(bability) f(in) h(the) f(netw) o(ork.) 28 b(By) -75 532 y(presentin) n(g) 22 b(num) n(erical) g(e) o(xam) n (ples,) g(we) f(ha) n(v) o(e) g(quan) n(titati) n(v) o(ely) g(in) m(v) o (estiga) n(ted) g(ho) n(w) g(the) g(f) o(airness) g(among) f(TCP) i (connec) n(tions) g(is) g(de) o(gr) n(aded) -75 639 y(when) g(multiple) g(TCP) h(conne) n(ctions) g(with) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(ere) n(nt) g(prop) n(agation) e(delays) i(share) f(the) g(single) h (bottlene) n(ck) g(link.) 32 b(F) o(or) 22 b(instance,) g(we) h(ha) n (v) o(e) -75 745 y(sho) n(wn) 31 b(that) h(the) g(f) o(airness) g (among) f(TCP) h(connec) n(tions) g(becomes) f(w) o(orse) h(as) h(the) f (pack) o(et) f(processing) g(delay) g(in) h(the) g(router) n(') -5 b(s) 33 b(b) n(u) p Fr(\013) p Fs(er) -75 852 y(becom) n(es) 21 b(smaller) -5 b(.) 50 994 y(Our) 20 b(analy) n(tic) h(appro) n(ach) g (has) f(adv) n(anta) n(ge) h(o) o(v) o(e) n(r) g(other) e(analytic) h (appro) n(aches) p Fq 2311 964 a(7,) 14 b(8) p Fs 2423 994 a(since) 21 b(our) e(analytic) h(appro) n(ach) g(can) h(be) f(e) o (xtend) n(ed) g(to) -75 1101 y(analyze) f(the) g(transient) g(state) h (beha) n(vior) e(of) i(TCP) -9 b(.) 19 b(W) -7 b(e) 21 b(are) f(curr) n(ently) f(w) o(orking) f(on) h(the) h(transient) f (state) h(analysis) g(of) f(TCP) h(when) f(multiple) -75 1208 y(TCP) i(conn) n(ections) f(ha) n(v) o(e) g(di) p Fr(\013) p Fs(eren) n(t) h(prop) n(agation) e(delays.) p Ft -75 1461 a(REFERENCES) p Fs 1 1603 a(1.) 41 b(H.) 22 b(Hisamatu,) g(H.) g(Ohsaki,) g(and) f(M.) h(Murata,) g(\223On) f (modeling) f(feedback) h(con) n(gestion) h(contr) n(ol) g(mechanism) f (of) h(TCP) g(using) g(\003uid) 105 1710 y(\003o) n(w) c(appr) n (oximation) f(and) g(queue) n(ing) h(theory) -7 b(,) h(\224) 19 b(in) p Fm 18 w(Pr) l(occedin) n(g) f(of) h(4th) e(Asia-P) -7 b(aci\002c) 17 b(Sympo) n(sium) i(on) e(Information) g(and) g(T) -8 b(elecom-) 105 1817 y(munica) n(tion) 20 b(T) -8 b(ec) o(hnolo) m(gies) 21 b(\(APSI) n(TT2001\)) p Fs -2 w(,) g(pp.) e(218\226) n(222,) g(Aug.) h(200) n(1.) 1 1897 y(2.) 41 b(V) -11 b(.) 20 b(Jacobson) e(and) h(M.) g (J.) h(Karels,) g(\223Cong) n(estion) g(a) n(v) n(oidan) n(ce) g(and) e (control,) -8 b(\224) 20 b(in) p Fm 20 w(Pr) l(oceedin) n(gs) g(of) g (A) n(CM) f(SIGCOMM) h('88) p Fs -2 w(,) g(pp.) f(314) n(\226) 105 2004 y(329) n(,) i(No) o(v) -5 b(.) 19 b(198) n(8.) 1 2084 y(3.) 41 b(V) -11 b(.) 21 b(P) o(axson) n(,) g(\223Gro) n(wth) e (trend) n(s) j(in) e(wide-ar) n(ea) h(TCP) g(conn) n(ections,) -6 b(\224) p Fm 20 w(IEEE) 20 b(Network) p Fo 21 w(8) p Fs(,) g(pp.) f(8\22617) n(,) i(July) f(1994) n(.) 1 2165 y(4.) 41 b(K.) 19 b(Thom) n(pson,) f(G.) h(J.) g(Miller) m(,) g(and) f (R.) i(W) m(ilder) m(,) e(\223W) m(ide-ar) n(ea) h(Interne) n(t) h(tra) p Fr(\016) p Fs(c) e(patterns) g(and) g(character) n(istics,) -6 b(\224) p Fm 21 w(IEEE) 18 b(Network) p Fo 19 w(11) p Fs(,) 105 2271 y(pp.) h(10\2262) n(7,) h(No) o(v) -5 b(.) 19 b(1997) n(.) 1 2352 y(5.) 41 b(J.) 32 b(P) o(adhy) n(e,) j(V) -11 b(.) 32 b(Firoiu,) i(D.) e(T) -7 b(o) n(wsle) o(y) i(,) 34 b(and) d(J.) i(K) o(uro) n(se,) i(\223Modelin) n(g) d(TCP) h(throu) n (ghpu) n(t:) 49 b(a) 33 b(simple) e(model) g(and) h(its) g(empirical) 105 2458 y(v) n(alidatio) n(n,) -6 b(\224) 20 b(in) p Fm 21 w(Pr) l(oceedin) n(gs) h(of) f(A) n(CM) h(SIGCOMM) f('98) p Fs(,) f(pp.) h(303) n(\226314) n(,) h(Sept.) f(1998) n(.) 1 2539 y(6.) 41 b(T) -6 b(.) 20 b(J.) h(Ott,) f(J.) h(K) n(emper) n(man,) f(and) g(M.) g(Mathis,) g(\223The) g(stationary) f(beha) n(vio) n(r) i (of) e(ideal) i(TCP) g(cong) n(estion) f(a) n(v) n(oidance) n(,) -6 b(\224) 21 b(199) n(6.) 1 2619 y(7.) 41 b(C.) 18 b(Casetti) i(and) d (M.) h(Meo,) g(\223) -7 b(A) 19 b(ne) n(w) f(app) n(roach) f(to) h (model) g(the) g(stationary) f(beh) n(a) n(vior) h(TCP) h(conn) n (ections,) -6 b(\224) 18 b(in) p Fm 18 w(Pr) l(oceeding) n(s) h(of) f (IEEE) 105 2726 y(INFOCOM) j(200) n(0) p Fs(,) f(pp.) g(367) n(\226375) n(,) h(Mar) -5 b(.) 20 b(2000) n(.) 1 2806 y(8.) 41 b(M.) 25 b(Garetto,) g(R.) h(L.) f(Cigno,) g(M.) g(Meo,) h(and) e(M.) h(A.) g (Marsan,) h(\223) -7 b(A) 25 b(detailed) f(and) h(accura) n(te) h (closed) e(queuein) n(g) h(netw) o(ork) f(mod) n(el) i(of) 105 2913 y(man) o(y) 19 b(interactin) n(g) i(TCP) g(\003o) n(ws,) -6 b(\224) 20 b(in) p Fm 20 w(Pr) l(oceeding) n(s) h(of) g(INFOCOM) g(200) n(1) p Fs(,) f(pp.) g(170) n(6\22617) n(15,) g(Apr) -5 b(.) 20 b(200) n(1.) 1 2993 y(9.) 41 b(V) -11 b(.) 21 b(Misra,) g(W) -8 b(.-B.) 22 b(Gong) n(,) g(and) e(D.) h(F) -7 b(.) 22 b(T) -7 b(o) n(wsle) o(y) i(,) 19 b(\223Fluid-based) h (analysis) h(of) f(a) h(netw) o(ork) f(of) h(A) -5 b(QM) 21 b(router) n(s) h(suppo) n(rting) f(TCP) g(\003o) n(ws) 105 3100 y(with) f(an) g(application) f(to) h(RED,) -6 b(\224) 21 b(in) p Fm 20 w(Pr) l(oceeding) n(s) g(of) g(A) n(CM) f(SIGCOMM) p Fs(,) g(pp.) g(151\226) n(160,) f(Oct.) i(200) n(0.) -40 3180 y(10.) 40 b(H.) 26 b(Ohsaki) f(and) h(M.) g(Mura) n(ta,) i (\223Steady) d(state) i(analysis) f(of) f(the) h(RED) g(gate) n(w) o (ay:) 36 b(stability) -5 b(,) 26 b(transient) g(beha) n(v) n(ior) m(,) h (and) e(parame) n(ter) 105 3287 y(setting,) -6 b(\224) p Fm 20 w(IEICE) 20 b(T) -5 b(r) o(ansaction) n(s) 21 b(on) f(Communica) n (tions) p Fo 21 w(E85-B) p Fs(,) f(pp.) h(107\226) n(115,) f(Jan.) h (2002) n(.) -40 3367 y(11.) 40 b(T) -6 b(.) 25 b(Lakshm) n(an) g(and) g (U.) h(Madh) n(o) n(w) -5 b(,) 26 b(\223The) f(perf) n(orman) n(ce) h (of) f(TCP) p Fr(/) p Fs(IP) g(for) g(netw) o(or) n(ks) h(with) f(high) g(band) n(width-d) n(elay) g(produ) n(cts) h(and) 105 3474 y(rand) n(om) 20 b(loss,) -6 b(\224) p Fm 21 w(IEEE) p Fa(/) p Fm(A) n(C) n(M) 21 b(T) -5 b(r) o(ansactions) 20 b(on) g(Networking) p Fo 20 w(5) p Fs(,) g(pp.) f(336\226) n(350,) h (June) f(1997.) -40 3554 y(12.) 40 b(T) -6 b(.) 24 b(H.) h(Henderson) n (,) h(E.) f(Sahour) n(ia,) h(S.) g(McCanne) n(,) h(and) d(R.) h(H.) g (Katz,) h(\223On) f(impro) m(ving) f(the) g(f) o(airness) h(of) g(TCP) g (conge) n(stion) g(a) n(v) n(oid-) 105 3661 y(ance,) -6 b(\224) 19 b(in) p Fm 21 w(Pr) l(oceedin) n(gs) i(of) f(IEEE) g (Globeco) n(mm'98) p Fs(,) f(No) o(v) -5 b(.) 19 b(1998) n(.) -40 3741 y(13.) 40 b(M.) 22 b(V) -11 b(ojno) o(v) n(id,) 22 b(J.-Y) -11 b(.) 23 b(L.) f(Boud) n(ec,) h(and) e(C.) i(Boutrema) n (ns,) g(\223Global) e(f) o(airness) h(of) g(additi) n(v) m(e-increase) f (and) h(multip) n(licati) n(v) o(e-dec) n(rease) 105 3848 y(with) e(heterog) n(eneou) n(s) h(round) n(-trip) f(times,) -6 b(\224) 20 b(in) p Fm 21 w(Pr) l(oceedin) n(gs) h(of) f(IEEE) g (INFOCOM) h(200) n(0) p Fs(,) f(pp.) g(130) n(3) g(\226) h(131) n(2,) f (Mar) -5 b(.) 21 b(200) n(0.) -40 3929 y(14.) 40 b(T) -6 b(.) 18 b(J.) g(Ott,) h(T) -6 b(.) 17 b(V) -11 b(.) 19 b(Lakshm) n(an,) f(and) g(L.) f(W) -7 b(ong,) 18 b(\223SRED:) h (Stabilized) e(RED,) -6 b(\224) 19 b(in) p Fm 18 w(Pr) l(oceed) n(ings) f(of) g(IEEE) f(INFOCOM) i('99) p Fs(,) e(pp.) g(1346) n(\226) 105 4035 y(135) n(5,) j(Mar) -5 b(.) 21 b(199) n(9.) -40 4116 y(15.) 40 b(D.) 23 b(Lin) f(and) h(R.) g(Morris,) g(\223Dyna) n (mics) h(of) e(rando) n(m) h(early) f(detection,) -8 b(\224) 24 b(in) p Fm 23 w(Pr) l(oceeding) n(s) g(of) f(A) n(CM) g (SIGCOMM) g(97) p Fs(,) g(pp.) f(127) n(\226137) n(,) 105 4222 y(Oct.) e(1997) n(.) -40 4303 y(16.) 40 b(F) -7 b(.) 29 b(M.) g(Anjum) f(and) g(L.) h(T) -7 b(assiulas,) 32 b(\223Balanced) n(-RED:) d(An) g(algorith) n(m) g(to) g(achie) n(v) o (e) f(f) o(airne) n(ss) i(in) f(the) g(Intern) n(et,) -6 b(\224) 31 b(tech.) e(rep.) n(,) j(De-) 105 4409 y(partme) n(nt) d(of) f (Electrical) g(Engin) n(eer) h(and) e(Institute) i(for) e(Systems) i (Research) f(Uni) n(v) o(er) n(sity) h(of) f(Maryland) f(at) i(Colle) o (ge) f(P) o(ark,) h(Mar) -5 b(.) 105 4516 y(199) n(9.) p dyy eop end %%Trailer userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF